Fred Swaniker: The leaders who ruined Africa, and the generation who can fix it

譯者: Harry Chen 審譯者: Yiding(Eden) Wen

I experienced my first coup d'état at the age of four.

我四歲大的時候時就遭遇到 人生第一場軍事政變，

Because of the coup d'état,

因為軍事政變我們全家 必須離開在迦納的家園，

my family had to leave my native home of Ghana

and move to the Gambia.

搬去了甘比亞；

As luck would have it,

碰巧在我們抵達後的六個月，

six months after we arrived,

they too had a military coup.

他們也發生了軍事政變，

I vividly remember being woken up in the middle of the night

我清楚地記得在大半夜裡被叫醒來，

and gathering the few belongings we could

而且盡我們一切努力打包了稀少的行李，

and walking for about two hours

大概走了兩小時抵達一間安全的房子，

to a safe house.

For a week, we slept under our beds

有一整個星期我們是睡在床底下的，

because we were worried that bullets might fly through the window.

因為我們很怕子彈有可能會 從窗戶外飛進來。

Then, at the age of eight,

後來在八歲大時我們搬去波扎納，

we moved to Botswana.

This time, it was different.

這一次就不同了，

There were no coups.

那裡並沒有發生政變，

Everything worked. Great education.

一切運作都正常、很棒的教育建設，

They had such good infrastructure that even at the time they had

他們有非常好的基礎建設， 在當時他們甚至還有著光纖電信系統，

a fiber-optic telephone system,

long before it had reached Western countries.

遠早於光纖出現西方國家以前；

The only thing they didn't have

他們唯一所沒有的東西，

is that they didn't have

就是他們沒有自己國家的電視台，

their own national television station,

and so I remember watching

因此我記得收看到鄰國 南非的電視節目，

TV from neighboring South Africa,

and watching Nelson Mandela in jail

看到了曼德拉在監獄中 被人給了一個機會能夠出來，

being offered a chance to come out

if he would give up the apartheid struggle.

前提是他要能放棄對種族隔離的抗爭。

But he didn't. He refused to do that

不過他沒有放棄、他拒絕了，

until he actually achieved his objective

待在獄中直到他真的達成目標：

of freeing South Africa from apartheid.

從種族隔離中解放了南非人。

And I remember feeling how just one good leader

而且我記得感受到 就只是有著一個好領導人，

could make such a big difference in Africa.

竟能帶給非洲如此大的改變。

Then at the age of 12,

後來我十二歲的時候，

my family sent me to high school in Zimbabwe.

我的家人送我去辛巴威讀高中，

Initially, this too was amazing:

起先這邊也是一樣棒透了的，

growing economy, excellent infrastructure,

不停成長的經濟、優質的基礎建設，

and it seemed like it was a model

它就像是非洲在經濟發展上的楷模。

for economic development in Africa.

I graduated from high school in Zimbabwe

我就從辛巴威的高中畢業了，

and I went off to college.

離開了辛巴威去唸大學；

Six years later, I returned to the country.

六年後我重新回到了這個國家，

Everything was different.

一切都走樣了，

It had shattered into pieces.

它被破壞得分崩離析，

Millions of people had emigrated,

已經有數百萬人遷出了，

the economy was in a shambles,

經濟是一片混亂，

and it seemed all of a sudden that 30 years

它看起來像是30年的經濟發展

of development had been wiped out.

霎時間都被破壞掉了！

How could a country go so bad so fast?

一個國家怎麼能這麼快 就變得如此悽慘呢?

Most people would agree

大部分人都會認同全都是因為領導風範，

that it's all because of leadership.

One man, President Robert Mugabe,

有一個人─ 總統羅伯特‧穆加比，

is almost single-handedly responsible

幾乎得對摧毀這個國家負上全責。

for having destroyed this country.

Now, all these experiences of living in different

今天生活在非洲各地的成長經驗，

parts of Africa growing up

did two things to me.

對我學到兩件事情，

The first is it made me fall in love with Africa.

第一是它讓我愛上了非洲，

Everywhere I went,

每處我到過的地方，

I experienced the wonderful beauty of our continent

我都體驗到我們大陸絕妙的美麗，

and saw the resilience and the spirit of our people,

看到我們人民的適應力以及熱情，

and at the time, I realized that I wanted to dedicate

而在那時候我就明白我要投入我的餘生

the rest of my life to making this continent great.

來使這塊大陸變棒。

But I also realized that making Africa great

不過我也瞭解要讓非洲變棒，

would require addressing this issue of leadership.

將需要處理領導風範這個議題，

You see, all these countries I lived in,

你也都知道我曾經住過的國家，

the coups d'état

我在迦納、甘比亞還有辛巴威曾經看過

and the corruption I'd seen in Ghana and Gambia

and in Zimbabwe,

軍事政變還有貪污；

contrasted with the wonderful examples I had seen

相較於我在波扎那還有南非看過的

in Botswana and in South Africa of good leadership.

好領導風範之絕佳例子，

It made me realize that Africa would rise or fall

讓我明白了非洲將會因為領導人的素質

because of the quality of our leaders.

而躍升或是殞落，

Now, one might think, of course,

可能有人會說：「那當然！

leadership matters everywhere.

在任何地方領導風範都是重要的」；

But if there's one thing you take away from my talk today, it is this:

可是如果你有在我今天的 談話裡學到什麼，

In Africa, more than anywhere else in the world,

那就是非洲更甚於世界上的任何地方，

the difference that just one good leader can make

只是有著一個好領導者 而能做到的改變，

is much greater than anywhere else, and here's why.

要比在其他任何地方還要了不得，

原因在這裡， 因為在非洲我們有孱弱的體制，

It's because in Africa, we have weak institutions,

like the judiciary, the constitution,

就像司法、憲政、公民社會諸如此類者。

civil society and so forth.

So here's a general rule of thumb that I believe in:

所以我所篤信的經驗法則是

When societies have strong institutions,

當社會存有堅強的體制時，

the difference that one good leader can make is limited,

好的領導者能做的改變是有限的；

but when you have weak institutions,

但是當社會有著孱弱的體制時，

then just one good leader

就只要有著一個好的領導人，

can make or break that country.

他就能成就或毀掉那個國家。

Let me make it a bit more concrete.

讓我來講更具體些吧，

You become the president of the United States.

你變成了美國的總統，

You think, "Wow, I've arrived.

你想著：「哇！我做到了！

I'm the most powerful man in the world."

我是世界上最有權力的人了！」

So you decide, perhaps let me pass a law.

所以你決定好 「或許讓我來通過一條法律吧！」

All of a sudden, Congress taps you on the shoulder

突然間國會就拍了一下你的肩膀，

and says, "No, no, no, no, no, you can't do that."

說了：「不行！不行！你不能這樣做！」

You say, "Let me try this way."

你說：「讓我換個方式好了」，

The Senate comes and says, "Uh-uh,

參議院就出現了以及說：

we don't think you can do that."

「我們不認為你能這樣做啦！」

You say, perhaps, "Let me print some money.

你說：「也許讓我來多印些鈔票吧，

I think the economy needs a stimulus."

我認為經濟需要有一些激勵！」

The central bank governor will think you're crazy.

央行行長會認為你瘋了，

You might get impeached for that.

你還可能因為這樣被彈劾。

But if you become the president of Zimbabwe,

但是假如你是辛巴威的總統，

and you say, "You know, I really like this job.

你說：「我真的很喜歡這個工作，

I think I'd like to stay in it forever." (Laughter)

我認為我會想要永久一直做下去的。」 (笑聲)

Well, you just can.

沒錯！你就是可以的！

You decide you want to print money.

你決定要印鈔票，

You call the central bank governor and you say,

你打個電話給中央銀行的行長，

"Please double the money supply."

你說：「請將鈔票的供給量加一倍」，

He'll say, "Okay, yes, sir,

他就會說：「遵命！長官，

is there anything else I can do for you?"

是否還有其他事情是我可以為你做的?」

This is the power that African leaders have,

這就是非洲的領導人們所擁有的權力，

and this is why they make the most difference

這就是為什麼他們能在這塊大陸

on the continent.

做出最多的改變，

The good news is that

好消息是在非洲領導風範 的素質已經在改善了的，

the quality of leadership in Africa has been improving.

We've had three generations of leaders, in my mind.

在我的印象中我們有著 三個世代的領導人，

Generation one are those who appeared

第一個世代是那些出現在 1950-60年代者，

in the '50s and '60s.

These are people like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

這些人像是迦納的夸梅·恩克鲁瑪、

and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania.

坦尚尼亞的朱利葉斯・尼雷爾，

The legacy they left is that they brought independence to Africa.

他們遺留的成就是他們把 獨立帶給了非洲，

They freed us from colonialism,

他們從殖民主義中解放了我們，

and let's give them credit for that.

讓我們為這個來讚揚他們。

They were followed by generation two.

緊接在他們後面是第二個世代，

These are people that brought nothing

這些是除了破壞、混亂外 什麼也沒帶給非洲的人，

but havoc to Africa.

Think warfare, corruption, human rights abuses.

想看看戰爭、貪污、違反人權等，

This is the stereotype of the typical African leader

這是傳統的非洲領導人的刻板印象，

that we typically think of:

我們總是想到薩伊的蒙博托·塞塞·塞科、

Mobutu Sese Seko from Zaire,

Sani Abacha from Nigeria.

奈及利亞的薩尼·阿巴查，

The good news is that most of these leaders have moved on,

好消息是這群領導人大多已經不在位了，

and they were replaced by generation three.

他們被第三個世代的領導人所取代了，

These are people like the late Nelson Mandela

這些人像是近代的尼爾森‧曼德拉、

and most of the leaders that we see in Africa today,

還有大部分今天我們在非洲 所看到的領導人們，

like Paul Kagame and so forth.

像是保羅·卡加梅...等等；

Now these leaders are by no means perfect,

這些領導人也稱不上完美，

but the one thing they have done is that they have

不過他們所做到的一件事

cleaned up much of the mess of generation two.

是他們已經整理好大部分 第二世代造成的亂象，

They've stopped the fighting,

他們停止了戰爭，

and I call them the stabilizer generation.

我叫他們「比較穩定世代」，

They're much more accountable to their people,

對人民來說他們可信得多了，

they've improved macroeconomic policies,

他們已經改善了總體經濟的政策，

and we are seeing for the first time

而且我們首次看見非洲的經濟成長，

Africa's growing, and in fact it's the second fastest

實際上它還是世界上第二快 的經濟成長區域。

growing economic region in the world.

So these leaders are by no means perfect,

所以這些領導人一點也稱不上完美，

but they are by and large

不過他們絕大多數是近50年來

the best leaders we've seen in the last 50 years.

我們所知道的最佳領導人。

So where to from here?

那麼接下來呢?

I believe that the next generation

我相信接在這個世代後面的世代，

to come after this, generation four,

也就是第四代，

has a unique opportunity

有一個轉變這塊大陸的難得機會，

to transform the continent.

Specifically, they can do two things

特別是他們能做到前面世代 還沒做到過的兩件事的話。

that previous generations have not done.

The first thing they need to do

第一件他們需要做的事，

is they need to create prosperity for the continent.

是他們需要創造富足給這片大陸，

Why is prosperity so important?

為什麼富足如此重要?

Because none of the previous generations

因為先前的世代都沒有人 有辦法處理好貧窮的問題，

have been able to tackle this issue of poverty.

Africa today

今天的非洲有著全世界成長最快人口，

has the fastest growing population in the world,

but also is the poorest.

不過也是最窮的國家，

By 2030, Africa will have a larger workforce than China,

等到2030年時非洲會有 比中國還多的勞動力，

and by 2050, it will have the largest workforce in the world.

到了2050年它會有 世界上最多的勞動力，

One billion people will need jobs in Africa,

非洲將會有10億人口需要有工作，

so if we don't grow our economies fast enough,

所以假如我們不趕緊提升我們的經濟，

we're sitting on a ticking time bomb,

我們就是坐在一顆定時炸彈上，

not just for Africa but for the entire world.

不只是對非洲，對整個世界也一樣。

Let me show you an example

讓我舉個例子給你看，

of one person who is living up to this legacy

有一個人做得就跟打造富足的 成就一樣棒：拉堤莎，

of creating prosperity: Laetitia.

Laetitia's a young woman from Kenya

她是來自肯亞的年輕女孩子，

who at the age of 13 had to drop out of school

在13歲的時候就輟學了，

because her family couldn't afford to pay fees for her.

因為她們家沒有辦法幫她付學費，

So she started her own business rearing rabbits,

因此她展開了自己的生意－飼養兔子，

which happen to be a delicacy in this part of Kenya

在肯亞她所住的那個區塊把這變成佳餚，

that she's from.

This business did so well that within a year,

這門生意不到一年就發展得很好了，

she was employing 15 women

她雇用了15個女人，

and was able to generate enough income

而且能夠積攢足夠的營收，

that she was able to send herself to school,

讓她有能力送自己回去上學，

and through these women

而且又透過這些員工

fund another 65 children to go to school.

資助其他65位的孩子去唸書，

The profits that she generated,

她所積攢的利潤被她拿來蓋學校，

she used that to build a school,

and today she educates

今天她讓她們社區的400個小孩有書讀，

400 children in her community.

And she's just turned 18.

而且她才剛滿18歲而已。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

Another example is Erick Rajaonary.

另一個例子是艾瑞可‧芮喬奈利，

Erick comes from the island of Madagascar.

艾瑞可來自馬達加斯加的小島，

Now, Erick realized that agriculture

艾瑞可明白農業會是在 馬達加斯加的農村地區

would be the key to creating jobs

in the rural areas of Madagascar,

創造出工作的關鍵。

but he also realized that fertilizer was a very

可是他也明白對大多數的 馬達加斯加農夫而言

expensive input for most farmers in Madagascar.

肥料是非常花錢的開銷；

Madagascar has these very special bats

馬達加斯加有非常特別的蝙蝠

that produce these droppings

會產生非常有養分的糞便，

that are very high in nutrients.

In 2006, Erick quit his job as a chartered accountant

在2006年艾瑞可辭掉了 執業會計師的工作，

and started a company to manufacture

成立了用蝙蝠的糞便製造肥料的公司，

fertilizer from the bat droppings.

Today, Erick has built a business

如今艾瑞可已經打造出

that generates several million dollars of revenue,

能收到好幾百萬美金收入的公司，

and he employs 70 people full time

而且他全職雇用了70個人，

and another 800 people during the season

還有在蝙蝠排泄最多糞便的 季節另外聘用的800人，

when the bats drop their droppings the most.

Now, what I like about this story

我最喜歡這故事的地方，

is that it shows that opportunities to create prosperity

是它證明了創造富足的機會 幾乎隨處都能發現，

can be found almost anywhere.

Erick is known as the Batman.

艾瑞可就被當成蝙蝠俠了。

(Laughter)

(笑聲...)

And who would have thought that you would have

有誰曾經想過你能設立 有好幾百萬美金的公司，

been able to build a multimillion-dollar business

employing so many people just from bat poo?

只是靠蝙蝠的糞便就雇用了許多人。

這個世代需要做到的第二件事情

The second thing that this generation needs to do

is to create our institutions.

是建立我們的體制，

They need to build these institutions such that we

他們一定得建立這些體制，

are never held to ransom again

那我們就永遠不會再受制於

by a few individuals like Robert Mugabe.

像羅伯特‧穆加比這些少數人了。

Now, all of this sounds great,

這些全部聽起來很棒，

but where are we going to get this generation four from?

但是我們要到哪裡找到這些第四世代呢?

Do we just sit and hope that they emerge

難道我們就乾坐盼望他們碰巧的出現嗎?

by chance, or that God gives them to us?

或是上帝會把他們帶來給我們嗎?

No, I don't think so.

錯了，我不這麼認為，

It's too important an issue for us to leave it to chance.

這問題對我們來說重要到 不能放任它偶然發生，

I believe that we need to create African institutions,

我深信我們必需建立非洲本土的體制，

home-grown, that will identify and develop

那將會在一個有系統、務實的方法下

these leaders in a systematic, practical way.

找出以及栽培這些領導人，

We've been doing this for the last 10 years

我們透過了「非洲領導力學院」

through the African Leadership Academy.

做這些事情已有十年之久，

Laetitia is one of our young leaders.

拉堤莎就是其中一位我們的年輕領導人，

Today, we have 700 of them that are being groomed

今天我們有700位的年輕領導人， 他們被培訓來給非洲大陸所用，

for the African continent,

and over the next 50 years,

而接下來的五十年內，

we expect to create 6,000 of them.

我們預計教出6,000位這樣的人，

But one thing has been troubling me.

不過有件事情一直在困擾著我，

We would get about 4,000 applications a year

我們一年大概會收到4,000份 入學申請書，

for 100 young leaders that we could take

為了申請我們可以收進學院的 100位年輕領導人的名額，

into this academy,

and so I saw the tremendous hunger that existed

我看到了有非常巨大的需求存在，

for this leadership training that we're offering.

就為了參加我們提供的領導人訓練。

But we couldn't satisfy it.

但是我們無法滿足這個需求，

So today, I'm announcing for the first time in public

所以今天我要公開做出首次的聲明，

an extension to this vision for the African Leadership Academy.

非洲領導力學院為了這願景 的擴建計畫，

We're building 25 brand new universities in Africa

我們計畫要在非洲建立25間全新的大學，

that are going to cultivate this next generation

打算栽培出下個世代的非洲領導人們，

of African leaders.

Each campus will have 10,000 leaders at a time

每個校園我們會同時有 10,000名的領導人學生，

so we'll be educating and developing

這麼一來我們在任何時點都可以 教育、栽培出25萬位的領導人，

250,000 leaders at any given time.

(Applause)

(掌聲)

經過接下來的五十年，

Over the next 50 years, this institution

will create three million transformative leaders

我們創造的這個機構可以為非洲大陸 產生300萬位有改造力的領導人。

for the continent.

My hope is that half of them

我的希望是他們中的半數

will become the entrepreneurs that we need,

會成為我們需要的企業家，

who will create these jobs that we need,

創造出我們需要的工作；

and the other half

而另外那一半會進入政府和非營利部門，

will go into government

and the nonprofit sector,

and they will build the institutions that we need.

而他們會建立我們所需要有的體制。

而且他們不會只有學唸書，

But they won't just learn academics.

They will also learn how to become leaders,

他們也會學習如何成為領導人、

and they will develop their skills as entrepreneurs.

以及他們會培養出企業家的技能。

So think of this as Africa's Ivy League,

所以把這想成是非洲的長春藤聯盟，

but instead of getting admitted because of your SAT scores

不過被錄取卻非是因為你的SAT成績、

or because of how much money you have

你多有錢、或是你的出身，

or which family you come from,

the main criteria for getting into this university

進入這間大學主要的標準，

will be what is the potential that you have

是你有什麼樣的潛能來轉變非洲。

for transforming Africa?

But what we're doing is just one group of institutions.

但是我們所正在做的只有一小群的體制，

We cannot transform Africa by ourselves.

我們無法靠自己轉變非洲，

My hope

我的希望是本土許許多多 的其他非洲體制也會興旺，

is that many, many other home-grown

African institutions will blossom,

and these institutions will all come together

這些體制將會一起合作，

with a common vision of developing

秉持同樣的願景： 培養下個世代的非洲領導人，

this next generation of African leaders,

generation four,

也就是第四個世代。

and they will teach them this common message:

他們會教給他們這個共同的訊息：

create jobs, build our institutions.

「創造工作、建立自己的體制」，

Nelson Mandela once said,

尼爾森‧曼德拉曾經說過：

"Every now and then,

「有時候某個世代會被拜請要傑出，

a generation is called upon to be great.

You can be that great generation."

你可以成為傑出的一代。」

I believe that if we carefully identify and cultivate

我相信只要我們用心找出以及栽培

the next generation of African leaders,

下一個世代的非洲領導人，

then this generation four that is coming up

然後這個即將到來的第四世代

will be the greatest generation that Africa

將會是非洲最傑出的一代，

and indeed the entire world has ever seen.

而且會是整個世界還未見識過的。

Thank you.

謝謝！

(Applause)

(掌聲)