Fred Swaniker: The leaders who ruined Africa, and the generation who can fix it

翻译人员: WenYu Lu 校对人员: Eric Chiang

I experienced my first coup d'état at the age of four.

4岁的时候，我经历了人生第一场政变。

Because of the coup d'état,

因为那场政变

my family had to leave my native home of Ghana

我们被迫举家从祖国加纳

and move to the Gambia.

搬到了冈比亚。

As luck would have it,

可不巧的是，

six months after we arrived,

就在我们抵达6个月后，

they too had a military coup.

冈比亚也发生了军事政变。

I vividly remember being woken up in the middle of the night

我清楚的记得被半夜叫醒，

and gathering the few belongings we could

拿上我们能拿的几件随身物品

and walking for about two hours

步行大约2个小时，

to a safe house.

来到一个安全藏身处。

For a week, we slept under our beds

我们在床下面睡了一个星期，

because we were worried that bullets might fly through the window.

因为担心子弹会从窗户飞进来。

Then, at the age of eight,

后来，在我8岁的时候，

we moved to Botswana.

我们搬到了博茨瓦纳。

This time, it was different.

这一次情况大不相同。

There were no coups.

没有政变，

Everything worked. Great education.

所有事情井井有条，还有良好的教育体系。

They had such good infrastructure that even at the time they had

他们的基础设施非常好，那时候就已经有了

a fiber-optic telephone system,

西方国家很久以后才有的，

long before it had reached Western countries.

光纤电话系统。

The only thing they didn't have

他们唯一缺乏的是，

is that they didn't have

他们没有

their own national television station,

自己的国家电视台，

and so I remember watching

所以我还记得

TV from neighboring South Africa,

收看邻国南非的电视节目，

and watching Nelson Mandela in jail

看到狱中的 纳尔逊·曼德拉

being offered a chance to come out

被告知，如果放弃种族主义斗争

if he would give up the apartheid struggle.

就可以出狱。

But he didn't. He refused to do that

但他拒绝这么做，

until he actually achieved his objective

直到有一天，他真正实现了

of freeing South Africa from apartheid.

把南非从种族隔离中解放出来的目标。

And I remember feeling how just one good leader

我至今记得那种激动的感受：一个优秀的领导者

could make such a big difference in Africa.

竟能让非洲产生了如此巨大的变化。

Then at the age of 12,

在我12岁那年，

my family sent me to high school in Zimbabwe.

家人把我送到津巴布韦上中学。

Initially, this too was amazing:

起初，这里情况也非常不错：

growing economy, excellent infrastructure,

经济持续增长，基础设施完备，

and it seemed like it was a model

看上去像是一个

for economic development in Africa.

非洲经济大发展的典范。

I graduated from high school in Zimbabwe

我从津巴布韦中学毕业后

and I went off to college.

去国外读了大学。

Six years later, I returned to the country.

6年后，我再次回到这个国家。

Everything was different.

情况完全变了，

It had shattered into pieces.

整个社会支离破碎，

Millions of people had emigrated,

上百万人移民他乡，

the economy was in a shambles,

经济土崩瓦解。

and it seemed all of a sudden that 30 years

就好像30年的发展成果

of development had been wiped out.

突然间烟消云散了一样。

How could a country go so bad so fast?

一个国家怎么会如此迅速的急剧滑坡？

Most people would agree

大多数人都会认同，

that it's all because of leadership.

所有这一切都是领导人的问题。

One man, President Robert Mugabe,

整个国家几乎毁在了

is almost single-handedly responsible

总统罗伯特·穆加贝

for having destroyed this country.

一个人手上。

Now, all these experiences of living in different

现在，这些在非洲

parts of Africa growing up

不同国家的成长经历，

did two things to me.

对我产生了两个影响。

The first is it made me fall in love with Africa.

一是让我爱上了非洲。

Everywhere I went,

不管在非洲哪里，

I experienced the wonderful beauty of our continent

我都能感受到这片大陆美丽动人的地方，

and saw the resilience and the spirit of our people,

看到人们不屈不挠的精神。

and at the time, I realized that I wanted to dedicate

那时我就意识到，我想用毕生精力

the rest of my life to making this continent great.

把这片大陆建设得更加美好。

But I also realized that making Africa great

但我也意识到要想把非洲变得更加美好，

would require addressing this issue of leadership.

绕不开领导力的问题。

You see, all these countries I lived in,

你们看，所有我生活过的国家，

the coups d'état

有政变，

and the corruption I'd seen in Ghana and Gambia

有在加纳、冈比亚还有津巴布韦

and in Zimbabwe,

看到的腐败，

contrasted with the wonderful examples I had seen

跟我在博茨瓦纳和南非所见到的

in Botswana and in South Africa of good leadership.

卓越领导力的典范形成鲜明对比。

It made me realize that Africa would rise or fall

这让我意识到我们领导人的素质，

because of the quality of our leaders.

决定了非洲的兴衰成败。

Now, one might think, of course,

可能有人会说，当然，

leadership matters everywhere.

领导力放在哪里都重要。

But if there's one thing you take away from my talk today, it is this:

但如果我今天的演讲能让你有一点收获，那就是：

In Africa, more than anywhere else in the world,

在非洲，一个好的领导者

the difference that just one good leader can make

能带来的巨大改变，

is much greater than anywhere else, and here's why.

要远比其他区域更为显著。原因如下：

It's because in Africa, we have weak institutions,

在非洲，我们的制度还不健全，

like the judiciary, the constitution,

比如司法、宪法、

civil society and so forth.

公民社会，等等。

So here's a general rule of thumb that I believe in:

所以我相信这条一般规律：

When societies have strong institutions,

如果一个社会制度健全，

the difference that one good leader can make is limited,

好的领导人所带来的改变也是有限的。

but when you have weak institutions,

但如果一个社会制度不健全，

then just one good leader

一个好的领导人

can make or break that country.

就能成就或（坏的领导人）毁掉一个国家。

Let me make it a bit more concrete.

让我说的再具体一点。

You become the president of the United States.

假设你成了美国总统，

You think, "Wow, I've arrived.

你会想：「哇，这一天终于到了。

I'm the most powerful man in the world."

我成了世界上最有权势的人。」

So you decide, perhaps let me pass a law.

然后你决定，要签署一项法案。

All of a sudden, Congress taps you on the shoulder

但突然，国会会拍拍你的肩膀，

and says, "No, no, no, no, no, you can't do that."

对你说「不，不，不，不，不行，你不能那么干。」

You say, "Let me try this way."

你说，「就让我试试嘛。」

The Senate comes and says, "Uh-uh,

参议院却说，

we don't think you can do that."

「额，我们觉得你不能这么做。」

You say, perhaps, "Let me print some money.

你或许会想，「印点钞票吧。

I think the economy needs a stimulus."

我觉得需要刺激一下经济。」

The central bank governor will think you're crazy.

美联储主席会觉得你疯了。

You might get impeached for that.

你可能会因此被弹劾。

But if you become the president of Zimbabwe,

但如果你成了津巴布韦的总统，

and you say, "You know, I really like this job.

你说，「你看，我非常喜欢这份工作。

I think I'd like to stay in it forever." (Laughter)

我想我要在这个位置上永远干下去。」（笑声）

Well, you just can.

而你真的可以做到。

You decide you want to print money.

你决定了要印钞票，

You call the central bank governor and you say,

就给央行行长打电话说：

"Please double the money supply."

「请多印一倍的钞票。」

He'll say, "Okay, yes, sir,

他会说：「没问题，总统先生，

is there anything else I can do for you?"

还需要其他服务吗？」

This is the power that African leaders have,

这就是非洲领导者拥有的巨大权力，

and this is why they make the most difference

这也是为什么领导者的好坏能在这片土地上

on the continent.

产生迥异影响的原因。

The good news is that

好消息是，

the quality of leadership in Africa has been improving.

非洲领导者的素质在逐步提升。

We've had three generations of leaders, in my mind.

在我看来，我们经历了三代领导人。

Generation one are those who appeared

第一代是出现在

in the '50s and '60s.

50和60年代的，

These are people like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

比如像加纳总统夸梅·恩克鲁玛，

and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania.

坦桑尼亚总统朱利叶斯·尼雷尔，

The legacy they left is that they brought independence to Africa.

他们的贡献是实现了非洲的独立。

They freed us from colonialism,

他们把我们从殖民主义中解放出来，

and let's give them credit for that.

这些应该归功于他们。

They were followed by generation two.

他们之后是第二代领导人。

These are people that brought nothing

这些人只给非洲

but havoc to Africa.

带来了浩劫。

Think warfare, corruption, human rights abuses.

比如战争、腐败、践踏人权。

This is the stereotype of the typical African leader

我们一想到非洲国家领导人就会联想到这种典型形象，

that we typically think of:

他们是这种形象的原型。

Mobutu Sese Seko from Zaire,

像扎伊尔的蒙博托·塞塞·塞科，

Sani Abacha from Nigeria.

尼日利亚的萨尼·阿巴查。

The good news is that most of these leaders have moved on,

好消息是这些领导人大多已下台了，

and they were replaced by generation three.

他们被第三代领导人接替。

These are people like the late Nelson Mandela

比如像已故的纳尔逊·曼德拉，

and most of the leaders that we see in Africa today,

以及现在我们看到的非洲大部分国家的领导人，

like Paul Kagame and so forth.

像保罗·卡加梅等等。

Now these leaders are by no means perfect,

当然这些领导人并不完美，

but the one thing they have done is that they have

但他们都做了一件事，那就是

cleaned up much of the mess of generation two.

清理上两代领导人遗留下来的很多问题。

They've stopped the fighting,

他们停止了战争，

and I call them the stabilizer generation.

我把他们称为安定的一代。

They're much more accountable to their people,

他们对人民更加负责，

they've improved macroeconomic policies,

他们改善了宏观经济政策。

and we are seeing for the first time

我们头一次看到

Africa's growing, and in fact it's the second fastest

非洲的经济增长已事实上使其成为

growing economic region in the world.

世界第二快速增长的经济区域。

So these leaders are by no means perfect,

这些领导人虽不完美，

but they are by and large

但他们总体上来说

the best leaders we've seen in the last 50 years.

是过去50年来我们见过的最好的领导者。

So where to from here?

那么下一代领导人会如何？

I believe that the next generation

我认为在此之后的下一代，

to come after this, generation four,

也就是第四代领导者，

has a unique opportunity

对非洲的转型来说，

to transform the continent.

有着独一无二的机会。

Specifically, they can do two things

具体来说，他们可以做两件

that previous generations have not done.

前任领导人没有做到的事情。

The first thing they need to do

第一件，

is they need to create prosperity for the continent.

他们需要给非洲带来经济繁荣。

Why is prosperity so important?

为什么经济繁荣这么重要？

Because none of the previous generations

因为之前没有任何一代领导人成功

have been able to tackle this issue of poverty.

解决了贫困问题。

Africa today

今天的非洲，

has the fastest growing population in the world,

有着世界上增速最快的人口，

but also is the poorest.

但同时也是最穷的人口。

By 2030, Africa will have a larger workforce than China,

到2030年，非洲的劳动人口将超过中国。

and by 2050, it will have the largest workforce in the world.

到2050年，非洲将拥有世界上最多的劳动人口。

One billion people will need jobs in Africa,

将有10亿人在非洲有工作需求，

so if we don't grow our economies fast enough,

所以，如果我们不能高速发展经济，

we're sitting on a ticking time bomb,

我们就相当于坐在一个定时炸弹上面，

not just for Africa but for the entire world.

不仅是针对非洲，对全世界也是如此。

Let me show you an example

下面我给大家分享一个案例

of one person who is living up to this legacy

看看她是怎么在给促进经济繁荣上贡献自己力量的。

of creating prosperity: Laetitia.

她叫莱提纱，

Laetitia's a young woman from Kenya

莱提纱是肯尼亚的一个年轻女孩。

who at the age of 13 had to drop out of school

因为家里供不起她的学费，

because her family couldn't afford to pay fees for her.

13岁她就退学了。

So she started her own business rearing rabbits,

于是她自己做起了养兔子的生意，

which happen to be a delicacy in this part of Kenya

在肯尼亚她所处的区域，

that she's from.

兔肉是当地的一道美食。

This business did so well that within a year,

她的生意风生水起，不到一年的时间，

she was employing 15 women

她就雇用了15个女工。

and was able to generate enough income

带来的收入也足够

that she was able to send herself to school,

供她自己去学校读书。

and through these women

她给女工们发放的工资

fund another 65 children to go to school.

让另外65个孩子上了学。

The profits that she generated,

她还用收入所得

she used that to build a school,

建了一所学校。

and today she educates

到现在为止，她已经

400 children in her community.

为社区的400名儿童提供了教育，

And she's just turned 18.

而她只不过刚过18岁而已。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Another example is Erick Rajaonary.

另一个例子是埃里克.拉加拉里。

Erick comes from the island of Madagascar.

埃里克来自马达加斯加岛。

Now, Erick realized that agriculture

他现在发现农业

would be the key to creating jobs

是给马达加斯加农村地区

in the rural areas of Madagascar,

带来工作机会的关键。

but he also realized that fertilizer was a very

但是他也意识到对于马达加斯加的

expensive input for most farmers in Madagascar.

大部分农民来说，化肥是一笔非常昂贵的支出。

Madagascar has these very special bats

马达加斯加有一类特殊的蝙蝠，

that produce these droppings

他们的排泄物

that are very high in nutrients.

富含养分。

In 2006, Erick quit his job as a chartered accountant

在2006年，埃里克辞去了注册会计师的职务，

and started a company to manufacture

成立了一个公司

fertilizer from the bat droppings.

从这种蝙蝠的排泄物生产化肥。

Today, Erick has built a business

到今天，埃里克的生意已经是

that generates several million dollars of revenue,

年收入数百万美元的大买卖了。

and he employs 70 people full time

他有70名全职员工，

and another 800 people during the season

在蝙蝠排泄物最多的季节

when the bats drop their droppings the most.

还要额外雇800人。

Now, what I like about this story

我之所以喜欢这些故事，

is that it shows that opportunities to create prosperity

在于他们展示了能够创造繁荣的机会

can be found almost anywhere.

无所不在。

Erick is known as the Batman.

埃里克现在被戏称为蝙蝠侠。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And who would have thought that you would have

谁会想到你能

been able to build a multimillion-dollar business

用蝙蝠大便做成百万美元级别的生意

employing so many people just from bat poo?

并雇佣这么多人？

The second thing that this generation needs to do

这一代领导人要做的第二件事是，

is to create our institutions.

建立我们的制度。

They need to build these institutions such that we

他们需要建立各种制度，确保我们的国家

are never held to ransom again

不再被罗伯特·穆加贝（津巴布韦总统）

by a few individuals like Robert Mugabe.

这样的少数人所劫持、操控。

Now, all of this sounds great,

现在所有这些听起来都很美好，

but where are we going to get this generation four from?

但我们从哪里寻找第四代领导者们呢？

Do we just sit and hope that they emerge

我们是不是坐等他们偶然出现，

by chance, or that God gives them to us?

或是上帝把他们恩赐给我们？

No, I don't think so.

我觉得这恐怕不行。

It's too important an issue for us to leave it to chance.

对于如此重要的问题，我们绝不能干等着撞大运。

I believe that we need to create African institutions,

我们需要创立非洲本土化的教育机构，

home-grown, that will identify and develop

系统地、切合实际地

these leaders in a systematic, practical way.

识别和培养这些领导者。

We've been doing this for the last 10 years

过去的10年里，我们已经通过

through the African Leadership Academy.

非洲领导力学院付诸了实践。

Laetitia is one of our young leaders.

莱提纱就是我们的年轻领导者中的一员。

Today, we have 700 of them that are being groomed

如今，他们中的700名学员

for the African continent,

是为非洲大陆进行培养的。

and over the next 50 years,

在未来50年，

we expect to create 6,000 of them.

我们期望能为非洲大陆培养6000名领导者。

But one thing has been troubling me.

但有一件事一直困扰着我，

We would get about 4,000 applications a year

我们每年能收到4000份入学申请，

for 100 young leaders that we could take

却只能从中挑选出100名年轻领导者

into this academy,

进入我们的学院。

and so I saw the tremendous hunger that existed

所以我发现目前提供的

for this leadership training that we're offering.

领导力培训有着巨大的需求，

But we couldn't satisfy it.

而我们却无法全部满足。

So today, I'm announcing for the first time in public

所以今天，我第一次公开宣布

an extension to this vision for the African Leadership Academy.

非洲领导力学院的扩招计划。

We're building 25 brand new universities in Africa

我们正在非洲建设 25 所全新的校园，

that are going to cultivate this next generation

来培养下一代

of African leaders.

非洲的领导人。

Each campus will have 10,000 leaders at a time

每所校园每次将招收10000名学员，

so we'll be educating and developing

所以我们在任何时候都会在教育和培养着

250,000 leaders at any given time.

25万名未来的领导者。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Over the next 50 years, this institution

在未来50年里，这个学院

will create three million transformative leaders

将会为非洲大陆培养300万名

for the continent.

具有变革能力的领导者。

My hope is that half of them

我希望他们中的一半

will become the entrepreneurs that we need,

能成为我们需要的企业家，

who will create these jobs that we need,

为我们创造工作机会。

and the other half

另一半

will go into government

会进入政府部门

and the nonprofit sector,

以及非盈利机构，

and they will build the institutions that we need.

他们会创建我们需要的各种制度。

But they won't just learn academics.

当然，他们不仅学习专业知识，

They will also learn how to become leaders,

他们也学习如何成为领导者，

and they will develop their skills as entrepreneurs.

并培养企业家的能力。

So think of this as Africa's Ivy League,

可以把它想象成 非洲的常青藤盟校，

but instead of getting admitted because of your SAT scores

但是我们不会根据你的 SAT 分数确定你是否入学，

or because of how much money you have

也不会看你有多少钱，

or which family you come from,

也不会看你的家庭出身，

the main criteria for getting into this university

入学的主要条件是，

will be what is the potential that you have

你有哪些潜力

for transforming Africa?

能给非洲带来改变。

But what we're doing is just one group of institutions.

但是我们正在做的只是一小部分学院，

We cannot transform Africa by ourselves.

光靠我们还不足以改变非洲。

My hope

我希望

is that many, many other home-grown

更多非洲本土的

African institutions will blossom,

教育机构能够开花结果，

and these institutions will all come together

这些学院将同舟共济，

with a common vision of developing

把培养非洲下一代，

this next generation of African leaders,

也就是第四代领导者，

generation four,

作为共同的奋斗目标。

and they will teach them this common message:

学院将教授他们共同的使命：

create jobs, build our institutions.

创造就业机会，建立完善各种社会制度。

Nelson Mandela once said,

纳尔逊 曼德拉曾说过：

"Every now and then,

「有时候，

a generation is called upon to be great.

时势使一代人变的伟大，

You can be that great generation."

你们可以成就这伟大的一代。」

I believe that if we carefully identify and cultivate

我相信，如果我们能细致的识别和培养

the next generation of African leaders,

下一代非洲领导人，

then this generation four that is coming up

那么这即将到来的第四代非洲领导人，

will be the greatest generation that Africa

将会成为非洲以致全世界都前所未见的

and indeed the entire world has ever seen.

最伟大的一代。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）