Rose George: Inside the secret shipping industry

Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

A couple of years ago,

Prije nekoliko godina,

Harvard Business School chose

Harvardska poslovna škola je birala

the best business model of that year.

najbolji poslovni model te godine.

It chose Somali piracy.

Izabrala je Somalsko piratstvo.

Pretty much around the same time,

Baš nekako u to vrijeme,

I discovered that there were 544 seafarers

otkrila sam da postoji 544 pomoraca

being held hostage on ships,

koje drže kao taoce na brodovima,

often anchored just off the Somali coast

često usidrene samo malo pokraj Somalske obale

in plain sight.

svima na vidiku.

And I learned these two facts, and I thought,

Kako sam naučila te dvije činjenice, pomislila sam:

what's going on in shipping?

što se događa s brodarstvom?

I pomislila sam: bi li se to dogodilo u bilo kojoj drugoj industriji?

And I thought, would that happen in any other industry?

Would we see 544 airline pilots

Bismo li vidjeli 544 pilota

held captive in their jumbo jets

zarobljenih u njihovim jumbo jetovima

on a runway for months, or a year?

na pisti kroz mjesece, ili godinu?

Would we see 544 Greyhound bus drivers?

Bismo li vidjeli 544 vozača autobusa?

It wouldn't happen.

To se ne bi dogodilo.

So I started to get intrigued.

Pa me počelo intrigirati.

And I discovered another fact,

A otkrila sam i još jednu činjenicu,

which to me was more astonishing

koja je za mene bila još i više začuđujuća

almost for the fact that I hadn't known it before

ponajviše radi činjenice da ju nisam znala prije

at the age of 42, 43.

dobi od 42, 43.

That is how fundamentally we still depend on shipping.

To je koliko bazično i dalje ovisimo o brodarstvu.

Because perhaps the general public

Možda šira javnost

thinks of shipping as an old-fashioned industry,

razmišlja o brodarstvu kao o starinskoj industriji,

something brought by sailboat

nečemu u vezi s jedrenjakom,

with Moby Dicks and Jack Sparrows.

s Moby Dickovima i Jack Sparrowima.

But shipping isn't that.

Ali brodarstvo to nije.

Shipping is as crucial to us as it has ever been.

Brodarstvo nam je onoliko bitno koliko je uvijek i bilo.

Shipping brings us 90 percent of world trade.

Brodarstvo nosi 90 posto svjetske trgovine.

Shipping has quadrupled in size since 1970.

Brodarstvo se veličinom učetverostručilo od 1970.

We are more dependent on it now than ever.

Više smo ovisni o njemu sada nego ikada.

And yet, for such an enormous industry --

Pa ipak, za tako ogromnu industriju --

there are a 100,000 working vessels on the sea —

više je od 100.000 djelatnih lađa na moru --

it's become pretty much invisible.

postalo je poprilično nevidljivo.

Now that sounds absurd in Singapore to say that,

Sad, može zvučati apsurdno reći tako nešto u Singapuru,

because here shipping is so present

jer brodarstvo je ovdje tako prisutno

that you stuck a ship on top of a hotel.

da ste uglavili brod i na krov hotela.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

But elsewhere in the world,

Ali drugdje u svijetu,

if you ask the general public what they know

ako pitate širu javnost što znaju

about shipping and how much trade is carried by sea,

o brodarstvu i koliko trgovine ide preko mora,

you will get essentially a blank face.

dobit ćete u biti upitan pogled.

You will ask someone on the street

Pitate li nekog na ulici

if they've heard of Microsoft.

jesu li čuli za Microsoft.

I should think they'll say yes,

Mislim da će reći 'da',

because they'll know that they make software

jer će znati da oni rade softver

that goes on computers,

koji ide u računala,

and occasionally works.

i povremeno radi.

But if you ask them if they've heard of Maersk,

Ali ako ih pitate, jesu li čuli za Maersk,

I doubt you'd get the same response,

sumnjam da ćete dobiti isti odgovor,

even though Maersk,

iako Maersk,

which is just one shipping company amongst many,

koja je samo jedna brodarska kompanija među njih punom

has revenues pretty much on a par with Microsoft.

ima prihode prilično blizu onih Microsofta.

[$60.2 billion]

[60,2 mlrd $]

Now why is this?

Zašto je to tako?

A few years ago,

Prije nekoliko godina,

the first sea lord of the British admiralty --

prvi gospodar mora britanskog admiraliteta --

he is called the first sea lord,

zove se prvi gospodar mora,

although the chief of the army is not called a land lord —

iako se zapovjednik vojske ne zove gospodar zemlje (gazda, op. prev.) --

he said that we, and he meant

Rekao je da mi, a mislio je

in the industrialized nations in the West,

na industrijalizirane nacije Zapada,

that we suffer from sea blindness.

da patimo od morskog sljepila.

We are blind to the sea

Slijepi smo na more

as a place of industry or of work.

kao mjesto industrije ili rada.

It's just something we fly over,

Ono je samo nešto preko čega preletimo,

a patch of blue on an airline map.

komad plavog na karti zračne linije.

Nothing to see, move along.

Ništa za vidjeti, produži dalje.

So I wanted to open my own eyes

Pa sam željela otvoriti vlastite oči

to my own sea blindness,

na vlastito morsko sljepilo,

so I ran away to sea.

te sam pošla na more.

A couple of years ago, I took a passage

Prije par godina, ukrcala sam se

on the Maersk Kendal,

na Maersk Kendal,

a mid-sized container ship

srednje velik kontejnerski brod

carrying nearly 7,000 boxes,

koji nosi skoro 7.000 sanduka,

and I departed from Felixstowe,

i otisnula sam se iz Felixstowa,

on the south coast of England,

na južnoj obali Engleske.

and I ended up right here in Singapore

a završila točno tu u Singapuru

five weeks later,

pet tjedana kasnije,

considerably less jet-lagged than I am right now.

sa značajno manjim jet-lagom nego sada.

And it was a revelation.

A to je bilo otkrivenje.

We traveled through five seas,

Putovali smo kroz pet mora,

two oceans, nine ports,

dva oceana, devet luka,

and I learned a lot about shipping.

i naučila sam puno o brodarstvu.

A jedna od prvih stvari koje su me iznenadile

And one of the first things that surprised me

when I got on board Kendal

kada sam se ukrcala na Kendal

was, where are all the people?

je bila, gdje su svi judi?

Imam prijatelje u mornarici koji mi kažu

I have friends in the Navy who tell me

they sail with 1,000 sailors at a time,

da plove odjednom sa 1.000 mornara,

but on Kendal there were only 21 crew.

ali na Kendalu je bila posada od samo 21 člana.

Now that's because shipping is very efficient.

To je zato što je brodarstvo vrlo učinkovito.

Containerization has made it very efficient.

Kontejnerizacija ga je učinila vrlo učinkovitim.

Ships have automation now.

Brodovi sad imaju automatizaciju.

They can operate with small crews.

Mogu raditi s malim posadama.

But it also means that, in the words

Ali to također znači, riječima

of a port chaplain I once met,

lučkog kapelana kojeg sam jednom upoznala,

the average seafarer you're going to find

prosječni moreplovac na kojeg ćete naići

on a container ship is either tired or exhausted,

na kontejnerskom brodu je ili umoran ili iscrpljen,

because the pace of modern shipping

jer je ritam modernog brodarstva

is quite punishing for what the shipping calls

poprilično zamoran za ono što brodarstvo naziva

its human element,

svojim ljudskim elementom,

a strange phrase which they don't seem to realize

čudna fraza za koju se čini da ne shvaćaju

sounds a little bit inhuman.

kako zvuči pomalo neljudski.

So most seafarers now working on container ships

Tako većina moreplovaca koji sada rade na kontejnerskim brodovima

often have less than two hours in port at a time.

često imaju manje od dva sata u pojedinoj luci.

They don't have time to relax.

Nemaju vremena za odmor.

They're at sea for months at a time,

Na moru su mjesecima,

and even when they're on board,

a čak i kad su ukrcani,

they don't have access to what

nemaju pristup onome što

a five-year-old would take for granted, the Internet.

bi petogodišnjak uzeo zdravo za gotovo, Internetu.

And another thing that surprised me when I got on board Kendal

I još jedna stvar koja me iznenadila kad sam se ukrcala na Kendal

was who I was sitting next to --

je bila pored koga sjedim --

Not the queen; I can't imagine why they put me underneath her portrait --

ne kraljica; ne mogu zamisliti zašto su me smjestili pod njen portret --

But around that dining table in the officer's saloon,

ali oko tog stola za večeru u časničkom salonu,

I was sitting next to a Burmese guy,

sjedila sam pored lika iz Burme,

I was opposite a Romanian, a Moldavian, an Indian.

nasuprot su bili Rumunj, Moldavac, Indijac.

On the next table was a Chinese guy,

Za susjednim stolom je bio momak iz Kine,

and in the crew room, it was entirely Filipinos.

a u prostoru za posadu, svi su bili Filipinci.

So that was a normal working ship.

Dakle to je bio normalan radni brod.

Now how is that possible?

Sad, kako je to moguće?

Because the biggest dramatic change

Jer najveća dramatična promjena

in shipping over the last 60 years,

u brodarstvu tijekom zadnjih 60 godina,

when most of the general public stopped noticing it,

kada ga je najviše šire javnosti prestalo zapažati,

was something called an open registry,

je nešto što se zove otvoreni registar,

or a flag of convenience.

ili zastava pogodnosti.

Ships can now fly the flag of any nation

Brodovi sad mogu ploviti pod zastavom bilo koje nacije

that provides a flag registry.

koja pruža registar zastava.

You can get a flag from the landlocked nation

Možete dobiti zastavu kopnom zatvorene zemlje

of Bolivia, or Mongolia,

Bolivije, ili Mongolije,

or North Korea, though that's not very popular.

ili Sjeverne Koreje, premda ta nije jako popularna.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So we have these very multinational,

Tako da imamo te vrlo višenarodne,

global, mobile crews on ships.

globalne, mobilne posade na brodovima.

And that was a surprise to me.

I to je za mene bilo iznenađenje.

And when we got to pirate waters,

A kad smo došli u piratske vode,

down the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and into the Indian Ocean,

dolje kroz tjesnac Bab-el-Mandeb i u Indijski ocean,

the ship changed.

brod se promijenio.

And that was also shocking, because suddenly,

I to je također bilo šokantno, jer odjednom,

I realized, as the captain said to me,

shvatila sam, kako mi je kapetan rekao,

that I had been crazy to choose to go

da sam bila luda izabrati ići

through pirate waters on a container ship.

kroz piratske vode na kontejnerskom brodu.

We were no longer allowed on deck.

Nije nam više bilo dozvoljeno na palubu.

There were double pirate watches.

Bile su duple piratske straže.

And at that time, there were those 544 seafarers being held hostage,

A u to vrijeme, bilo je tih 544 pomoraca kao taoca

and some of them were held hostage for years

a neki od njih su bili taoci godinama

because of the nature of shipping and the flag of convenience.

radi prirode brodarstva i zastave pogodnosti.

Not all of them, but some of them were,

Ne svi, ali neki su bili,

because for the minority of unscrupulous ship owners,

jer za manjinu nesavjesnih vlasnika brodova,

it can be easy to hide behind

može biti lako sakriti se iza

the anonymity offered by some flags of convenience.

anonimnosti koju nude neke od zastava pogodnosti.

What else does our sea blindness mask?

Što još naše morsko sljepilo skriva?

Well, if you go out to sea on a ship

Pa, ako odete na more na brodu

or on a cruise ship, and look up to the funnel,

ili na kruzeru, i pogledate gore na dimnjak,

you'll see very black smoke.

vidjet ćete vrlo crn dim.

And that's because shipping

A to je zato jer brodarstvo

has very tight margins, and they want cheap fuel,

ima vrlo malene marže, i žele jeftino gorivo,

so they use something called bunker fuel,

tako da koriste nešto zvano gorivo iz spremišta,

which was described to me by someone in the tanker industry

koje mi je opisano od nekog iz industrije tankera

as the dregs of the refinery,

kao nataloženi ostaci iz rafinerije,

or just one step up from asphalt.

ili samo korak od asfalta.

And shipping is the greenest method of transport.

A brodarstvo je najzelenija metoda prijevoza.

In terms of carbon emissions per ton per mile,

U pogledu ispuštanja ugljika po toni po milji,

it emits about a thousandth of aviation

ispušta oko tisućine onog avijacije

and about a tenth of trucking.

i oko desetinu kamionskog prijevoza.

But it's not benign, because there's so much of it.

Ali nije bezopasno, jer ga ima toliko puno.

So shipping emissions are about three to four percent,

Tako su brodarska ispuštanja oko tri li četiri posto,

almost the same as aviation's.

gotovo isto kao ona avijacije.

And if you put shipping emissions

A ako stavite brodarska ispuštanja

on a list of the countries' carbon emissions,

na popis ispuštanja ugljika po zemljama,

it would come in about sixth,

došlo bi negdje oko šestog,

somewhere near Germany.

negdje blizu Njemačke.

It was calculated in 2009 that the 15 largest ships

2009. je izračunato kako 15 najvećih brodova

pollute in terms of particles and soot

zagađuju u pogledu čestica i čađe

and noxious gases

i štetnih plinova

as much as all the cars in the world.

toliko koliko svi auti na svijetu.

And the good news is that

A dobre su vijesti kako

people are now talking about sustainable shipping.

ljudi sad pričaju o održivom brodarstvu.

There are interesting initiatives going on.

Pokrenute su zanimljive inicijative.

But why has it taken so long?

Ali zašto je trebalo toliko dugo?

When are we going to start talking and thinking

Kad ćemo početi pričati i razmišljati

about shipping miles as well as air miles?

o brodskim miljama jednako kao o zračnim miljama?

I also traveled to Cape Cod to look

Također sam putovala i na Cape Cod da vidim

at the plight of the North Atlantic right whale,

nepogodu koja je zadesila sjevernoatlantskog pravog kita,

jer to je za mene bila jedna od najneočekivanijih stvari

because this to me was one of the most surprising things

about my time at sea,

glede mog vremena na moru,

and what it made me think about.

i na koje me razmišljanje potakla.

We know about man's impact on the ocean

Znamo za čovjekov utjecaj na ocean

in terms of fishing and overfishing,

u pogledu izlova i pretjeranog izlova ribe.

but we don't really know much about

Ali zbilja ne znamo puno o tome

what's happening underneath the water.

što se događa ispod vode.

And in fact, shipping has a role to play here,

I zapravo, brodarstvo tu ima ulogu za odigrati,

because shipping noise has contributed

jer buka brodarstva je doprinijela

to damaging the acoustic habitats of ocean creatures.

oštećenju zvučnog staništa oceanskih stvorenja.

Light doesn't penetrate beneath the surface of the water,

Svjetlost ne prodire ispod površine vode,

so ocean creatures like whales and dolphins

tako da oceanska stvorenja poput kitova i dupina

and even 800 species of fish

i čak 800 vrsta ribe

communicate by sound.

komuniciraju zvukom.

And a North Atlantic right whale

A sjevernoatlantski pravi kit

can transmit across hundreds of miles.

može odašiljati preko stotina milja.

A humpback can transmit a sound

Grbavac može odaslati zvuk

across a whole ocean.

preko cijelog oceana.

But a supertanker can also be heard

Ali supertanker se također može čuti

coming across a whole ocean,

kako dolazi preko cijelog oceana,

and because the noise that propellers make underwater

a kako je buka koju propeleri stvaraju pod vodom

is sometimes at the same frequency that whales use,

ponekad iste frekvencije koju koriste i kitovi,

then it can damage their acoustic habitat,

može im oštetiti zvučno stanište,

and they need this for breeding,

a ono im treba za razmnožavanje,

for finding feeding grounds,

za pronalaženje pašnjaka,

for finding mates.

za pronalaženje bližnjih.

And the acoustic habitat of the North Atlantic right whale

A zvučno stanište sjevernoatlantskog pravog kita

has been reduced by up to 90 percent.

je smanjeno za 90 posto.

But there are no laws governing acoustic pollution yet.

Ali još ne postoje zakoni koji bi upravljali zvučnim zagađenjem.

And when I arrived in Singapore,

A kad sam došla u Singapur,

and I apologize for this, but I didn't want to get off my ship.

i ispričavam se za ovo, ali nisam htjela sići sa svog broda.

I'd really loved being on board Kendal.

Zbilja sam voljela biti na Kendalu.

I'd been well treated by the crew,

Posada je sa mnom dobro postupala,

I'd had a garrulous and entertaining captain,

imala sam razgovorljivog i zabavnog kapetana,

and I would happily have signed up for another five weeks,

i rado bih bila potpisala za još pet tjedana,

something that the captain also said

nešto za što je kapetan također rekao

I was crazy to think about.

da sam luda kad o tome razmišljam.

But I wasn't there for nine months at a time

Ali ja nisam bila tamo kroz devet mjeseci u komadu

like the Filipino seafarers,

poput filipinskih pomoraca,

who, when I asked them to describe their job to me,

koji, kad sam ih pitala da mi opišu svoj posao,

called it "dollar for homesickness."

oni ga nazvali "dolar za čežnju za domom."

They had good salaries,

Imali su dobre plaće,

but theirs is still an isolating and difficult life

ali njihov je ipak izoliran i tegoban život

in a dangerous and often difficult element.

u opasnom i često teškom elementu.

But when I get to this part, I'm in two minds,

Ali kad dođem do ovog dijela, dvoumim se,

because I want to salute those seafarers

jer želim časno pozdraviti te pomorce

who bring us 90 percent of everything

koji nam donose 90 posto svega

and get very little thanks or recognition for it.

a dobijaju jako malo hvale ili priznanja za to.

I want to salute the 100,000 ships

Želim časno pozdraviti 100.000 brodova

that are at sea

koji su na moru

that are doing that work, coming in and out

koji rade taj posao, dolaze i odlaze

every day, bringing us what we need.

svaki dan, donoseći nam ono što trebamo.

But I also want to see shipping,

Ali također želim vidjeti brodarstvo,

and us, the general public, who know so little about it,

i nas, široku javnost, koja zna toliko malo o njemu,

to have a bit more scrutiny,

da malo više preispituje,

to be a bit more transparent,

da bude malo vidljivije,

to have 90 percent transparency.

da ima 90 posto transparentnosti.

Because I think we could all benefit

Jer mislim da bi svima bilo korisno

from doing something very simple,

kad bismo učinili nešto vrlo jednostavno,

which is learning to see the sea.

naučili vidjeti more.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Pljesak)

(Applause)