Fred Swaniker: The leaders who ruined Africa, and the generation who can fix it

Prevoditelj: Igor Pureta Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I experienced my first coup d'état at the age of four.

Doživio sam svoj prvi državni udar s četiri godine.

Because of the coup d'état,

Zbog državnog udara

my family had to leave my native home of Ghana

moja obitelj morala je napustiti rodni kraj, Ganu

and move to the Gambia.

i preseliti se u Gambiju.

As luck would have it,

Sreća je htjela da,

six months after we arrived,

šest mjeseci nakon našeg dolaska,

they too had a military coup.

i kod njih se dogodio vojni udar.

I vividly remember being woken up in the middle of the night

Živo se sjećam buđenja usred noći,

and gathering the few belongings we could

sakupljanja imovine koliko smo mogli

and walking for about two hours

i hodanja otprilike dva sata

to a safe house.

do sigurne kuće.

For a week, we slept under our beds

Tjedan dana smo spavali pod krevetima

because we were worried that bullets might fly through the window.

jer smo bili zabrinuti da će meci letjeti kroz prozore.

Then, at the age of eight,

U dobi od osam godina,

we moved to Botswana.

preselili smo u Bocvanu.

This time, it was different.

Ovaj put, bilo je drugačije.

There were no coups.

Nije bilo državnih udara.

Everything worked. Great education.

Sve je funkcioniralo. Odlično obrazovanje.

They had such good infrastructure that even at the time they had

Imali su toliko dobru infrastrukturu da su čak i tada imali

a fiber-optic telephone system,

telefonski sustav putem optičkih vlakana

long before it had reached Western countries.

davno ranije nego što je takav sustav stigao do država Zapada.

The only thing they didn't have

Jedino što nisu imali

is that they didn't have

bila je

their own national television station,

njihova vlastita nacionalna televizija,

and so I remember watching

stoga se sjećam kako sam gledao

TV from neighboring South Africa,

televiziju susjedne Južne Afrike

and watching Nelson Mandela in jail

i vidio Nelsona Mandelu u zatvoru

being offered a chance to come out

kojemu su nudili šansu za izlazak

if he would give up the apartheid struggle.

ako bi odustao od borbe protiv apartheida.

But he didn't. He refused to do that

Odbio je to učiniti

until he actually achieved his objective

sve dok nije dostigao svoj cilj

of freeing South Africa from apartheid.

oslobađanja Južne Afrike od apartheida.

And I remember feeling how just one good leader

Sjećam se osjećaja da samo jedan dobar vođa

could make such a big difference in Africa.

može napraviti toliku razliku u Africi.

Then at the age of 12,

U dobi od 12 godina,

my family sent me to high school in Zimbabwe.

obitelj me poslala u srednju školu u Zimbabve.

Initially, this too was amazing:

U početku, tamo je također bilo odlično.

growing economy, excellent infrastructure,

Rastuća ekonomija, odlična infrastruktura,

and it seemed like it was a model

činilo se kao model

for economic development in Africa.

za ekonomski razvoj u Africi.

I graduated from high school in Zimbabwe

Maturirao sam srednju školu u Zimbabveu

and I went off to college.

i otišao na fakultet.

Six years later, I returned to the country.

Šest godina kasnije, vratio sam se.

Everything was different.

Sve se promijenilo.

It had shattered into pieces.

Država je bila razbijena na komadiće.

Millions of people had emigrated,

Milijuni su iselili,

the economy was in a shambles,

ekonomija je bila masakrirana,

and it seemed all of a sudden that 30 years

i činilo se da je 30 godina

of development had been wiped out.

razvoja bez traga izbrisano.

How could a country go so bad so fast?

Kako država može toliko brzo krenuti niz brdo?

Most people would agree

Većina ljudi bi se složila

that it's all because of leadership.

da je sve zbog vodstva.

One man, President Robert Mugabe,

Jedan čovjek, predsjednik Robert Mugabe,

is almost single-handedly responsible

je gotovo isključivo

for having destroyed this country.

zaslužan za uništenje ove države.

Now, all these experiences of living in different

Sva ova iskustva života u različitim

parts of Africa growing up

dijelovima Afrike prilikom odrastanja

did two things to me.

su mi učinila dvije stvari.

The first is it made me fall in love with Africa.

Prvo, zaljubio sam se u Afriku.

Everywhere I went,

Gdje god sam išao,

I experienced the wonderful beauty of our continent

doživio sam neizmjernu ljepotu našeg kontinenta

and saw the resilience and the spirit of our people,

i vidio otpornost i duh naših ljudi.

and at the time, I realized that I wanted to dedicate

Shvatio sam da želim posvetiti

the rest of my life to making this continent great.

ostatak života čineći ovaj kontinent velikim.

But I also realized that making Africa great

Shvatio sam i da ta tranzicija

would require addressing this issue of leadership.

zahtjeva isticanje problema vodstva.

You see, all these countries I lived in,

Sve te države u kojima sam živio,

the coups d'état

državni udari

and the corruption I'd seen in Ghana and Gambia

i korupcija koju sam vidio u Gani,

and in Zimbabwe,

Gambiji i Zimbabveu,

contrasted with the wonderful examples I had seen

bili su u kontrastu s predivnim primjerima dobrog vodstva

in Botswana and in South Africa of good leadership.

u Bocvani i Južnoj Africi.

It made me realize that Africa would rise or fall

Shvatio sam da će se Afrika uzdići ili pasti

because of the quality of our leaders.

zbog kvalitete naših vođa.

Now, one might think, of course,

Netko bi, naravno, mogao pomisliti

leadership matters everywhere.

kako je vodstvo važno svugdje.

But if there's one thing you take away from my talk today, it is this:

Ako ćete išta zapamtiti iz mojeg današnjeg govora, zapamtite ovo:

In Africa, more than anywhere else in the world,

U Africi, više nego bilo gdje u svijetu,

the difference that just one good leader can make

razlika koju dobar vođa može napraviti

is much greater than anywhere else, and here's why.

je puno veća nego bilo gdje drugdje.

It's because in Africa, we have weak institutions,

To je zato što u Africi imamo slabe institucije,

like the judiciary, the constitution,

kao što su pravosuđe, ustav,

civil society and so forth.

civilno društvo i tako dalje.

So here's a general rule of thumb that I believe in:

Generalno pravilo u koje vjerujem je:

When societies have strong institutions,

Kada društva imaju snažne institucije,

the difference that one good leader can make is limited,

razlika koju jedan vođa može napraviti je ograničena,

but when you have weak institutions,

a kada su institucije slabe,

then just one good leader

tada samo jedan dobar vođa

can make or break that country.

može izgraditi ili slomiti tu državu.

Let me make it a bit more concrete.

Dozvolite mi da budem precizniji.

You become the president of the United States.

Postanete predsjednik SAD-a.

You think, "Wow, I've arrived.

Razmišljate, "Uh, Uspio sam.

I'm the most powerful man in the world."

Ja sam najmoćniji čovjek na svijetu."

So you decide, perhaps let me pass a law.

Pa odlučite da biste mogli predložiti zakon.

All of a sudden, Congress taps you on the shoulder

Odjednom, Kongres vas dotakne

and says, "No, no, no, no, no, you can't do that."

i kaže, "Ne, ne, ne, ne, ne, ne možeš to napraviti."

You say, "Let me try this way."

Kažete, "Hajde da probam ovako."

The Senate comes and says, "Uh-uh,

Senat dolazi i kaže "A-a,

we don't think you can do that."

mislimo da ne možete to napraviti."

You say, perhaps, "Let me print some money.

Kažete, možda, "Dopustite mi da tiskam nešto novaca,

I think the economy needs a stimulus."

mislim da ekonomija treba poticaj."

The central bank governor will think you're crazy.

Guverner banke će misliti da niste normalni.

You might get impeached for that.

But if you become the president of Zimbabwe,

No, ako postanete predsjednik Zimbabvea,

and you say, "You know, I really like this job.

i kažete, "Stvarno mi se sviđa ovaj posao.

I think I'd like to stay in it forever." (Laughter)

Mislim da bih htio ovo raditi zauvijek."

Well, you just can.

Jednostavno možete.

You decide you want to print money.

Odlučite tiskati još novca.

You call the central bank governor and you say,

Nazovete guvernera banke i kažete,

"Please double the money supply."

"Molim da udvostručite dotok novca."

He'll say, "Okay, yes, sir,

Reći će, "Da, gospodine.

is there anything else I can do for you?"

Postoji li još nešto što mogu učiniti za vas?"

This is the power that African leaders have,

To je moć koju imaju Afrički vođe,

and this is why they make the most difference

i to je razlog zašto rade najveći utjecaj

on the continent.

na kontinentu.

The good news is that

Dobra vijest je ta da se

the quality of leadership in Africa has been improving.

kvaliteta vodstva u Africi popravlja.

We've had three generations of leaders, in my mind.

Imali smo tri generacije vođa.

Generation one are those who appeared

Prva generacija su oni koji su se pojavili

in the '50s and '60s.

u '50-ima i '60-ima.

These are people like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

To su ljudi poput Kwamea Nkrumaha iz Gane

and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania.

i Juliusa Nyererea iz Tanzanije.

The legacy they left is that they brought independence to Africa.

Njihovo nasljedstvo je neovisnost Afrike.

They freed us from colonialism,

Oslobodili su nas

and let's give them credit for that.

kolonijalizma i dajmo im zaslugu za to.

They were followed by generation two.

Naslijedila ih je druga generacija.

These are people that brought nothing

To su ljudi koji nisu donijeli ništa

but havoc to Africa.

Africi osim kaosa.

Think warfare, corruption, human rights abuses.

Rat, korupcija, povrede ljudskih prava.

This is the stereotype of the typical African leader

To je stereotip tipičnog afričkog vođe

that we typically think of:

kakvog se inače sjetimo:

Mobutu Sese Seko from Zaire,

Mobutu Sese Seko iz Zairea,

Sani Abacha from Nigeria.

Sani Abacha iz Nigerije.

The good news is that most of these leaders have moved on,

Dobra vijest je da je većina tih vođa napustila te države,

and they were replaced by generation three.

i zamijenjeni su trećom generacijom.

These are people like the late Nelson Mandela

To su ljudi poput pokojnog Nelsona Mandele

and most of the leaders that we see in Africa today,

i većine vođa koji su danas u Africi

like Paul Kagame and so forth.

poput Paula Kagamea i tako dalje.

Now these leaders are by no means perfect,

Ovi vođe nisu ni u kojem slučaju savršeni,

but the one thing they have done is that they have

ali jedna stvar koju su napravili

cleaned up much of the mess of generation two.

je da su počistili većinu nereda preostalog od druge generacije.

They've stopped the fighting,

Zaustavili su borbe,

and I call them the stabilizer generation.

i ja ih nazivam generacijom stabilizatora.

They're much more accountable to their people,

Puno su odgovorniji prema svojim ljudima,

they've improved macroeconomic policies,

unaprijedili su makroekonomsku politiku,

and we are seeing for the first time

i po prvi puta vidimo da

Africa's growing, and in fact it's the second fastest

Afrika raste i, ustvari, je druga najbrže rastuća

growing economic region in the world.

ekonomska regija u svijetu.

So these leaders are by no means perfect,

Dakle ovi vođe nisu ni po čemu savršeni,

but they are by and large

ali su nadaleko

the best leaders we've seen in the last 50 years.

najbolji koje smo vidjeli u zadnjih 50 godina.

So where to from here?

Dakle, kuda dalje?

I believe that the next generation

Vjerujem da sljedeća generacija

to come after this, generation four,

koja dolazi, četvrta generacija,

has a unique opportunity

ima jedinstvenu priliku

to transform the continent.

transformirati kontinent.

Specifically, they can do two things

Točnije, mogu učiniti dvije stvari

that previous generations have not done.

koja prijašnje generacije nisu učinile.

The first thing they need to do

Prvo što moraju

is they need to create prosperity for the continent.

je stvoriti prosperitet za kontinent.

Why is prosperity so important?

Zašto je prosperitet toliko važan?

Because none of the previous generations

Jer nijedna od prijašnjih

have been able to tackle this issue of poverty.

generacija nije mogla ukrotiti problem siromaštva.

Africa today

Afrika danas

has the fastest growing population in the world,

ima najbrže rastuću populaciju u svijetu,

but also is the poorest.

ali je također i najsiromašnija.

By 2030, Africa will have a larger workforce than China,

Do 2030., Afrika će imati veću radnu snagu od Kine.

and by 2050, it will have the largest workforce in the world.

Do 2050., imat će najveću radnu snagu na svijetu.

One billion people will need jobs in Africa,

Milijardu ljudi će trebati posao u Africi,

so if we don't grow our economies fast enough,

ako naše ekonomije ne izrastu dovoljno brzo,

we're sitting on a ticking time bomb,

sjedimo na tempiranoj bombi,

not just for Africa but for the entire world.

ne samo za Afriku nego za cijeli svijet.

Let me show you an example

Pokazat ću vam primjer

of one person who is living up to this legacy

osobe koja živi dosljedno ovom

of creating prosperity: Laetitia.

nasljedstvu stvaranja prosperiteta: Laetitia.

Laetitia's a young woman from Kenya

Laetitia je mlada Kenijka

who at the age of 13 had to drop out of school

koja je odustala od škole s 13 godina

because her family couldn't afford to pay fees for her.

jer njena obitelj nije mogla plaćati njeno školovanje.

So she started her own business rearing rabbits,

Započela je svoj posao uzgoja kunića,

which happen to be a delicacy in this part of Kenya

koji su delikatesa u tom dijelu

that she's from.

Kenije odakle dolazi.

This business did so well that within a year,

Taj posao je tako dobro rastao, da je

she was employing 15 women

nakon godinu dana zapošljavala još 15 žena

and was able to generate enough income

i generirala dovoljno prihoda

that she was able to send herself to school,

da je mogla završiti školu,

and through these women

i kroz te ostale žene

fund another 65 children to go to school.

financirati školovanje još 65 djece.

The profits that she generated,

Profite koje je generirala,

she used that to build a school,

je iskoristila da izgradi školu,

and today she educates

i danas podučava

400 children in her community.

400 djece u zajednici.

And she's just turned 18.

Nedavno je tek navršila 18.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Another example is Erick Rajaonary.

Drugi primjer je Erick Rajaonary.

Erick comes from the island of Madagascar.

Erick dolazi s otoka Madagaskara.

Now, Erick realized that agriculture

Erick je shvatio da je poljoprivreda

would be the key to creating jobs

ključ u kreiranju poslova

in the rural areas of Madagascar,

u ruralnim područjima Madagaskara,

but he also realized that fertilizer was a very

no također je shvatio da je gnojivo vrlo

expensive input for most farmers in Madagascar.

skupo za većinu farmera na Madagaskaru.

Madagascar has these very special bats

Madagaskar ima posebne šišmiše

that produce these droppings

koji stvaraju izmet

that are very high in nutrients.

s vrlo visokim udjelom hranjivih tvari.

In 2006, Erick quit his job as a chartered accountant

2006., Erick je odustao od posla ovlaštenog računovođe

and started a company to manufacture

i započeo vlastitu tvrtku za proizvodnju

fertilizer from the bat droppings.

gnojiva iz izmeta šišmiša.

Today, Erick has built a business

Danas, Erick je izgradio posao

that generates several million dollars of revenue,

koji generira nekoliko milijuna dolara prihoda,

and he employs 70 people full time

zapošljava 70 ljudi trajno,

and another 800 people during the season

i još 800 ljudi tijekom sezone

when the bats drop their droppings the most.

kada šišmiši najviše izbacuju izmet.

Now, what I like about this story

Ono što mi se sviđa kod ove priče je što

is that it shows that opportunities to create prosperity

pokazuje da se prilike za napredak

can be found almost anywhere.

nalaze gotovo bilo gdje.

Erick is known as the Batman.

Erick je poznat kao Batman (čovjek šišmiš)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And who would have thought that you would have

I tko bi pomislio da će biti moguće

been able to build a multimillion-dollar business

izgraditi multimilijunski posao

employing so many people just from bat poo?

koji zapošljava toliko ljudi, samo iz šišmiševe kakice?

The second thing that this generation needs to do

Druga stvar koju ova generacija treba učiniti

is to create our institutions.

je stvoriti institucije.

They need to build these institutions such that we

Trebaju stvoriti institucije takve da

are never held to ransom again

nas više nikad ne mogu ucjenjivati

by a few individuals like Robert Mugabe.

individualci poput Roberta Mugabea.

Now, all of this sounds great,

Sve ovo zvuči odlično,

but where are we going to get this generation four from?

no gdje ćemo naći 4. generaciju?

Do we just sit and hope that they emerge

Da samo sjedimo i nadamo se da će iskrsnuti slučajno

by chance, or that God gives them to us?

ili da će nam ih Bog podariti?

No, I don't think so.

Ne, mislim da ne.

It's too important an issue for us to leave it to chance.

Previše nam je važan problem da bismo to ostavili slučajnosti.

I believe that we need to create African institutions,

Vjerujem da trebamo stvoriti Afričke institucije,

home-grown, that will identify and develop

domaće proizvodnje, koje će identificirati i razviti

these leaders in a systematic, practical way.

te vođe na sistematičan i praktičan način.

We've been doing this for the last 10 years

To radimo zadnjih 10 godina

through the African Leadership Academy.

kroz Afričku akademiju vodstva.

Laetitia is one of our young leaders.

Laetitia je jedna od naših mladih vođa.

Today, we have 700 of them that are being groomed

Danas imamo njih 700 koje pripremamo

for the African continent,

za afrički kontinent,

and over the next 50 years,

te kroz narednih

we expect to create 6,000 of them.

50 godina, očekujemo stvoriti njih 6,000.

But one thing has been troubling me.

No, jedna stvar me mučila.

We would get about 4,000 applications a year

Primamo oko 4,000 prijava godišnje

for 100 young leaders that we could take

za 100 mladih vođa koje možemo primiti

into this academy,

u ovu akademiju,

and so I saw the tremendous hunger that existed

pa sam uvidio neizmjernu glad koja postoji

for this leadership training that we're offering.

za ovaj trening vodstva koji nudimo,

But we couldn't satisfy it.

ali ju nismo mogli utažiti.

So today, I'm announcing for the first time in public

Stoga danas, najavljujem prvi puta javno

an extension to this vision for the African Leadership Academy.

produžetak vizije za Afričku akademiju vodstva.

We're building 25 brand new universities in Africa

Gradimo 25 novih sveučilišta u Africi

that are going to cultivate this next generation

koja će odgojiti sljedeću

of African leaders.

generaciju afričkih vođa.

Each campus will have 10,000 leaders at a time

Svaki kampus će imati 10,000 vođa istovremeno

so we'll be educating and developing

što znači da ćemo educirati i razvijati

250,000 leaders at any given time.

250.000 vođa u svakom trenutku.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Over the next 50 years, this institution

Kroz sljedećih 50 godina, ova institucija će

will create three million transformative leaders

napraviti 3 milijuna svestranih vođa

for the continent.

za cijeli kontinent.

My hope is that half of them

Nadam se da će pola njih postati

will become the entrepreneurs that we need,

poduzetnici kakve trebamo, koji

who will create these jobs that we need,

će proizvesti poslove koje trebamo,

and the other half

a druga polovica

will go into government

da će ići u vladu i politiku,

and the nonprofit sector,

te neprofitni sektor,

and they will build the institutions that we need.

i da će izgraditi institucije kakve trebamo.

But they won't just learn academics.

No, neće učiti samo školske predmete.

They will also learn how to become leaders,

Učiti će također i kako postati vođa i razvit će

and they will develop their skills as entrepreneurs.

svoje vještine kao poduzetnici.

So think of this as Africa's Ivy League,

Razmišljajte o ovome kao o afričkoj varijanti najboljih američih sveučilišta,

but instead of getting admitted because of your SAT scores

no umjesto da ste primljeni zbog rezultata mature

or because of how much money you have

ili zbog toga koliko novaca imate

or which family you come from,

ili iz koje obitelji

the main criteria for getting into this university

dolazite, glavni kriterij za upis na ovo sveučilište

will be what is the potential that you have

će biti potencijal koji imate

for transforming Africa?

za transformaciju Afrike.

But what we're doing is just one group of institutions.

No, ono što radimo je samo jedna grupa institucija.

We cannot transform Africa by ourselves.

Ne možemo transformirati Afriku samostalno.

My hope

Nadam se

is that many, many other home-grown

da će mnoge, mnoge druge domaće

African institutions will blossom,

afričke institucije procvjetati,

and these institutions will all come together

i da će se te institucije ujediniti

with a common vision of developing

sa zajedničkom vizijom razvoja

this next generation of African leaders,

sljedeće generacije afričkih vođa,

generation four,

četvrte generacije,

and they will teach them this common message:

i da će ih naučiti zajedničku poruku:

create jobs, build our institutions.

stvarajte poslove, gradite naše institucije.

Nelson Mandela once said,

Nelson Mandela je jednom rekao,

"Every now and then,

"S vremena na vrijeme,

a generation is called upon to be great.

generacija je pozvana da postane sjajna.

You can be that great generation."

Vi možete biti ta sjajna generacija."

I believe that if we carefully identify and cultivate

Vjerujem da ako pažljivo identificiramo i odgojimo

the next generation of African leaders,

sljedeću generaciju afričkih vođa,

then this generation four that is coming up

tada će ova, 4. generacija, koja dolazi,

will be the greatest generation that Africa

biti najveća generacija koju su Afrika

and indeed the entire world has ever seen.

i cijeli svijet ikada vidjeli.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)