Rose George: Inside the secret shipping industry

257,958 views ใƒป 2013-12-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Boaz Hovav
00:12
A couple of years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
00:14
Harvard Business School chose
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ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
00:16
the best business model of that year.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”.
00:18
It chose Somali piracy.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืžืืœื™ืช.
00:23
Pretty much around the same time,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
00:25
I discovered that there were 544 seafarers
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ 544 ื™ื•ืจื“ื™-ื™ื
00:31
being held hostage on ships,
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
00:34
often anchored just off the Somali coast
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ืฉืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืกื•ืžืืœื™
00:36
in plain sight.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจืื™ื”.
00:39
And I learned these two facts, and I thought,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
00:41
what's going on in shipping?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช?
00:44
And I thought, would that happen in any other industry?
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืื—ืจืช?
00:46
Would we see 544 airline pilots
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ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” 544 ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช-ืชืขื•ืคื”
00:50
held captive in their jumbo jets
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’'ืžื‘ื• ืฉืœื”ื,
00:51
on a runway for months, or a year?
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ืฉื ื”?
00:55
Would we see 544 Greyhound bus drivers?
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ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” 544 ื ื”ื’ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื?
00:59
It wouldn't happen.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
01:00
So I started to get intrigued.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชืงืจืŸ.
01:03
And I discovered another fact,
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ื•ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
01:06
which to me was more astonishing
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:08
almost for the fact that I hadn't known it before
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ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
01:11
at the age of 42, 43.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 42, 43,
01:13
That is how fundamentally we still depend on shipping.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
01:19
Because perhaps the general public
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ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืกืคื ื•ืช
01:21
thinks of shipping as an old-fashioned industry,
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ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช,
01:24
something brought by sailboat
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช-ืžืคืจืฉ
01:27
with Moby Dicks and Jack Sparrows.
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ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืžื•ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ืง" ื•"ื’'ืง ืกืืคืืจื•".
01:30
But shipping isn't that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื›ื–ื•.
01:32
Shipping is as crucial to us as it has ever been.
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ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื.
01:37
Shipping brings us 90 percent of world trade.
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ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื• 90% ืžื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
01:42
Shipping has quadrupled in size since 1970.
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ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื– 1970.
01:46
We are more dependent on it now than ever.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืื™-ืคืขื.
01:49
And yet, for such an enormous industry --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื›ื–ื”--
01:53
there are a 100,000 working vessels on the sea โ€”
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื 100,000 ื›ืœื™-ืฉื™ื˜ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื--
01:56
it's become pretty much invisible.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื™ืช.
02:00
Now that sounds absurd in Singapore to say that,
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ืืžื™ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื ืฉืžืขืช ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
02:04
because here shipping is so present
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ื›ื™ ืœืกืคื ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:06
that you stuck a ship on top of a hotel.
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ืขื“ ืฉืชืงืขื• ืกืคื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืŸ.
02:10
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:11
But elsewhere in the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:13
if you ask the general public what they know
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ืื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘
ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืกื—ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืข ื‘ื™ื,
02:16
about shipping and how much trade is carried by sea,
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02:19
you will get essentially a blank face.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืื˜ื•ื.
02:23
You will ask someone on the street
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ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘
02:25
if they've heard of Microsoft.
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ "ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜",
02:27
I should think they'll say yes,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ "ื›ืŸ",
02:29
because they'll know that they make software
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช
02:31
that goes on computers,
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:33
and occasionally works.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
02:36
But if you ask them if they've heard of Maersk,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ "ืžืจืกืง",
02:40
I doubt you'd get the same response,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื ืชื–ื›ื• ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
02:42
even though Maersk,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ"ืžืจืกืง",
02:44
which is just one shipping company amongst many,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืง ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกืคื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:47
has revenues pretty much on a par with Microsoft.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ "ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜".
02:50
[$60.2 billion]
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[60.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ]
02:52
Now why is this?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ืš?
02:54
A few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
02:56
the first sea lord of the British admiralty --
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ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื™ ("ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื") ื‘ืื“ืžื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช--
02:59
he is called the first sea lord,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื"
03:01
although the chief of the army is not called a land lord โ€”
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--ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื ื ืงืจื "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช"--
03:05
he said that we, and he meant
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ
03:08
in the industrialized nations in the West,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
03:10
that we suffer from sea blindness.
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ืฉืื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™.
03:14
We are blind to the sea
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ืื ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื
03:16
as a place of industry or of work.
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ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
03:19
It's just something we fly over,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ื˜ืกื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื•,
03:21
a patch of blue on an airline map.
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ื›ืชื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
03:24
Nothing to see, move along.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืชืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืœืื”.
03:27
So I wanted to open my own eyes
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™
03:31
to my own sea blindness,
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ืžื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื™,
03:34
so I ran away to sea.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ืชื™ ืืœ ื”ื™ื.
03:38
A couple of years ago, I took a passage
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืžืกืข
03:40
on the Maersk Kendal,
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ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”"ืžืจืกืง ืงื ื“ืœ",
03:42
a mid-sized container ship
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช
03:44
carrying nearly 7,000 boxes,
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ืฉื ืฉืื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 7,000 ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช,
03:47
and I departed from Felixstowe,
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ื”ืคืœื’ืชื™ ืžืคืœื™ืงืกื˜ื•,
03:49
on the south coast of England,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
03:51
and I ended up right here in Singapore
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ, ืœืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
03:53
five weeks later,
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ืื—ืจื™ 5 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
03:54
considerably less jet-lagged than I am right now.
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขืคืช-ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืืฉืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:59
And it was a revelation.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.
04:02
We traveled through five seas,
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ื”ืคืœื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื,
04:04
two oceans, nine ports,
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ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืชืฉืขื” ื ืžืœื™ื,
04:07
and I learned a lot about shipping.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืคื ื•ืช.
04:10
And one of the first things that surprised me
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื™
04:12
when I got on board Kendal
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ื›ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”"ืงื ื“ืœ",
04:14
was, where are all the people?
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ื”ื™ื”, ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื?
04:17
I have friends in the Navy who tell me
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™
04:18
they sail with 1,000 sailors at a time,
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ืฉื”ื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 1,000 ืžืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื’ื”,
04:21
but on Kendal there were only 21 crew.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”"ืงื ื“ืœ" ื”ื™ื• ืจืง 21 ืื ืฉื™-ืฆื•ื•ืช.
04:25
Now that's because shipping is very efficient.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื“.
04:28
Containerization has made it very efficient.
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ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื“.
04:31
Ships have automation now.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”.
04:33
They can operate with small crews.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:36
But it also means that, in the words
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ
04:37
of a port chaplain I once met,
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ืงืฆื™ืŸ-ื“ืช ื™ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืคืขื,
04:40
the average seafarer you're going to find
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืชืคื’ืฉื•
04:42
on a container ship is either tired or exhausted,
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ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื™ืฃ ืื• ืžื•ืชืฉ,
04:46
because the pace of modern shipping
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ื›ื™ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
04:49
is quite punishing for what the shipping calls
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจืš ืœืžื“ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคื ื•ืช
04:51
its human element,
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ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
04:53
a strange phrase which they don't seem to realize
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ืžื•ื ื— ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื
04:56
sounds a little bit inhuman.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื˜ ืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:58
So most seafarers now working on container ships
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช
05:01
often have less than two hours in port at a time.
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ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืžืœ.
05:05
They don't have time to relax.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข.
05:07
They're at sea for months at a time,
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
05:09
and even when they're on board,
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื”,
05:10
they don't have access to what
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื”
05:12
a five-year-old would take for granted, the Internet.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ 5 ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•: ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:16
And another thing that surprised me when I got on board Kendal
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”"ืงื ื“ืœ"
05:19
was who I was sitting next to --
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื™ื“ื• ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™--
05:22
Not the queen; I can't imagine why they put me underneath her portrait --
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ืœื ื”ืžืœื›ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœื”--
05:27
But around that dining table in the officer's saloon,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื,
05:30
I was sitting next to a Burmese guy,
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืžื–ื™,
05:32
I was opposite a Romanian, a Moldavian, an Indian.
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ืžื•ืœ ืจื•ืžื ื™, ืžื•ืœื“ื‘ื™, ื”ื•ื“ื™.
05:35
On the next table was a Chinese guy,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™,
05:37
and in the crew room, it was entirely Filipinos.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื.
05:40
So that was a normal working ship.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืคื™ื ื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœ.
05:43
Now how is that possible?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
05:45
Because the biggest dramatic change
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:47
in shipping over the last 60 years,
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ื‘ืกืคื ื•ืช, ื‘-60 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
05:49
when most of the general public stopped noticing it,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘,
05:51
was something called an open registry,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคืชื•ื—"
05:54
or a flag of convenience.
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ืื• "ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช".
05:57
Ships can now fly the flag of any nation
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ืฃ ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
05:59
that provides a flag registry.
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ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
06:02
You can get a flag from the landlocked nation
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžื•ืฆื ืœื™ื
06:05
of Bolivia, or Mongolia,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ื” ืื• ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”,
06:07
or North Korea, though that's not very popular.
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ืื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœื” ืœื ืžืื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
06:10
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:11
So we have these very multinational,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
06:13
global, mobile crews on ships.
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ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
06:18
And that was a surprise to me.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™.
06:21
And when we got to pirate waters,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื,
06:24
down the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and into the Indian Ocean,
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืžื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืื‘-ืืœ-ืžื ื“ื‘ ื•ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
06:27
the ship changed.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
06:29
And that was also shocking, because suddenly,
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ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื, ื›ื™ ืœืคืชืข,
06:32
I realized, as the captain said to me,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜,
06:34
that I had been crazy to choose to go
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ืคืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื›ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’
06:36
through pirate waters on a container ship.
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื™ ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:39
We were no longer allowed on deck.
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ื›ืขืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
06:41
There were double pirate watches.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช.
06:44
And at that time, there were those 544 seafarers being held hostage,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ืื•ืชื 544 ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืขืจื•ื‘ื”,
06:48
and some of them were held hostage for years
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™-ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื
06:50
because of the nature of shipping and the flag of convenience.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
06:53
Not all of them, but some of them were,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื,
06:55
because for the minority of unscrupulous ship owners,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™-ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ,
07:00
it can be easy to hide behind
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ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ
07:02
the anonymity offered by some flags of convenience.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื“ื’ืœื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
07:07
What else does our sea blindness mask?
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ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
07:11
Well, if you go out to sea on a ship
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชืคืœื™ื’ื• ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื”
07:13
or on a cruise ship, and look up to the funnel,
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ืื• ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืช ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
07:15
you'll see very black smoke.
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ืชืจืื• ืขืฉืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืื“.
07:18
And that's because shipping
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืขื ืฃ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช
07:21
has very tight margins, and they want cheap fuel,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืœื™-ืจื•ื•ื— ืฆืจื™ื ืžืื“, ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืœืง ื–ื•ืœ,
07:23
so they use something called bunker fuel,
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืžื–ื•ื˜",
07:26
which was described to me by someone in the tanker industry
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ืฉืชื•ืืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืข"ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
07:28
as the dregs of the refinery,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง,
07:30
or just one step up from asphalt.
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ืื• ืจืžื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืขืœ ืืกืคืœื˜.
07:34
And shipping is the greenest method of transport.
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ื•ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
07:37
In terms of carbon emissions per ton per mile,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ื ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื™ืœ,
07:39
it emits about a thousandth of aviation
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืืœืคื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”
07:42
and about a tenth of trucking.
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ื•ื›ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช.
07:44
But it's not benign, because there's so much of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื˜, ื›ื™ ืขื ืฃ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:48
So shipping emissions are about three to four percent,
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ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื›-3 ืื• 4 ืื—ื•ื–,
07:50
almost the same as aviation's.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
07:52
And if you put shipping emissions
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ื•ืื ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช
07:54
on a list of the countries' carbon emissions,
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ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
07:57
it would come in about sixth,
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™,
07:59
somewhere near Germany.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
08:01
It was calculated in 2009 that the 15 largest ships
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘-2009 ื”ืจืื” ืฉ-15 ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
08:05
pollute in terms of particles and soot
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ืžื–ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ื—
08:07
and noxious gases
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ื•ื‘ื’ื–ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื
08:09
as much as all the cars in the world.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:11
And the good news is that
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ื•ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
08:13
people are now talking about sustainable shipping.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ืกืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช.
08:15
There are interesting initiatives going on.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
08:17
But why has it taken so long?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืจื‘?
08:20
When are we going to start talking and thinking
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ืžืชื™ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
08:22
about shipping miles as well as air miles?
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ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ?
08:26
I also traveled to Cape Cod to look
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ื’ื ืœืงื™ื™ืค ืงื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
08:29
at the plight of the North Atlantic right whale,
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ืืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืœื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช,
08:33
because this to me was one of the most surprising things
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ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื
08:35
about my time at sea,
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ื‘ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื,
08:37
and what it made me think about.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™.
08:39
We know about man's impact on the ocean
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
08:42
in terms of fishing and overfishing,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื“ื™ื’-ื™ืชืจ,
08:44
but we don't really know much about
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
08:46
what's happening underneath the water.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
08:48
And in fact, shipping has a role to play here,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืืช ื›ืืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“,
08:51
because shipping noise has contributed
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ื›ื™ ืจืขืฉ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื
08:55
to damaging the acoustic habitats of ocean creatures.
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ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื.
08:58
Light doesn't penetrate beneath the surface of the water,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
09:01
so ocean creatures like whales and dolphins
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
09:03
and even 800 species of fish
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• 800 ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื,
09:06
communicate by sound.
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ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
09:09
And a North Atlantic right whale
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ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืœื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช
09:10
can transmit across hundreds of miles.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื“ืจ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
09:13
A humpback can transmit a sound
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ-ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ
09:15
across a whole ocean.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœื.
09:17
But a supertanker can also be heard
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื’ื ืžื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืขื ืง
09:19
coming across a whole ocean,
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ืžืžืจื—ืง ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœื,
09:21
and because the noise that propellers make underwater
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉื”ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
09:24
is sometimes at the same frequency that whales use,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
09:27
then it can damage their acoustic habitat,
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
09:30
and they need this for breeding,
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ื•ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:32
for finding feeding grounds,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฆื™ื“,
09:34
for finding mates.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’.
09:36
And the acoustic habitat of the North Atlantic right whale
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ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืœื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช
09:39
has been reduced by up to 90 percent.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื“ 90%.
09:42
But there are no laws governing acoustic pollution yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ...
09:47
And when I arrived in Singapore,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,
09:50
and I apologize for this, but I didn't want to get off my ship.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
09:55
I'd really loved being on board Kendal.
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ืžืื“ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”"ืงื ื“ืœ".
09:58
I'd been well treated by the crew,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื—ืก ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช,
10:00
I'd had a garrulous and entertaining captain,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ ืคื˜ืคื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืขืฉืข,
10:04
and I would happily have signed up for another five weeks,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
10:08
something that the captain also said
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ื ืืžืจ
10:09
I was crazy to think about.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชื’ืขืชื™ ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™.
10:12
But I wasn't there for nine months at a time
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช
10:14
like the Filipino seafarers,
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ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื,
10:16
who, when I asked them to describe their job to me,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœืชืืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
10:18
called it "dollar for homesickness."
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ื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”: "ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”".
10:21
They had good salaries,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
10:22
but theirs is still an isolating and difficult life
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื
10:25
in a dangerous and often difficult element.
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ืžื•ืœ ืื™ืชื ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื.
10:29
But when I get to this part, I'm in two minds,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช,
10:31
because I want to salute those seafarers
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืข ืœื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:34
who bring us 90 percent of everything
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื ื• 90% ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
10:36
and get very little thanks or recognition for it.
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ื•ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื”.
10:40
I want to salute the 100,000 ships
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืข ืœ-100,000 ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช
10:42
that are at sea
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื
10:44
that are doing that work, coming in and out
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช
10:46
every day, bringing us what we need.
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
10:49
But I also want to see shipping,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคื ื•ืช,
10:52
and us, the general public, who know so little about it,
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ื•ืฉืื ื•, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืขืœื™ื”,
10:56
to have a bit more scrutiny,
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ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ,
10:58
to be a bit more transparent,
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ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื•ืฃ,
11:00
to have 90 percent transparency.
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ 90%.
11:03
Because I think we could all benefit
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ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืฆื ื ืฉื›ืจื™ื
11:06
from doing something very simple,
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื“,
11:08
which is learning to see the sea.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื.
11:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:14
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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