Rose George: Inside the secret shipping industry

Prevodilac: Vesna Savić Lektor: Mile Živković

A couple of years ago,

Pre par godina,

Harvard Business School chose

Harvardski poslovni fakultet odabrao je

the best business model of that year.

najbolji poslovni model za tu godinu.

It chose Somali piracy.

Odabrali su somalijske pirate.

Pretty much around the same time,

Otprilike u isto vreme,

I discovered that there were 544 seafarers

otkrila sam da su 544 pomorca

being held hostage on ships,

držali kao taoce na brodovima,

often anchored just off the Somali coast

često ukotvljene u blizini somalijske obale,

in plain sight.

takoreći pod nosom.

And I learned these two facts, and I thought,

Saznala sam te dve stvari i pomislila

what's going on in shipping?

šta se to dešava sa brodskim transportom?

And I thought, would that happen in any other industry?

Da li bi se isto desilo u nekoj drugoj industriji?

Would we see 544 airline pilots

Da li bi 544 pilota

held captive in their jumbo jets

držali zarobljene u džambo-džetovima

on a runway for months, or a year?

na pisti mesecima ili čak godinu dana?

Would we see 544 Greyhound bus drivers?

Ili 544 vozača autobusa?

It wouldn't happen.

To se ne bi desilo.

So I started to get intrigued.

Tako sam se zainteresovala za temu

And I discovered another fact,

i otkrila još jednu činjenicu

which to me was more astonishing

zbog koje sam bila toliko zapanjena

almost for the fact that I hadn't known it before

jer je nisam znala

at the age of 42, 43.

do svoje 42-43. godine.

That is how fundamentally we still depend on shipping.

A to je da i dalje jako zavisimo od brodskog transporta.

Because perhaps the general public

Možda opšta populacija

thinks of shipping as an old-fashioned industry,

misli da je brodski transport zastarela industrija,

something brought by sailboat

da Mobi Dik i Džek Sperou

with Moby Dicks and Jack Sparrows.

dovoze stvari jedrilicama.

But shipping isn't that.

Brodski transport nije takav.

Shipping is as crucial to us as it has ever been.

On nam je danas jednako bitan kao i ranije.

Shipping brings us 90 percent of world trade.

Brodovi prevoze 90% svetske robe.

Shipping has quadrupled in size since 1970.

Od 1970. količina se učetvorostručila.

We are more dependent on it now than ever.

Sada od brodova zavisimo više nego ikada.

And yet, for such an enormous industry --

Ipak, tako ogromna industrija -

there are a 100,000 working vessels on the sea —

koja radi sa 100 000 brodova -

it's become pretty much invisible.

postala je skoro nevidljiva.

Now that sounds absurd in Singapore to say that,

Reći tako nešto u Singapuru zvuči apsurdno

because here shipping is so present

jer su brodovi ovde toliko prisutni

that you stuck a ship on top of a hotel.

da ih ima i na krovovima hotela.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But elsewhere in the world,

Ali, u svetu

if you ask the general public what they know

ako opštu populaciju pitate šta zna

about shipping and how much trade is carried by sea,

o brodovima i koliko se robe prevozi brodovima,

you will get essentially a blank face.

uglavnom ćete čuti muk.

You will ask someone on the street

Ako nekoga na ulici

if they've heard of Microsoft.

pitate da li su čuli za Majkrosoft

I should think they'll say yes,

trebalo bi da kažu da

because they'll know that they make software

jer znaju da oni proizvode softver

that goes on computers,

za računar

and occasionally works.

i da obično radi.

But if you ask them if they've heard of Maersk,

Ali ako ih pitate da li su čuli za Mersk,

I doubt you'd get the same response,

čisto sumnjam da će isto odgovoriti,

even though Maersk,

iako Mersk,

which is just one shipping company amongst many,

koji je samo jedna od brojnih brodskih kompanija,

has revenues pretty much on a par with Microsoft.

ima skoro isti prihod kao Majkrosoft.

[$60.2 billion]

[60 milijardi američkih dolara]

Now why is this?

A zašto?

A few years ago,

Pre nekoliko godina,

the first sea lord of the British admiralty --

prvi pomorski zapovednik Britanske mornarice -

he is called the first sea lord,

zove se prvi morski zapovednik iako se

although the chief of the army is not called a land lord —

glavnokomandujući u vojsci ne zove zemljani zapovednik -

he said that we, and he meant

rekao je da mi, misleći na

in the industrialized nations in the West,

zapadne industrijalizovane države,

that we suffer from sea blindness.

da patimo od „morskog slepila“.

We are blind to the sea

Ne vidimo more

as a place of industry or of work.

kao industrijsko ili radno mesto.

It's just something we fly over,

More je nešto iznad čega letimo,

a patch of blue on an airline map.

parče plavetnila na karti avionskih puteva.

Nothing to see, move along.

Nema šta da se vidi, nastavite dalje.

So I wanted to open my own eyes

Ja sam htela da otvorim svoje oči,

to my own sea blindness,

da izlečim svoje morsko slepilo,

so I ran away to sea.

pa sam pobegla na more.

A couple of years ago, I took a passage

Pre nekoliko godina, pošla sam na putovanje

on the Maersk Kendal,

brodom Mersk Kendal,

a mid-sized container ship

teretnim brodom srednje veličine

carrying nearly 7,000 boxes,

koji je prevozio skoro 7000 sanduka.

and I departed from Felixstowe,

Otisnula sam se iz Felikstoa

on the south coast of England,

na južnoj obali Engleske,

and I ended up right here in Singapore

a završila sam baš ovde u Singapuru

five weeks later,

nakon pet nedelja,

considerably less jet-lagged than I am right now.

znatno manje umorna od putovanja nego sada.

And it was a revelation.

Put brodom je bio pravo otkrovenje.

We traveled through five seas,

Prešli smo pet mora,

two oceans, nine ports,

dva okeana, devet luka,

and I learned a lot about shipping.

i mnogo sam naučila o brodskom transportu.

And one of the first things that surprised me

Jedna od prvih stvari koje su me iznenadile

when I got on board Kendal

kada sam se našla na palubi broda Kendal

was, where are all the people?

bilo je to što nema ljudi. Gde su svi?

I have friends in the Navy who tell me

Prijatelji iz britanske mornarice mi kažu da

they sail with 1,000 sailors at a time,

plove zajedno sa 1000 mornara,

but on Kendal there were only 21 crew.

ali na brodu Kendal bio je samo 21 član posade.

Now that's because shipping is very efficient.

To je tako zato što je brodski transport vrlo efikasan.

Containerization has made it very efficient.

Pakovanje robe u kontejnere ga je učinilo takvim.

Ships have automation now.

Brodovi su sada automatizovani.

They can operate with small crews.

Mogu da rade s malom posadom.

But it also means that, in the words

Ali, to znači da je, rečima jednog

of a port chaplain I once met,

lučkog kapelana kojeg sam jednom upoznala,

the average seafarer you're going to find

prosečan pomorac

on a container ship is either tired or exhausted,

na teretnom brodu ili umoran ili iscrpljen,

because the pace of modern shipping

zato što ritam modernog brodskog transporta

is quite punishing for what the shipping calls

nije nimalo blagonaklon prema onome što se na moru

its human element,

zove ljudski faktor,

a strange phrase which they don't seem to realize

što je čudan naziv za koji ljudi ne shvataju

sounds a little bit inhuman.

da ne zvuči nimalo ljudski.

So most seafarers now working on container ships

Većina pomoraca koji sada rade na teretnim brodovima

often have less than two hours in port at a time.

u lukama često provedu manje od dva sata.

They don't have time to relax.

Nemaju vremena za odmor.

They're at sea for months at a time,

Na moru su mesecima,

and even when they're on board,

i čak i kada su na palubi

they don't have access to what

nemaju pristup onome što

a five-year-old would take for granted, the Internet.

čak i petogodišnjaci uzimaju zdravo za gotovo - pristup internetu.

And another thing that surprised me when I got on board Kendal

Još jedna stvar koja me je iznenadila na brodu Kendal

was who I was sitting next to --

bilo je to pored koga sedim -

Not the queen; I can't imagine why they put me underneath her portrait --

ne pored britanske kraljice; ne znam zašto su me poseli ispod njenog portreta -

But around that dining table in the officer's saloon,

za stolom u brodskoj trpezariji

I was sitting next to a Burmese guy,

sedela sam pored čoveka iz Mjanmara,

I was opposite a Romanian, a Moldavian, an Indian.

preko puta mene su bili Rumun, Moldavac, Indijac.

On the next table was a Chinese guy,

Za drugim stolom je bio Kinez,

and in the crew room, it was entirely Filipinos.

a u kabinama su bili FIlipinci.

So that was a normal working ship.

Tako izgleda običan brod.

Now how is that possible?

Kako je to moguće?

Because the biggest dramatic change

Tako što je najveća promena

in shipping over the last 60 years,

koja se u zadnjih 60 godina desila u brodskom transportu,

when most of the general public stopped noticing it,

kada je opšta populacija prestala da ga primećuje,

was something called an open registry,

nešto što se zove „otvoren pristup“,

or a flag of convenience.

ili „zastava pogodnosti“.

Ships can now fly the flag of any nation

Brodovi sada mogu da plove pod zastavom bilo koje države

that provides a flag registry.

koja to dozvoljava.

You can get a flag from the landlocked nation

Možete ploviti pod zastavom udaljene

of Bolivia, or Mongolia,

Bolivije, Mongolije,

or North Korea, though that's not very popular.

Severne Koreje, iako nije baš popularna.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So we have these very multinational,

Zato su na brodovima

global, mobile crews on ships.

multinacionalne, globalne, pokretljive posade.

And that was a surprise to me.

To me je iznenadilo.

And when we got to pirate waters,

Kada smo zašli u piratske vode,

down the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and into the Indian Ocean,

iz moreuza Bab-el-Mandeb ka Indijskom okeanu,

the ship changed.

brod se promenio.

And that was also shocking, because suddenly,

To je takođe bilo šokantno jer sam iznenada

I realized, as the captain said to me,

shvatila, kada mi je kapetan rekao,

that I had been crazy to choose to go

da sam luda što putujem

through pirate waters on a container ship.

teretnim brodom kroz piratske vode.

We were no longer allowed on deck.

Nije nam više bilo dozvoljeno da izađemo na palubu.

There were double pirate watches.

Duple straže su pazile na opasnost od pirata.

And at that time, there were those 544 seafarers being held hostage,

U to vreme su kao taoce držali 544 pomorca,

and some of them were held hostage for years

neke čak godinama,

because of the nature of shipping and the flag of convenience.

zbog same prirode brodskog transporta i „zastave pogodnosti“.

Not all of them, but some of them were,

Ne sve, ali neke,

because for the minority of unscrupulous ship owners,

jer je manjini beskrupuloznih vlasnika brodova

it can be easy to hide behind

lako da sakriju

the anonymity offered by some flags of convenience.

anonimnost koju „zastave pogodnosti“ pružaju.

What else does our sea blindness mask?

Šta još maskira naše morsko slepilo?

Well, if you go out to sea on a ship

Ako se nađete na brodu

or on a cruise ship, and look up to the funnel,

ili krstarici, i ako pogledate u odžak,

you'll see very black smoke.

videćete crn dim.

And that's because shipping

Brodski transport

has very tight margins, and they want cheap fuel,

zahteva rigorozne mere, jeftino gorivo,

so they use something called bunker fuel,

pa se zato koristi tzv. bunkersko gorivo,

which was described to me by someone in the tanker industry

koje mi je neko iz tankerske industrije opisao

as the dregs of the refinery,

kao talog iz rafinerije,

or just one step up from asphalt.

ili sestra asfalta.

And shipping is the greenest method of transport.

Brodski transport je „najzelenija“ vrsta transporta.

In terms of carbon emissions per ton per mile,

U pogledu emitovanja ugljenika po toni i milji,

it emits about a thousandth of aviation

brodovi emituju skoro kao hiljaditi deo avio-prevoza

and about a tenth of trucking.

i deseti deo kamionskog prevoza.

But it's not benign, because there's so much of it.

I to nije nimalo naivno, jer ih ima puno.

So shipping emissions are about three to four percent,

Emisija ugljenika na brodovima je od 3 do 4%,

almost the same as aviation's.

skoro kao u avio-prevozu.

And if you put shipping emissions

Ako se emisije ugljenika nastale brodskim transportom stave

on a list of the countries' carbon emissions,

na listu zemalja koje ga isto emituju,

it would come in about sixth,

biće na šestom mestu,

somewhere near Germany.

negde kod Nemačke.

It was calculated in 2009 that the 15 largest ships

2009. godine je izračunato da 15 najvećih brodova

pollute in terms of particles and soot

zagađuju česticama, čađi

and noxious gases

i izduvnim gasovima

as much as all the cars in the world.

kao svi automobili na svetu zajedno.

And the good news is that

Dobra vest je da sada

people are now talking about sustainable shipping.

ljudi pričaju o održivom brodskom transportu.

There are interesting initiatives going on.

Pojavile su se zanimljive inicijative.

But why has it taken so long?

Ali zašto je toliko vremena trebalo?

When are we going to start talking and thinking

Kada ćemo početi da pričamo i razmišljamo

about shipping miles as well as air miles?

o morskim miljama kao o vazdušnim?

I also traveled to Cape Cod to look

Takođe sam putovala u zaliv Kejp Kod da vidim

at the plight of the North Atlantic right whale,

nevolju severnoatlantskog kita usana,

because this to me was one of the most surprising things

jer mi je to jedna od najčudnijih stvari

about my time at sea,

koje sam doživela na moru,

and what it made me think about.

i kako me je to nateralo da razmislim.

We know about man's impact on the ocean

Znamo da čovek utiče na okean

in terms of fishing and overfishing,

tako što lovi ribu, čak i previše,

but we don't really know much about

ali ne znamo puno

what's happening underneath the water.

o tome šta se dešava ispod površine vode.

And in fact, shipping has a role to play here,

Zapravo, tu brodski transport igra posebnu ulogu,

because shipping noise has contributed

zato što buka motora brodova doprinosi

to damaging the acoustic habitats of ocean creatures.

oštećivanju zvučnog staništa morskih stvorenja.

Light doesn't penetrate beneath the surface of the water,

Svetlost ne dopire ispod površine vode,

so ocean creatures like whales and dolphins

tako da morska stvorenja poput kitova i delfina

and even 800 species of fish

i čak 800 vrsta ribe

communicate by sound.

komuniciraju putem zvuka.

And a North Atlantic right whale

Severnoatlantski kit usan

can transmit across hundreds of miles.

može da se čuje na skoro 150 km.

A humpback can transmit a sound

Pesma grbavog kita se

across a whole ocean.

čuje preko celog okeana.

But a supertanker can also be heard

Ali i supertanker se takođe čuje

coming across a whole ocean,

kako dolazi preko celog okeana,

and because the noise that propellers make underwater

i zbog podvodnog zvuka propelera

is sometimes at the same frequency that whales use,

nekad je na istoj frekvenciji kao kitovi,

then it can damage their acoustic habitat,

što može da ošteti njihovo zvučno stanište

and they need this for breeding,

koje je njima potrebno radi parenja,

for finding feeding grounds,

nalaženja hrane

for finding mates.

i partnera.

And the acoustic habitat of the North Atlantic right whale

A zvučno stanište severnoatlantskog kita usana

has been reduced by up to 90 percent.

smanjeno je do 90%.

But there are no laws governing acoustic pollution yet.

Još uvek nema zakona koji regulišu zvučno zagađenje.

And when I arrived in Singapore,

Kada sam stigla u Singapur,

and I apologize for this, but I didn't want to get off my ship.

i izvinjavam se što ću ovo reći, nisam htela da se iskrcam sa broda.

I'd really loved being on board Kendal.

Jako mi se dopalo na brodu Kendal.

I'd been well treated by the crew,

Posada se lepo ophodila prema meni,

I'd had a garrulous and entertaining captain,

kapetan je bio pričljiv i zabavan,

and I would happily have signed up for another five weeks,

i rado bih se prijavila na još pet nedelja,

something that the captain also said

zbog čega je kapetan opet rekao

I was crazy to think about.

da sam luda što o tome razmišljam.

But I wasn't there for nine months at a time

Ja nisam bila na tom brodu devet meseci zaredom,

like the Filipino seafarers,

kao oni filipinski pomorci,

who, when I asked them to describe their job to me,

koji, kada sam ih pitala da mi opišu svoj posao,

called it "dollar for homesickness."

odgovoriše: „Dolar za nostalgiju.“

They had good salaries,

Imaju dobre plate,

but theirs is still an isolating and difficult life

ali život im je i dalje izolovan i težak

in a dangerous and often difficult element.

i često ispraćen opasnostima.

But when I get to this part, I'm in two minds,

Kada sam vam sve ovo ispričala, ne mogu da odlučim,

because I want to salute those seafarers

jer želim da salutiram pomorcima

who bring us 90 percent of everything

koji nam donose 90% sve robe

and get very little thanks or recognition for it.

i za to dobijaju vrlo malo hvale i priznanja.

I want to salute the 100,000 ships

Htela bih da salutiram i stotini hiljada brodova

that are at sea

koji su na moru,

that are doing that work, coming in and out

koji obavljaju taj posao, dolazeći i odlazeći

every day, bringing us what we need.

svakog dana, donoseći nam sve što nam je potrebno.

But I also want to see shipping,

Htela bih i da brodski transport

and us, the general public, who know so little about it,

i mi, opšta populacija koja tako malo zna o njemu,

to have a bit more scrutiny,

da se malo zapitamo,

to be a bit more transparent,

da budemo malo otvoreniji,

to have 90 percent transparency.

bar do 90%.

Because I think we could all benefit

Smatram da svi možemo imati koristi

from doing something very simple,

ako budemo radili nešto vrlo jednostavno,

which is learning to see the sea.

a to je da naučimo da vidimo more.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)