请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Bear Jin
校对人员: Xiaoqiao Xie
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
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今天我们要来谈谈改造,
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
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但是不是那种我们平时谈的那种改造。
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
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我想探讨的是那些现在正在
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
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发生在我们科学界,生物科技领域的事,
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
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这里,是历史上真正的第一次,
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
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我们有能力来改造生物体,
00:30
to design animal bodies,
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改造动物体,
00:32
to design human bodies.
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改造人体。
00:35
In the history of our planet,
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在我们地球的历史上,
00:39
there have been three great waves of evolution.
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已经经历了三次大规模的进化潮。
00:42
The first wave of evolution
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第一次大规模的进化潮
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
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是我们熟知的达尔文式进化。
00:47
So, as you all know,
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那是,就一如你们所知的,
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
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生物生活在特殊的生物环境
00:51
and particular environments,
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和特殊的生态环境下,
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
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这些环境的生存压力
00:55
selected which changes,
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挑选出那些改变了的,
00:57
through random mutation in species,
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通过随机变异的生物体,
00:59
were going to be preserved.
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来进一步生存。
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
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接着人类跳出了
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
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达尔文式进化历史的潮流
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
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并创造出第二个大规模的进化潮,
01:11
which was we changed the environment
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就是我们改变那些
01:14
in which we evolved.
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让我们进化的环境。
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
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我们通过创造文明
01:19
by creating civilization.
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从而改变了我们的生物环境。
01:21
And that has been the second great --
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这就是第二个大规模的--
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
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好几万年前的,15万年前--
01:26
flow of our evolution.
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进化潮流。
01:28
By changing our environment,
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通过改变我们的环境,
01:30
we put new pressures
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我们找寻到新的压力来
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
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促使我们进化。
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
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无论是通过经历农业社会,
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
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一直经历到现代医学社会,
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
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我们已经改变了我们的演变历程。
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
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现在我们正步入进化史上第三次
01:46
of evolutionary history,
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大规模进化潮,
01:48
which has been called many things:
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这次进化有很多别称:
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
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意识性进化,
01:52
"evolution by design" --
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改造性进化--
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
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和智能改造很不同--
01:56
whereby we are actually now
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借此我们实际现在
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
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正在有意识的改造和改变
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
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栖息在我们地球的生物的生物形态。
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
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所以我想带大家经历一场进化的暴风之旅
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
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并接着在最后讨论一些
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
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对于我们,对于我们种族,
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
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同时也对于我们的文明会有什么样的影响,
02:17
because of this change.
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从这次转变。
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
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现在我们实际上已经转变了很久了。
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
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我们在数千年之前
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
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就开始有选择的喂养动物。
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
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如果你以狗作为例子来思考,
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
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狗是有意识的被改造的生物。
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
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在生态环境下地球上没有狗。
02:39
Dogs are the result
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狗是我们
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
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根据我们喜好而选择性喂养的产物。
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
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但是我们在过去不得不用一种艰苦的方式
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
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来选择那些有着特定特征的后代
02:49
and then breeding them.
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来喂养它们。
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
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我们再也不必在这样做了。
02:53
This is a beefalo.
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这是个皮弗娄牛。
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
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皮弗娄牛是水牛和肉牛的杂交种。
03:00
And they are now making them,
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他们现在正在研究它们,
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
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到了某天,也许会很快,
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
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你会在你当地的超市里
03:06
in your local supermarket.
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吃到皮弗娄牛肉饼。
03:09
This is a geep,
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这是头山绵羊,
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
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山羊,绵羊的杂交种。
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
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创造出这可爱小东西的科学家们
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
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最后把它屠宰了随后吃了它。
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
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我记得他们说它尝起来像鸡肉。
03:23
This is a cama.
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这是匹卡马驼。
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
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卡马驼是骆驼,美洲驼的杂交种,
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
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为了尝试使之有骆驼的耐劳力
03:32
with some of the personality traits
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和美洲驼的一部分性格特点
03:34
of a llama.
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而创造。
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
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它们现已在某些环境下得到利用。
03:40
Then there's the liger.
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这是狮虎兽,
03:42
This is the largest cat in the world --
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世界上最大的猫科动物--
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
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狮子,老虎的杂交种。
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
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它的体型比老虎的大。
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
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这个类狮虎兽的案例,
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
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实际上在野生环境下已经被观察到一两次了。
03:54
But these were created by scientists
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但是这些科学家创造的那些生物
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
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使用了选择性喂养和基因技术。
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
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接着最后,大家的最爱,
04:03
the zorse.
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卓斯马,
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
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没有一个是被修改过的;它们是真实的生物。
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
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我们已经掌握的其中一种技术
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
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是使用基因改良,
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
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或者基因操控,
04:15
of normal selective breeding
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加以常规的选择性喂养
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
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来推进基因的改良。
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
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如果这就是所有的全部,
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
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那它是一件有趣的事。
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
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但是一些更加有影响力的事
04:28
is happening now.
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正在发生。
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
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正常的哺乳类动物细胞
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
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和从深海水母上提取出的荧光基因
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
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基因程度上融合。
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
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我们都知道一些深海动物发光。
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
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嗯,他们现在已经提取出这基因,这生物发光的基因,
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
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并把它融入哺乳动物细胞。
04:48
These are normal cells.
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这是正常的细胞。
04:50
And what you see here
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这里你看到的
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
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是在黑暗中发出
04:54
under certain wavelengths of light.
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特定波长的光的细胞。
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
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一旦他们能在细胞上应用,他们也能用在生物体上。
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
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于是他们把它用在幼鼠上,
05:04
kittens.
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小猫上。
05:06
And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
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顺道提一下,小猫呈现橙色小鼠呈现绿色
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
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是因为一个的发光基因来自珊瑚,
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
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另外一个来自水母。
05:16
They did it with pigs.
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他们把它用在猪上。
05:19
They did it with puppies.
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他们把它用在小狗上,
05:21
And, in fact,
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并且,实际上,
05:23
they did it with monkeys.
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他们把它用在了猴子上。
05:25
And if you can do it with monkeys --
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如果你能把它作用在猴子上--
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
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虽然从猴子到猿事实上对于基因操作
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
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是巨大的跃进--
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
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如果他们能把它作用在猴子上,
05:34
they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
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他们就可能想出如果作用在猿上,
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
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这就意味着他们能让它作用在人类上。
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
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换句话说,理论上这是可能的
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
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在很久以后我们生物技术上能够
05:46
of creating human beings
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创造出能在黑夜
05:49
that glow in the dark.
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发光的人类。
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
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在夜晚就更容易发现我们。
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
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实际上,现在很多州内,
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
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你能出去买到生物荧光的宠物。
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
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这些是斑马鱼。正常的他们是黑色和银色的。
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
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这些斑马鱼已经被基因重组
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
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成黄色,绿色,红色,
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
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它们实际上如今在一些州已经能买到。
06:13
Other states have banned them.
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另外一些州则被禁止。
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
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没人知道对这种生物荧光怎么做。
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
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政府间没有相关部门--这不归环境保护局或者食品药物监管局管--
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
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来控制基因改造过的宠物。
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
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所以一些州决定允许它们,
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
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一些州则决定禁止它们。
06:32
Some of you may have read
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你们中的一些如今可能了解
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
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食品药物监管局对于
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
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基因改造的鲑鱼的焦虑。
06:39
The salmon on top
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上面的鲑鱼
06:41
is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
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是被基因改造的且努克鲑鱼,
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
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利用了这种鲑鱼
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
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和另外一种我们食用的鱼的基因
06:47
to make it grow much faster
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来让它长的更快
06:49
using a lot less feed.
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吃的更少。
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
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如今食物药品监管局正试着作出最后的决定
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
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关于是否你可以食用这种鱼--
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
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(一旦通过)这种鱼就会被出售。
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
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在你太担心它之前,
07:01
here in the United States,
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在美国,
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
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你超市里买到的大多数食物
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
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在包装上已经有基因改造标示。
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
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所以即使你担心它,
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
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我们已经允许它进入这个国家--不同于欧盟--
07:14
without any regulation,
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毫无任何条例,
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
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甚至包装上没有任何表明。
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
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这些全是第一批它们种群的
07:23
of their type.
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克隆动物。
07:25
So in the lower right here,
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在右下方,
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
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是多利,第一头克隆羊--
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
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如今在爱丁堡某个博物馆幸福的成为了标本;
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
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拉尔夫鼠,第一只克隆鼠;
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
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赛赛猫,克隆猫;
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
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史努比,第一只克隆狗
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
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首尔国立大学小狗史努比--
07:43
created in South Korea
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生育于韩国
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
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由也许你们还记得的南韩造假丑闻的同一个研究员
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
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他最后不得不羞辱的辞职
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
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因为他声称他已经克隆出人类细胞,其实他没有。
07:53
He actually was the first person
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他实际上是第一个
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
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克隆狗的人,其实这是个很艰苦的工作,
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
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因为狗的基因排列的可塑性是很强的。
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
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这是普罗提耶,第一匹马。
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
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它是在意大利的哈弗灵克隆马,
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
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克隆界的一个金戒指,
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
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因为很多赢得重要比赛的马
08:11
who are geldings.
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是被阉割的。
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
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换句话说,让他们成为种马的器官
08:16
has been removed.
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已经被移除了。
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
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但是如果你能克隆这些马,
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
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你能同时拥有阉割马在比赛上的优势
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
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和它独特的基因组
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
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来让它繁衍下一代。
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
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这些是第一批克隆的小牛,
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
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第一批克隆的灰狼。
08:33
and then, finally,
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接着,最终,
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
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第一批克隆的小猪:
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
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亚历克西斯,克里斯蒂娜,卡雷尔,贾妮和道蒂肯。
08:41
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
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另外,我们开始利用克隆技术
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
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来试着拯救濒危物种。
08:51
This is the use of animals now
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现在也有作用于动物
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
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使其能从体内制造药物和其他
08:56
that we want to create.
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我们想要的东西。
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
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这山羊体内有抗凝血酶--
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
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这山羊已经被基因改造过了
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
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所以它的羊奶分子
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
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实际上包含了GTC基因
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
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创造的抗凝血酶分子。
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
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接着,转基因的猪,改造过的猪,
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
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来自于韩国的生物科学研究所,
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
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实际上,他们用这些猪来
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
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试着制造所有的药物
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
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或其他工业化学物质
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
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他们想要这些动物的
09:31
of these animals
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血和奶
09:33
to produce for them,
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来制造这些物质,
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
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而不是用工业制造的方式。
09:39
These are two creatures
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这两种生物
09:41
that were created
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是为了拯救濒危生物
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
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而被创造的。
09:46
The guar
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瓜尔牛
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
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是东南亚濒危蹄类动物。
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
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一个肉细胞,身体细胞,
09:54
was taken from its body,
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从它身上提取出来
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
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在一头牛的子宫中怀孕,
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
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接着让牛生下这头瓜尔牛。
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
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同样的事也发生在这摩弗伦羊上,
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
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它是一种濒危的羊类动物。
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
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它在一头普通羊体内受孕,
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
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这实际上产生了一个有趣的生物学问题。
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
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我们体内有两种DNA。
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
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我们有我们细胞核内的DNA
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
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就是每个人都知道的DNA,
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
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但是我们也有DNA在我们线粒体内,
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
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它是细胞的能量源。
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
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这种DNA是从母系上得到传承。
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
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所以实际上,我们最终有的
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
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不是一头瓜尔牛也不是头摩弗伦羊,
10:35
but a guar
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而是一头瓜尔牛
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
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有着奶牛的线粒体,
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
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因此有奶牛的线粒体DNA,
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
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和一头摩弗伦羊有着另外一种羊的
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
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线粒体DNA。
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
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它们实际上是杂交种,而不是纯种。
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
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这产生了个我们如果定义生物种类的问题
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
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在这生物技术的时代--
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
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一个我们还不确定如何解决的
10:57
how to solve.
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问题。
10:59
This lovely creature
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这些可爱的生物
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
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是亚洲蟑螂。
11:04
And what they've done here
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他们做的是
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
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是把电极放进它的神经中枢和大脑
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
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并在头部放置一个发射器,
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
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它正在一个电脑追踪球上。
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
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现在,使用操纵杆,
11:16
they can send this creature
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他们能把这个生物送到
11:18
around the lab
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实验室四周
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
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并控制他们向左或向右,
11:22
forwards or backwards.
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向前或者向后。
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
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他们已经制造出一种昆虫机器,
11:26
or bugbot.
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或者叫虫器。
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
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它可能比这个差一点--或者可能比这个好一点。
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
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这是事实是DARPA的一个很重要的--
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
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DARPA就是防御远景研究规划局--
11:36
one of their projects.
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项目。
11:38
These goliath beetles
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这些歌利亚甲虫
11:40
are wired in their wings.
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在翅膀上有天线。
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
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它们的背上捆绑这一个电脑芯片,
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
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他们就能在实验室周围飞行这种生物。
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
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他们能让它向左,向右。他们能让它停下来。
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
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实际上他们还不能让它们着陆。
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
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他们把它们降落到地面上一英尺高
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
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接着他们就关闭所有设备后它们就砰然落下。
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
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但是这是他们能降落的最近高度。
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
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实际上,这项技术已经如此发达
12:03
that this creature --
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以至于这生物--
12:05
this is a moth --
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这是个蛾。
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
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这是蛾的蛹期,
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
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这也是他们设置天线
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
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和电脑技术的时期。
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
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所以当这蛾变成蛾的时候,
12:17
it is already prewired.
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它已经被埋入天线好了。
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
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天线已经在它的体内,
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
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他们只要把它连接和他们的技术相连接,
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
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它们就能变成虫器
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
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它们就能被派出作为侦查。
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
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他们可以把微型摄像头放在它们上面
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
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或者某天运送
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
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某种军用设备
12:36
to warzones.
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去战场。
12:39
It's not just insects.
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这还不仅仅用昆虫。
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
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这是个老鼠机器,或者叫机器鼠
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
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由美国纽约州立大学的三久·塔瓦尔研发。
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
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再一次,它包含了现代科技,
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
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电极刺入它的左右半脑,
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
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在它的头上有一个摄像机。
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
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科学家就能让这个生物
12:56
go left, right.
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向左,向右走。
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
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他们能让它穿行于迷宫中,控制它的走向。
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
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他们已经创造出了生物机器人。
13:05
The graduate students
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在三久·塔瓦尔实验室的
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
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研究生
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
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说,“这是道德的吗?
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
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我们剥夺了这动物的自主权。”
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
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我会过一会儿再讲这些。
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
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这技术也应用在猴子上。
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
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这是杜克的米格尔·尼古拉雷思。
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
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他使用猫头鹰猴,
13:24
wired them up
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置入电极
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
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电脑就能监视它们的大脑,当它们运动的时候,
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
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特别是当他们右手活动的时候。
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
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电脑会学习猴脑如何运作
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
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用不同方式来移动它的手臂。
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
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接着他们把它连接到一个假肢上,
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
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就如你能看到的一样,
13:39
put the arm in another room.
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把手臂放在另一个房间。
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
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很快,电脑就学会,通过读取猴子的脑电波,
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
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来控制另外那个房间的手臂
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
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做任何猴子手臂在做的事情。
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
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接着他把一个视频显示器
13:51
in the monkey's cage
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放在猴子的笼子里
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
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给猴子看这个假肢,
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
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结果猴子对此很着迷。
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
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猴子意识到无论她用手做什么,
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
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那假肢也会做什么。
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
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最后她会动一下动一下的,
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
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最终会停止舞动她的右手
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
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并,盯着屏幕,
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
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挥舞来另外一个房间的假肢
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
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仅仅靠她的脑电波--
14:13
which means that monkey
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这意味着猴子
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
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已经成为世界历史上一个拥有
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
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三个独立功能手臂的灵长类动物。
14:22
And it's not just technology
329
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这不仅仅是个科级
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
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让我们应用在动物上。
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
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这是佛罗里达大学的托马斯·迪马斯。
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
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它实验了2万,接着6万个
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
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分解的鼠神经元--
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
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这些只是老鼠身上的分离的神经细胞--
14:37
put them on a chip.
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把它们放入芯片中。
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
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它们会自主的连接到网络中,
14:42
became an integrated chip.
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成为一个完整的芯片。
14:45
And he used that
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他把这
14:47
as the IT piece
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作为电脑芯片
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
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来运行飞行模拟机械。
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
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现在我们有了生物电脑芯片
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
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由自主连接的神经细胞组成。
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
343
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最后,西北部的穆萨·伊瓦尔迪
15:03
took a completely intact,
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完成了一个完整无缺的,
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
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独立的鳗鱼脑。
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
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这就是那个鳗鱼脑。
15:10
It is living --
347
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它是活着的,
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
348
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完整无损的大脑浸在营养液中
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
349
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通体置入了电极,
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
350
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连接着大脑的光敏感应器,
15:21
put it into a cart --
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然后把它放进一个推车--
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
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这就是那个推车,大脑就在这个里面--
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
353
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并用这个大脑作为这推车的单独的处理器,
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
354
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当你打开灯照射这推车的时候,
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
355
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推车会向光源移动;
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
356
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当你关闭光源,它就会远离。
15:35
It's photophilic.
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它是趋光性的。
15:37
So now we have a complete
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现在我们有了个完整的
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
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活体的鳗鱼脑。
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
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它是不是用鳗鱼的思维方式,
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
361
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而浸泡在这营养液中呢?
15:46
I don't know,
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我不知道,
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
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但是事实是它是一个完整的活体的大脑
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
364
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是我们试着让它保持生命活性
15:55
to do our bidding.
365
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来行使我们的命令。
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
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所以,我们现在在一个
16:01
where we are creating creatures
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我们能够依照我们自己目的
16:03
for our own purposes.
368
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创造生命的阶段。
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
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这是只由马萨诸塞大学的查尔斯·瓦坎蒂
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
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创造的老鼠。
16:11
He altered this mouse
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他改造了这老鼠
16:14
so that it was genetically engineered
372
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所以它是被基因改造过的
16:16
to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
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有着更少排斥性的人类肌肤,
16:19
put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
374
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在它内部有着支撑耳朵的聚合脚手架
16:23
and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
375
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这创造出的耳朵能从老鼠体内取出
16:26
and transplanted onto a human being.
376
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并移植给人类。
16:28
Genetic engineering
377
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基因工程
16:30
coupled with polymer physiotechnology
378
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伴随着聚合物理技术
16:32
coupled with xenotransplantation.
379
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协同异种移植技术。
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
380
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这就是我们在这个过程中的进度。
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
381
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最后,不久之前,
16:40
Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
382
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克雷格·范特创造出了一个人工细胞,
16:43
where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
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他用了一个真的细胞,利用DNA合成器(读取了它的染色体),
16:45
which is a machine,
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这是一种
16:47
created an artificial genome,
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能制造人工染色体的机器,
16:49
put it in a different cell --
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再把合成器放进另一个细胞中--
16:52
the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
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另一个细胞的染色体和第一个细胞的是不一样的--
16:55
and that cell then reproduced
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当第二个细胞自己复制
16:57
as the other cell.
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就复制出了第一个细胞。
16:59
In other words,
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换句话说,
17:01
that was the first creature in the history of the world
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这是世界历史上一个用电脑作为
17:03
that had a computer as its parent --
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父母的生物--
17:05
it did not have an organic parent.
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它没有生物意义上的父母。
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
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所以,《经济学家》提出
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
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“第一个人工生物和它的结局。”
17:14
So you may have thought
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你可能会想
17:16
that the creation of life
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这生物的生命
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
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会变成看起来像这样的东西。
17:21
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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但是实际上,这不是弗兰肯斯坦实验室的样子。
17:26
This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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这才是弗兰肯斯坦实验室的原貌。
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
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这是个DNA合成器,
17:30
and here at the bottom
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在这底部
17:32
are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
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有着标记着A,T,C和G的瓶子--
17:34
the four chemicals
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这四种化学物质
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
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组成了我们的DNA链。
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
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所以,我们需要问我们自己一些问题。
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
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作为地球史上第一次
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
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我们能够直接设计生物体。
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
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我们用空前的力量操控
17:49
with unprecedented power,
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生物等离子体。
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
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如果赋予我们的是一种责任。
17:54
Is everything okay?
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那我们做什么都可以吗?
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
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操控和制造任何我们想要的
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
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生物是可行的吗?
18:00
Do we have free reign
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我们是否可以无约束
18:02
to design animals?
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地设计生命体?
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
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某天我们是否会根据喜好决定宠物
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
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并说,“看,我想要一只狗。
18:09
I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
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我想要它有达克斯猎狗的头,
18:12
the body of a retriever,
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猎狗的身体,
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
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也许一些粉色的毛,
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
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再让它在黑暗中发光。”
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
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是否工业创造生物
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
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用它们的奶,血,和唾液
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
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和其他的体液,
18:25
create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
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来生产我们需要的药物和工业分子
18:28
and then warehouse them
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并圈养它们成为生物制药机器
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
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是可以的?
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
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是否我们创造出生命机器,
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
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导致这些动物失去自由
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
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来把它们变成我们的玩物是可以的?
18:42
And then the final step of this,
433
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接着最后的一布,
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
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一旦我们用动物体完善了这些科技
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
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我们就会开始在人体上运用,
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
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这就涉及到道德界限
18:51
that we will use then?
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我们是否可能用?
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
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这已经发生了;这不是科幻小说。
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
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我们不仅仅已经运用在动物体内,
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
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我们也开始运用一部分
19:03
on our own bodies.
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在我们人体内。
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
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我们现在在说的是控制我们自己的进化。
19:08
We are directly designing
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我们正直接的设计
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
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星球上的未来的物种。
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
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它赋予了我们巨大的责任
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
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而且不仅仅是对那些思考这问题
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
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和论述这问题的科学家
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
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和论理学家的责任。
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
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它也是每个人的责任所在
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
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因为它关系到未来我们将会有哪些生物体
19:28
we will have in the future.
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居住在这星球。
19:30
Thanks.
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谢谢
19:32
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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