Fred Swaniker: The leaders who ruined Africa, and the generation who can fix it

Prevodilac: Stefan Zrnović Lektor: Mile Živković

I experienced my first coup d'état at the age of four.

Prvi put sam iskusio državni udar kada sam imao 4 godine.

Because of the coup d'état,

Zbog državnog udara,

my family had to leave my native home of Ghana

moja porodica je morala da napusti dom u Gani

and move to the Gambia.

i da se preseli u Gambiju.

As luck would have it,

Uz svu moguću sreću,

six months after we arrived,

šest meseci nakon što smo stigli

they too had a military coup.

i tamo su imali vojni udar.

I vividly remember being woken up in the middle of the night

Dobro se sećam da su me probudili u toku noći

and gathering the few belongings we could

i da smo pokupili nekoliko stvari koje smo mogli

and walking for about two hours

i pešačili oko dva sata

to a safe house.

do skloništa.

For a week, we slept under our beds

Skoro nedelju dana smo spavali ispod kreveta

because we were worried that bullets might fly through the window.

jer smo se plašili da bi meci mogli da ulete kroz prozor.

Then, at the age of eight,

Zatim, kada sam imao osam godina

we moved to Botswana.

preselili smo se u Bocvanu.

This time, it was different.

Ovoga puta je bilo drugačije.

There were no coups.

Nije bilo udara.

Everything worked. Great education.

Sve je funkcionisalo. Odličan obrazovni sistem.

They had such good infrastructure that even at the time they had

Infrastruktura je toliko bila razvijena

da su u to vreme imali optički sistem komunikacija,

a fiber-optic telephone system,

long before it had reached Western countries.

mnogo pre nego što se pojavio u zapadnim državama.

The only thing they didn't have

Jedino što nisu imali

is that they didn't have

je to što nisu imali

their own national television station,

svoju nacionalnu televizijsku stanicu,

and so I remember watching

i sećam se da sam gledao

TV from neighboring South Africa,

TV iz susedne Južne Afrike

and watching Nelson Mandela in jail

i gledao sam Nelsona Mendelu u zatvoru

being offered a chance to come out

kako mu nude priliku da izađe

if he would give up the apartheid struggle.

ukoliko bi odustao od borbe protiv aparthejda.

But he didn't. He refused to do that

Ali nije.

until he actually achieved his objective

Odbio je dok nije postigao svoj cilj

of freeing South Africa from apartheid.

da oslobodi Južnu Afriku od aparthejda.

And I remember feeling how just one good leader

I sećam se da sam mislio kako samo jedan dobar vođa

could make such a big difference in Africa.

može da promeni mnogo u Africi.

Then at the age of 12,

Zatim, kada sam imao 12 godina,

my family sent me to high school in Zimbabwe.

porodica me je poslala u srednju školu u Zimbabve.

Initially, this too was amazing:

U početku je i ovo bilo divno:

growing economy, excellent infrastructure,

ekonomija u razvoju, odlična infrastruktura

and it seemed like it was a model

i činilo se kao da je to model

for economic development in Africa.

za razvoj ekonomije u Africi.

I graduated from high school in Zimbabwe

Završio sam srednju školu u Zimbabveu

and I went off to college.

i upisao fakultet.

Six years later, I returned to the country.

Nakon šest godina sam se vratio u državu.

Everything was different.

Sve je bilo drugačije.

It had shattered into pieces.

Sve se raspalo u delove.

Millions of people had emigrated,

Milioni ljudi su emigrirali,

the economy was in a shambles,

ekonomija se raspala

and it seemed all of a sudden that 30 years

i odjednom je izgledalo

of development had been wiped out.

da je 30 godina razvoja samo tako nestalo.

How could a country go so bad so fast?

Kako je država mogla da propadne za tako kratko vreme?

Most people would agree

Većina ljudi bi se složila

that it's all because of leadership.

da je to zbog načina upravljanja.

One man, President Robert Mugabe,

Jedan čovek, predsednik Robert Mugabe

is almost single-handedly responsible

je skoro sam odgovoran

for having destroyed this country.

za to što je uništio državu.

Now, all these experiences of living in different

Sva ta iskustva iz života

parts of Africa growing up

u različitim delovima Afrike u toku odrastanja

did two things to me.

su mi učinila dve stvari.

The first is it made me fall in love with Africa.

Prva je da sam se zaljubio u Afriku.

Everywhere I went,

Gde god sam išao,

I experienced the wonderful beauty of our continent

iskusio bih izvanrednu lepotu našeg kontinenta

and saw the resilience and the spirit of our people,

i video otpornost i duh našeg naroda,

and at the time, I realized that I wanted to dedicate

i u to vreme, shvatio sam da želim da posvetim

the rest of my life to making this continent great.

ostatak svog života da poboljšam ovaj kontinent.

But I also realized that making Africa great

I takođe sam shvatio da to zahteva

would require addressing this issue of leadership.

suočenje sa problemom upravljanja.

You see, all these countries I lived in,

Vidite, sve te države u kojima sam živeo,

the coups d'état

državni udari

and the corruption I'd seen in Ghana and Gambia

i korupcija koju sam video u Gani, Gambiji

and in Zimbabwe,

i Zimbabveu

contrasted with the wonderful examples I had seen

su suprotni onim divnim primerima koje sam video

in Botswana and in South Africa of good leadership.

u Bocvani i u Južnoj Africi sa dobrim vođstvom.

It made me realize that Africa would rise or fall

To me je nateralo da shvatim da će Afrika da ustaje ili pada

because of the quality of our leaders.

zbog kvaliteta naših vođa.

Now, one might think, of course,

Neko bi možda pomislio, naravno

leadership matters everywhere.

da je upravljanje važno svuda.

But if there's one thing you take away from my talk today, it is this:

Ali ako zapamtite nešto iz mog govora danas, neka to bude ovo:

In Africa, more than anywhere else in the world,

u Africi, više nego bilo gde na svetu,

the difference that just one good leader can make

razlika koju samo jedan dobar vođa može da napravi

is much greater than anywhere else, and here's why.

je mnogo veća nego bilo gde drugde, a evo i zašto.

It's because in Africa, we have weak institutions,

To je zato što u Africi, imamo slabe institucije,

like the judiciary, the constitution,

poput sudstva, ustava,

civil society and so forth.

građanskog društva i tako dalje.

So here's a general rule of thumb that I believe in:

Stoga, ovo je opšte pravilo u koje verujem:

When societies have strong institutions,

kada društva imaju jake institucije

the difference that one good leader can make is limited,

razlika koju jedan dobar vođa može da napravi je ograničena,

but when you have weak institutions,

ali ako imamo slabe institucije,

then just one good leader

onda jaki vođa

can make or break that country.

može da izgradi ili slomi državu.

Let me make it a bit more concrete.

Da budem malo jasniji.

You become the president of the United States.

Ako postanete predsednik Sjedinjenih Država,

You think, "Wow, I've arrived.

pomislite: "Opa, uspeo sam.

I'm the most powerful man in the world."

Ja sam najmoćniji čovek na svetu."

So you decide, perhaps let me pass a law.

Recimo da odlučite da proglasite neki zakon.

All of a sudden, Congress taps you on the shoulder

Iznenada, Kongres vas potapše po ramenu

and says, "No, no, no, no, no, you can't do that."

i kaže: "Ne, ne, ne, ne možete to da uradite."

You say, "Let me try this way."

Vi kažete: "Da probam ovako."

The Senate comes and says, "Uh-uh,

Senat dođe i kaže: "Uf, uf,

we don't think you can do that."

mislimo da ne možete to da uradite."

You say, perhaps, "Let me print some money.

Vi kažete, možda, "Dozvolite mi da odštapam nešto novca.

I think the economy needs a stimulus."

Mislim da je ekonomiji potreban stimulans."

The central bank governor will think you're crazy.

Guverner Centralne banke će pomisliti da ste ludi.

You might get impeached for that.

I možda vas zbog toga razreše dužnosti.

But if you become the president of Zimbabwe,

Ali ako postanete predsednik Zimbabvea,

and you say, "You know, I really like this job.

I kažete: "Znate, stvarno mi se dopada ovaj posao.

I think I'd like to stay in it forever." (Laughter)

Mislim da bih voleo da ostanem ovde zauvek." (Smeh)

Well, you just can.

Pa, to jednostavno možete.

You decide you want to print money.

Vi odlučujete da želite da odštampate novac.

You call the central bank governor and you say,

Nazovete guvernera Centralne banke i kažete:

"Please double the money supply."

"Molim Vas, udvostručite zalihe novca."

He'll say, "Okay, yes, sir,

On će reći: "U redu, gospodine,

is there anything else I can do for you?"

da li mogu još nešto da učinim za vas?"

This is the power that African leaders have,

Ovo je moć koju imaju afričke vođe,

and this is why they make the most difference

i to je razlog zašto oni prave najveću razliku

on the continent.

na kontinentu.

The good news is that

Dobra vest je to što

the quality of leadership in Africa has been improving.

se kvalitet vođa u Africi poboljšava.

We've had three generations of leaders, in my mind.

Po mom mišljenju imamo tri generacije vođa.

Generation one are those who appeared

Prva generacija su oni koji su se pojavili

in the '50s and '60s.

'50-ih i '60-ih.

These are people like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

To su ljudi poput Kvamea Nikrume iz Gane

and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania.

i Julijusa Najrere iz Tanzanije.

The legacy they left is that they brought independence to Africa.

Kao nasledstvo ostavili su afričku nezavisnost.

They freed us from colonialism,

Oslobodili su nas kolonijalizma

and let's give them credit for that.

i odajmo im priznanje za to.

They were followed by generation two.

Prati ih druga generacija.

These are people that brought nothing

Ovo su ljudi koji nisu ništa uveli

but havoc to Africa.

sem pustoša u Africi.

Think warfare, corruption, human rights abuses.

Ratno stanje, korupciju, kršenje ljudskih prava.

This is the stereotype of the typical African leader

Ovo je stereotip tipičnog afričkog vođe

that we typically think of:

kojeg tipično zamišljamo:

Mobutu Sese Seko from Zaire,

Mobutu Sese Seko iz Zaira,

Sani Abacha from Nigeria.

Sani Abača iz Nigerije.

The good news is that most of these leaders have moved on,

Dobra vest je da je većina tih vođa nastavila dalje,

and they were replaced by generation three.

i zamenila ih je treća generacija.

These are people like the late Nelson Mandela

Ovo su ljudi poput pokojnog Nelsona Mandele

and most of the leaders that we see in Africa today,

i većine vođa koje vidimo danas u Africi,

like Paul Kagame and so forth.

poput Pola Kagamea i tako dalje.

Now these leaders are by no means perfect,

Ove vođe nisu nikako savršene,

but the one thing they have done is that they have

cleaned up much of the mess of generation two.

ali su očistili dosta nereda druge generacije.

They've stopped the fighting,

Zaustavili su borbu,

and I call them the stabilizer generation.

i zovem ih generacijom stabilizatora.

They're much more accountable to their people,

Mnogo su odgovorniji za svoje ljude,

they've improved macroeconomic policies,

poboljšali su makroekonomsku potlitku,

and we are seeing for the first time

i gledamo po prvi put

Africa's growing, and in fact it's the second fastest

rast Afrike i zapravo to je druga najbrže

growing economic region in the world.

rastuća ekonomska regija na svetu.

So these leaders are by no means perfect,

Ove vođe nikako nisu savršene,

but they are by and large

ali su na bilo kom nivou

the best leaders we've seen in the last 50 years.

najbolje vođe koje smo videli u poslednjih 50 godina.

So where to from here?

Pa kuda krenuti?

I believe that the next generation

Verujem da naredna generacija

to come after this, generation four,

koja dolazi nakon ovoga, četvrta,

has a unique opportunity

ima jedinstvenu priliku

to transform the continent.

da preobrati ovaj kontinent.

Specifically, they can do two things

Posebno mogu da urade dve stvari

that previous generations have not done.

koje prethodne generacije nisu uradile.

The first thing they need to do

Prva stvar koju treba da urade

is they need to create prosperity for the continent.

je da ostvare prosperitet za kontinent.

Why is prosperity so important?

Zašto je prosperitet toliko važan?

Because none of the previous generations

Jer nijedna od pretnodnih generacija

have been able to tackle this issue of poverty.

nije mogla da reši problem siromaštva.

Africa today

Afrika danas

has the fastest growing population in the world,

ima najbrže rastuću populaciju na svetu,

but also is the poorest.

ali i najsiromašniju.

By 2030, Africa will have a larger workforce than China,

Do 2030. godine, Afrika će imati veću radnu snagu od Kine,

and by 2050, it will have the largest workforce in the world.

a do 2050. godine imaće najveću radnu snagu na svetu.

One billion people will need jobs in Africa,

Jednoj milijardi ljudi biće potreban posao u Africi,

so if we don't grow our economies fast enough,

pa ako ne uvećavamo svoju ekonomiju doboljno brzo,

we're sitting on a ticking time bomb,

sedimo na bombi koja otkucava,

not just for Africa but for the entire world.

ne samo za Afriku, već i za ceo svet.

Let me show you an example

Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem primer

of one person who is living up to this legacy

jedne osobe koja je živi primer ovog nasleđa

of creating prosperity: Laetitia.

stvaranja prosperiteta: Leticija.

Laetitia's a young woman from Kenya

Leticija je mlada žena iz Kenije

koja je sa 13 godina morala da napusti školu

who at the age of 13 had to drop out of school

because her family couldn't afford to pay fees for her.

jer njena porodica nije mogla da joj priušti obrazovanje.

So she started her own business rearing rabbits,

Započela je sopstveni posao uzgoja zečeva,

which happen to be a delicacy in this part of Kenya

što je delikates u tom delu Kenije

that she's from.

odakle je ona.

This business did so well that within a year,

Ovaj posao je bio toliko uspešan da je za godinu dana

she was employing 15 women

zapošljavala 15 žena

and was able to generate enough income

i mogla je da stvori dovoljno prihoda

that she was able to send herself to school,

da je mogla da nastavi školovanje,

and through these women

i preko tih žena

fund another 65 children to go to school.

je finanrisala školovanje 65-oro druge dece.

The profits that she generated,

Profit koji je ostvarila

she used that to build a school,

koristila je da izgradi školu,

and today she educates

i danas ona obrazuje

400 children in her community.

400 dece u svojoj zajednici.

And she's just turned 18.

A upravo je napunila 18 godina.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Another example is Erick Rajaonary.

Drugi primer je Erik Radžaonari.

Erick comes from the island of Madagascar.

Erik potiče sa ostrva Madagaskar.

Now, Erick realized that agriculture

Erik je shvatio da je poljoprivreda

would be the key to creating jobs

ključ za stvaranje poslova

in the rural areas of Madagascar,

u ruralnim oblastima Madagaskara,

but he also realized that fertilizer was a very

ali je takođe shvatio da je gnojivo bilo

expensive input for most farmers in Madagascar.

veoma skupa stavka za većinu poljoprivrednika u Madagaskaru.

Madagascar has these very special bats

Madagaskar ima posebne šišmiše

that produce these droppings

koji ispuštaju ovaj izmet

that are very high in nutrients.

koji ima veoma mnogo hranljivih sastojaka.

In 2006, Erick quit his job as a chartered accountant

2006. godine, Erik je napustio svoj posao knjigovođe

and started a company to manufacture

i započeo firmu za pravljenje

fertilizer from the bat droppings.

gnojiva od izmeta šišmiša.

Today, Erick has built a business

Danas je Erik razvio biznis

that generates several million dollars of revenue,

koji obrće nekoliko miliona dolara profita

and he employs 70 people full time

i zapošljava 70 ljudi za stalno

and another 800 people during the season

i drugih 800 ljudi tokom sezone

when the bats drop their droppings the most.

kada šišmiši najviše ispuštaju izmet.

Now, what I like about this story

Kod ove priče mi se dopada

is that it shows that opportunities to create prosperity

to što pokazuje da se prilike za stvaranje prosperiteta

can be found almost anywhere.

mogu pronaći svuda.

Erick is known as the Batman.

Erik je poznat kao Betmen.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And who would have thought that you would have

Ko bi pomislio da se može napraviti

been able to build a multimillion-dollar business

posao od više miliona dolara uz zapošljavanje toliko ljudi,

employing so many people just from bat poo?

samo iz izmeta šišmiša?

The second thing that this generation needs to do

Druga stvar koju ova generacija treba da uradi

is to create our institutions.

je da stvori naše institucije.

They need to build these institutions such that we

Moraju ove institucije da naprave takvim

are never held to ransom again

da nas nikada ponovo neće ucenjivati

by a few individuals like Robert Mugabe.

grupa pojedinaca kao što je Robert Mugabe.

Now, all of this sounds great,

Sve ovo zvuči sjajno

but where are we going to get this generation four from?

ali gde ćemo sakupiti ovu četvrtu generaciju?

Do we just sit and hope that they emerge

Da li samo da sedimo i nadamo se

by chance, or that God gives them to us?

da će se samo tako stvoriti, ili da će nam ih podariti bog?

No, I don't think so.

Ne bih rekao.

It's too important an issue for us to leave it to chance.

Ovaj problem je previše bitan da bi se prepustio sudbini.

I believe that we need to create African institutions,

Verujem da treba da stvorimo afričke institucije,

home-grown, that will identify and develop

domaće osnovane, koje će identifikovati i razviti

these leaders in a systematic, practical way.

ove lidere na sistematičan, praktičan način.

We've been doing this for the last 10 years

Činimo ovo u poslednjih 10 godina

through the African Leadership Academy.

putem Afričke akademije liderstva.

Laetitia is one of our young leaders.

Leticija je jedan od naših mlađih vođa.

Today, we have 700 of them that are being groomed

Danas, imamo 700 njih koji su spremni

for the African continent,

za afrički kontinent

and over the next 50 years,

i u narednih 50 godina,

we expect to create 6,000 of them.

očekujemo da stvorimo 6000 njih.

But one thing has been troubling me.

Ali jedna stvar me muči.

We would get about 4,000 applications a year

Dobijali bismo oko 4000 prijava godišnje

for 100 young leaders that we could take

za 100 mladih vođa koje bismo primili

into this academy,

na akademiju,

and so I saw the tremendous hunger that existed

te sam primetio ogromnu glad koja je postojala

for this leadership training that we're offering.

za ovim treningom liderstva koji nudimo.

But we couldn't satisfy it.

Ali nismo mogli da zadovoljimo broj.

So today, I'm announcing for the first time in public

Danas, najavljujem prvi put u javnosti

an extension to this vision for the African Leadership Academy.

produženje ove vizije za Afričku akademiju liderstva.

We're building 25 brand new universities in Africa

Gradimo 25 novih univerziteta u Africi

koji će kultivisati narednu generaciju

that are going to cultivate this next generation

of African leaders.

afričkih vođa.

Each campus will have 10,000 leaders at a time

Svaki kampus će imati 10 000 vođa u isto vreme

so we'll be educating and developing

te ćemo obrazovati i razvijati

250,000 leaders at any given time.

250 000 vođa u svakom trenutku.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Over the next 50 years, this institution

Tokom narednih 50 godina, ova institucija

will create three million transformative leaders

će stvoriti tri miliona preobražavajućih vođa

for the continent.

za kontinent.

My hope is that half of them

Moja nada je da će polovina njih

postati preduzetnici koji nam trebaju,

will become the entrepreneurs that we need,

who will create these jobs that we need,

koji će stvarati ove poslove koji nam trebaju,

and the other half

a druga polovina

will go into government

će ići u vladu

and the nonprofit sector,

i neprofitni sektor,

and they will build the institutions that we need.

i izgradiće institucije koje su nam potrebne.

But they won't just learn academics.

Ali neće samo učiti akademske stvari.

They will also learn how to become leaders,

Takođe će naučiti kako da postanu vođe,

and they will develop their skills as entrepreneurs.

i razviće svoje veštine kao preduzetnici.

So think of this as Africa's Ivy League,

Mislite o ovome kao o afričkoj Ajvi Ligi,

but instead of getting admitted because of your SAT scores

ali umesto da vas prime zbog rezultata na SAT testovima

or because of how much money you have

ili zbog količine novca koji imate

or which family you come from,

ili iz koje porodice potičete,

the main criteria for getting into this university

glavni kriterijum za ulazak na ovaj univerzitet

will be what is the potential that you have

biće potencijal koji posedujete

for transforming Africa?

za preobraženje Afrike.

But what we're doing is just one group of institutions.

Ono što radimo predstavlja samo jednu grupu institucija.

We cannot transform Africa by ourselves.

Ne možemo sami da preobratimo Afriku.

My hope

Moja nada

is that many, many other home-grown

je da će mnoge druge domaće

African institutions will blossom,

afričke institucije procvetati

and these institutions will all come together

i ove institucije će se spojiti

with a common vision of developing

zajedničkom vizijom razvoja

this next generation of African leaders,

sledeće generacije afričkih vođa,

generation four,

generacije četiri,

and they will teach them this common message:

i podučavaće ih ovoj zajedničkoj poruci:

create jobs, build our institutions.

stvarajte poslove, gradite naše institucije.

Nelson Mandela once said,

Nelson Mandela je jednom rekao:

"Every now and then,

"S vremena na vreme,

a generation is called upon to be great.

od generacije se traži da bude velika.

You can be that great generation."

Vi možete biti ta velika generacija."

I believe that if we carefully identify and cultivate

Verujem da ako pažljivo prepoznamo i kultivišemo

the next generation of African leaders,

sledeću generaciju afričkih vođa,

then this generation four that is coming up

onda će nadolazeća generacija četiri

will be the greatest generation that Africa

biti najbolja generacija koju je Afrika

and indeed the entire world has ever seen.

ali i čitav svet ikada imao.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)