The design of the universe | George Smoot

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković

I thought I would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit,

Mislio sam da bih mogao malo uticati na vaš pogled na svet

and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.

i pokazati vam neke od dizajna koje imamo u prirodi.

And so, I have my first slide to talk about

Tako, moj prvi slajd je

the dawning of the universe and what I call

o začetku univerzuma i onoga što zovem

the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at

istragom o kosmičkoj sceni, tj. posmatranje ostataka nastanka

the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,

i zaključivanje šta se desilo na početku,

and then following it up and trying to understand it.

a zatim i praćenje toga i pokušaj razumevanja istog.

Jedno od pitanja koje sam vam postavio je -

And so one of the questions that I asked you is,

when you look around, what do you see?

kada pogledate oko sebe, šta vidite?

Well, you see this space that's created by designers

Vidite prostor koji su kreirali stvoritelji i rad ljudi,

and by the work of people, but what you actually see

ali ono što zaista vidite je

is a lot of material that was already here,

puno materijala koji je već bio ovde,

being reshaped in a certain form.

koji je preoblikovan u određen oblik.

And so the question is: how did that material get here?

Tako je pitanje - kako je taj materijal dospeo ovde,

kako je dobio oblik koji je imao pre nego što je preoblikovan, itd.?

How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?

It's a question of what's the continuity?

To je pitanje šta je kontinuitet.

So one of the things I look at is,

Tako, jedna od stvari koje posmatram je -

how did the universe begin and shape?

kako je svemir nastao i kako je oblikovan,

What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe

kakav je celokupni proces stvaranja i evolucije svemira

da bi se stiglo do tačke gde imamo sve ove vrste materijala?

to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?

So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you

To je deo pitanja. Dozvolite mi da nastavim i pokažem vam

the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

Hablovo ultra duboko polje.

If you look at this picture,

Ako pogledate u ovu sliku,

what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.

videćete puno tame sa nekim svetlim objektima u njoj.

And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,

Četiri ovih svetlećih objekata su zvezde

and you can see them there -- little pluses.

i možete ih videti - mali plusevi.

This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?

Ovo je zvezda, ovo je zvezda, a sve ostalo su galaksije. U redu?

So there's a couple of thousand galaxies

Dakle, ima par hiljada galaksija

you can see easily with your eye in here.

koje možete videti golim okom ovde.

And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,

Kada pogledam posebno u ovu galaksiju,

koja izgleda kao i naša, zapitam se da li se upravo održava

which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's

an art design college conference going on,

konferencija fakulteta umetničkog dizajna

and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,

i inteligentnih bića koja razmišljaju

na kakvim bi dizajnima mogli raditi, a ima i par kosmologa

what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists

koji pokušavaju da razumeju odakle je svemir potekao,

trying to understand where the universe itself came from,

and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours

a može biti da neki gledaju u našu galaksiju

trying to figure out what's going on over here.

i pokušavaju da shvate šta se ovde dešava.

But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,

Postoji i mnogo drugih galaksija, a neke su u blizini

i njihova boja je slična boji Sunca,

and they're kind of the color of the Sun,

and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.

dok su druge udaljenije i nešto plavije, i tako dalje.

But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --

Međutim, jedno od pitanja je - trebalo bi da vam bude -

how come there are so many galaxies?

kako to da ima toliko mnogo galaksija,

Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.

jer ovo predstavlja samo delić neba.

This is only 1,000 galaxies.

Ovo je samo 1000 galaksija.

We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,

Mislimo da ih ima poređanih - vidljivih svemirskom teleskopu Habl,

if you had the time to scan it around --

ako biste imali vremena da ih skenirate -

about 100 billion galaxies. Right?

oko 100 milijardi galaksija. Zar ne?

It's a very large number of galaxies.

To je ogroman broj galaksija,

And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.

a to je otprilike koliko ima zvezda u našoj galaksiji.

But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see

Kada, međutim, pogledate u ove regione na ovaj način,

more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.

videćete više galaksija nego zvezda, što je prava misterija.

So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,

Tako je pitanje koje treba da vam se javi - kakav dizajn,

kakva vrsta kreativnog procesa i kakva vrsta dizajna je

what kind of creative process and what kind of design

produced the world like that?

proizvela takav svet?

Pokazaću vam da je zapravo mnogo komplikovanije od toga.

And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.

We're going to try and follow it up.

Pokušaćemo da propratimo ovo.

We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,

Imamo alat koji nam pomaže u ovoj studiji,

and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big

a to je činjenica da je svemir toliko neverovatno veliki

that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.

da je vremenska mašina, u neku ruku.

We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.

Nacrtali smo skup ugnežđenih sfera odvojeno da biste mogli to videti.

Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,

Stavite Zemlju u centar ugnežđenih sfera,

just because that's where we're making observations.

samo zato što je to mesto odakle posmatramo stvari.

And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon

Mesec je na razdaljini od samo 2 sekunde,

using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.

pa ako ga uslikate koristeći obično svetlo, to je pre 2 sekunde;

Two seconds is like the present.

koga briga.

Dve sekunde je isto što i sadašnjost.

The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,

Sunce je na udaljenosti od 8 minuta. To i nije velika stvar,

unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.

osim ako prema vama ne idu solarne baklje;

You'd like to have a little advance warning.

voleli biste da ste u tom slučaju unapred upozoreni.

But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.

Pođete do Jupitera i on je udaljen 40 minuta. To je problem.

You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars

O Marsu slušate da je problem u komunikaciji

because it takes light long enough to go there.

jer svetlu treba dosta vremena da stigne do njega,

But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,

ali ako pogledate u najbliži skup zvezda,

to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.

u najbližih 40 ili 50 zvezda, radi se o desetak godina.

So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.

Tako, ako uslikate šta se dešava, to je bilo pre 10 godina.

But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,

Idete i pogledate u centar galaksije -

it's thousands of years ago.

to je bilo pre 1000 godina.

If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,

Ako pogledate u Andromedu, koja je najbliža galaksija,

and it's two million years ago.

udaljena je dva miliona godina.

If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,

Da ste uslikali Zemlju pre 2 miliona godina,

there'd be no evidence of humans at all,

ne bi uopšte bilo traga ljudima

because we don't think there were humans yet.

jer ne mislimo da ih je tada bilo.

I mean, it just gives you the scale.

Mislim, to vam samo daje orijentir.

With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at

Uz pomoć svemirskog teleskopa Habl

hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.

gledamo u stotine miliona do milijardu godina.

But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --

Međutim, ako bismo mogli da smislimo kako da gledamo još dalje -

postoje neke stvari na još većoj daljini,

there's some things even further,

and that was what I did in a lot of my work,

a to je ono što sam radio na prethodnom poslu -

was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier

razvijanje tehnika - mogli bismo da pogledamo unazad i u ranije epohe

pre nego što su postojale zvezde i galaksije,

epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,

back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.

unazad do toga kada je svemir bio vreo, gust i mnogo drugačiji.

And so that's the sort of sequence,

To je, dakle, nekakav redosled,

and so I have a more artistic impression of this.

a ja imam umetničkiji utisak o ovome.

There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,

Evo galaksije u sredini, Mlečnog puta,

and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,

a oko nje su Habl - najbliže galaksije,

a postoji i sfera koja označava različite periode,

and there's a sphere that marks the different times.

And behind that are some more modern galaxies.

a iza toga su neke modernije galaksije.

You see the whole big picture?

Vidite celu veliku sliku?

The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?

Početak vremena je čudna stvar - izvan je, zar ne?

Zatim, postoji deo svemira koji ne možemo da vidimo

And then there's a part of the universe we can't see

because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.

zato što je toliko gust i svetao da svetlo ne može pobeći.

It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;

To je isto kao što ne možete videti centar Sunca -

you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.

morate da koristite druge tehnike da saznate šta se dešava unutar Sunca.

Ipak, možete videti ivice Sunca,

But you can see the edge of the Sun,

and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.

a slično je i sa svemirom i to možete videti.

And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,

Zatim, vidite ovo područje oko spoljašnosti

and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,

i radijaciju koja dolazi od Velikog praska,

which is actually incredibly uniform.

koja je, u stvari, neverovatno ujednačena.

The universe is almost a perfect sphere,

Ovaj svemir je skoro savršena sfera,

but there are these very tiny variations

ali postoje ove majušne varijacije

which we show here in great exaggeration.

koje ovde prikazujemo kroz preterivanje.

And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go

Počevši od njih, majušnih varijacija u vremenskom redosledu,

from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars

ići ćemo prema neregularnim galaksijama i prvim zvezdama,

to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.

prema razvijenijim galaksijama i konačno do solarnog sistema, itd.

So it's a big design job,

Dakle, to je posao vezan za veliki dizajn,

but we'll see about how things are going on.

ali videćemo kako će se stvari razvijati.

So the way these measurements were done,

Način na koji su ova merenja urađena -

there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.

postoji grupa satelita i tako se ovo vidi.

So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,

Postoji satelit COBE, lansiran 1989. godine,

and we discovered these variations.

a otkrili smo ove varijacije,

And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --

a zatim, 2000. godine, lansiran je satelit MAP - WMAP -

and it made somewhat better pictures.

i on je napravio nešto bolje slike.

And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,

Kasnije ove godine - ovo je kul nevidljiva verzija,

the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,

koja zapravo ima neke veoma lepe osobine dizajna

i treba da pogledate - Plank satelit će biti lansiran

and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,

and it will make very high-resolution maps.

i praviće mape visokih rezolucija.

And that will be the sequence of understanding

To će biti sled događaja vezan za razumevanje

samog nastanka svemira.

the very beginning of the universe.

And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us

Videli smo ove varijacije i one su nam zatim rekle tajne

the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,

i o strukturi odnosa svemir-vreme,

and about the contents of the universe,

i o sadržajima svemira,

and about how the universe started in its original motions.

kao i o tome kako je svemir nastao kroz izvorna kretanja.

So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,

Imamo ovu sliku koja je prilično spektakularna,

and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have

a vratiću se na početak kada imamo

some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.

misteriozni proces koji pokreće svemir na početku,

And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe

a zatim prolazimo kroz period ubrzavajućeg proširenja,

expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,

a svemir se širi i hladi dok ne dođe do trenutka kada postaje vidljiv,

then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,

zatim do Tamnog doba i onda se pojavljuje prva zvezda,

and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.

a one se razvijaju u galaksije, a zatim postaju još proširenije galaksije.

And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.

Negde oko ovog perioda formira se naš Sunčev sistem,

And it's maturing up to the present time.

a sazreva sve do današnjeg dana.

And there's some spectacular things.

Postoje neke spektakularne stvari.

And this wastebasket part, that's to represent

Ovaj deo nalik kanti za otpatke predstavlja

šta sama struktura odnosa prostora i vremena

what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.

And so this is a pretty weird model, right?

radi tokom tog perioda.

Ovo je prilično uvrnut model, zar ne?

What kind of evidence do we have for that?

Kakve dokaze imamo za ovo?

So let me show you some of nature's patterns

Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem neke obrasce u prirodi

koji su posledice ovoga.

that are the result of this.

I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,

Uvek razmišljam o odnosu prostor-vreme kao o pravom sadržaju svemira,

and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.

a galaksije i zvezde nalik su peni na okeanu.

It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.

One su oznake gde su interesantni talasi ili bilo kakvi prošli događaji.

So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.

Evo Slounovog digitalnog istraživanja neba koji prikazuje lokaciju milion galaksija.

So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.

Postoji tačka za svaku galaksiju.

They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,

Oni izađu i upere teleskop u nebo, slikaju,

identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,

identifikuju koje su zvezde i odbace ih, gledaju u galaksije,

estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.

procene koliko su udaljene i nacrtaju ih

And just put radially they're going out that way.

i samo radijalno obeleže da idu u tom pravcu.

And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,

Vidite ovu strukturu, stvar koju zovemo Veliki zid,

but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out

ali postoje praznine i takve stvari, ali one se nekako gube

because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.

jer teleskop nije dovoljno osetljiv da to uradi.

Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.

Sada ću vam ovo pokazati u 3D verziji.

What happens is, you take pictures

Ono što se dešava je -

as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.

slikate kako se Zemlja okreće i dobijete lepezu preko celog neba.

There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,

Postoje mesta koja ne možete posmatrati zbog naše galaksije

or because there are no telescopes available to do it.

ili zato što ne postoje dostupni teleskopi.

So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.

Sledeća slika vam pokazuje 3D verziju ovog okretanja.

Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?

Da li vidite lepezaste skenirane delove na nebu?

Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,

Setite se, svaka tačka ovde je galaksija,

you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.

a vidite galaksije u našem susedstvu i vidite strukturu.

And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,

Vidite i stvar koju zovemo Veliki zid,

and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.

neku komplikovanu strukturu i praznine.

There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places

Postoje mesta na kojima nema galaksija i postoje mesta gde postoji

where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.

na hiljade galaksija grupisanih zajedno.

So there's an interesting pattern,

Postoji, dakle, interesantan obrazac,

but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.

ali nemamo dovoljno podataka da ga i vidimo.

We only have a million galaxies, right?

Imamo samo milion galaksija, zar ne?

So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air

Održavamo nešto kao milion lopti u vazduhu,

but, what's going on?

ali šta se događa?

There's another survey which is very similar to this,

Postoji još jedno istraživanje slično ovome -

called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.

Pregled polja pod uglom od 2 stepena crvenog pomaka galaksije.

Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.

Sada ćemo proleteti kroz njih najvećom brzinom,

And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --

a svakoga puta postojaće galaksija - na toj lokaciji postoji galaksija -

and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,

i ako znamo išta o toj galaksiji, što znamo,

because there's a redshift measurement and everything,

zato što postoje merenja crvenog pomaka i svega,

you put in the type of galaxy and the color,

unesete tip galaksije i boju,

so this is the real representation.

pa je ovo stvarni prikaz.

And when you're in the middle of the galaxies

Kada ste u među galaksijama,

it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.

teško je videti obrazac; kao da ste usred života.

It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,

Teško je videti obrazac kada ste usred publike,

it's hard to see the pattern of this.

teško ga je uočiti.

So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.

Tako, izaći ćemo iz ovoga, okrenuti se i baciti pogled natrag na ovo.

And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,

Videćete, kao prvo, strukturu istraživanja,

and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies

a zatim ćete početi da uviđate i strukture galaksija

that we see out there.

koje vidimo.

Ponovo, možete videti širenje

So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.

Velikog zida galaksija kako se pojavljuje.

But you can see the voids,

Međutim, vidite praznine,

you can see the complicated structure, and you say,

vidite komplikovanu strukturu i kažete:

well, how did this happen?

„Kako se ovo desilo?”

Suppose you're the cosmic designer.

Zamislite da ste svemirski dizajner.

Kako ćete postaviti galaksije u ovakav obrazac?

How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?

It's not just throwing them out at random.

To nije samo nasumično razbacivanje.

There's a more complicated process going on here.

Ovde se dešava komplikovaniji proces.

How are you going to end up doing that?

Kako ćete završiti radeći to?

And so now we're in for some serious play.

Tako, u ozbiljnoj smo igri,

That is, we have to seriously play God,

tj. moramo ozbiljno da izigravamo boga,

not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.

ne samo da promenimo ljudske živote,

nego da stvorimo svemir, jel tako?

So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?

To je vaša odgovornost. Kako ćete to uraditi?

Koja je to vrsta tehnike?

What's the kind of technique?

What's the kind of thing you're going to do?

Kakvu stvar ćete uraditi?

So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation

Pokazaću vam rezultate simulacije ogromnih razmera

of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,

o tome šta mislimo kakav bi svemir mogao biti,

some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,

koristeći neke od principa igara i principa dizajna

koje su se ljudi toliko trudili da saznaju,

you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,

but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.

a koje je priroda znala da upotrebi od samog početka.

And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients

Počinjete od veoma jednostavnih sastojaka

and some simple rules,

i nekih jednostavnih pravila,

ali morate imati dovoljno sastojaka da ga načinite komplikovanim.

but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.

And then you put in some randomness,

Zatim uključujete nasumičnost,

some fluctuations and some randomness,

nešto nestalnosti i nasumičnosti

and realize a whole bunch of different representations.

i stvarate gomilu različitih predstava.

So what I'm going to do is show you

Dakle, pokazaću vam

the distribution of matter as a function of scales.

raspodelu stvari kao funkciju veličina.

We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.

Uvećaćemo, ali je ovo samo nacrt onoga što jeste,

And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.

a morali smo da dodamo još jednu stvar da bi svemir ispao kako treba.

It's called dark matter.

Zove se tamna materija.

To je materija koja ne saobraća sa svetlošću

That is matter that doesn't interact with light

the typical way that ordinary matter does,

na tipičan način na koji to obična materija čini,

the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.

na koji svetlost sija na meni ili bini.

It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,

Providna je za svetlost, ali da biste je videli,

we're going to make it white. OK?

pobelećemo je. U redu?

So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.

Ono što je belo na slici je tamna materija.

Trebalo bi da se zove nevidljiva materija,

It should be called invisible matter,

but the dark matter we've made visible.

ali smo tamnu materiju učinili vidljivom.

And the stuff that is in the yellow color,

Ono što je obeleženo žutom bojom -

that is the ordinary kind of matter that's turned into stars and galaxies.

to je regularna materija koja je pretvorena u zvezde i galaksije.

So I'll show you the next movie.

Pokazaću vam sledeći film.

So this -- we're going to zoom in.

Dakle, ovo - uvećaćemo.

Notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern.

Primetite ovaj obrazac i obratite pažnju na njega.

We're going to zoom in and zoom in.

Uvećavaćemo i uvećavaćemo

And you'll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids.

i videćete da su tu sva ova fina vlakna, strukture i praznine,

And when a number of filaments come together in a knot,

a kada se određeni broj vlakana skupi u čvor,

that makes a supercluster of galaxies.

to čini super-skup galaksija.

This one we're zooming in on

Ovaj koji smo sada uvećali

ima negde između 100 000 i milion galaksija

is somewhere between 100,000 and a million galaxies in that small region.

na tom malom području.

So we live in the boonies.

Živimo, dakle, bogu iza nogu.

We don't live in the center of the solar system,

Ne živimo u centru Sunčevog sistema,

we don't live in the center of the galaxy

u centru galaksije,

and our galaxy's not in the center of the cluster.

a naša galaksija nije centar skupa.

So we're zooming in.

Uvećavamo.

This is a region which probably has more than 100,000,

Ovo je područje koje verovatno ima preko 100 000

on the order of a million galaxies in that region.

u skupu od milion galaksija u tom području.

We're going to keep zooming in. OK.

Nastavićemo sa uvećavanjem. Okej.

And so I forgot to tell you the scale.

Zaboravio sam da vam kažem razmeru.

A parsec is 3.26 light years.

Jedan parsek je 3,26 svetlosnih godina.

So a gigaparsec is three billion light years -- that's the scale.

Tako je gigaparsek 3 milijardi svetlosnih godina; to je razmera.

So it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance.

Svetlu je potrebno 3 milijardi godina da prođe tu razdaljinu.

Now we're into a distance sort of between here and here.

Sada smo na razdaljini negde između ovog ovde i ovde.

That's the distance between us and Andromeda, right?

To je udaljenost između nas i Andromede, zar ne?

These little specks that you're seeing in here, they're galaxies.

Ove tačkice koje vidite ovde - to su galaksije.

Now we're going to zoom back out,

Sada ćemo se vratiti unazad sa uvećanjem

and you can see this structure that,

i možete videti ovu strukturu

koja, dok se udaljavamo, izgleda veoma obično,

when we get very far out, looks very regular,

but it's made up of a lot of irregular variations.

ali je sačinjena od puno neobičnih varijacija.

So they're simple building blocks.

One su samo jednostavne gradivne jedinice.

There's a very simple fluid to begin with.

Postoji veoma jednostavna tečnost kojom započinjemo.

It's got dark matter, it's got ordinary matter,

Ima tamnu materiju, običnu materiju,

it's got photons and it's got neutrinos,

ima fotone i neutrine,

which don't play much role in the later part of the universe.

koji ne igraju veliku ulogu u kasnijoj fazi svemira.

And it's just a simple fluid and it, over time,

To je samo jednostavna tečnost, a vremenom se razvija

develops into this complicated structure.

u ovu komplikovanu strukturu.

And so you know when you first saw this picture,

Kada ste prvi put videli ovu sliku,

it didn't mean quite so much to you.

to vam nije značilo nešto mnogo.

Here you're looking across one percent of the volume of the visible universe

Ovde gledate u jedan procenat veličine vidljivog svemira

and you're seeing billions of galaxies, right, and nodes,

i vidite milijarde galaksija, zar ne, i skupova,

ali shvatate da to čak nije ni glavna struktura.

but you realize they're not even the main structure.

There's a framework, which is the dark matter, the invisible matter,

Postoji okvir, što je tamna materija, nevidljiva materija,

that's out there that's actually holding it all together.

koji tamo postoji, a koji sve drži na okupu.

So let's fly through it, and you can see how much harder it is

Preletimo kroz to i videćete koliko je teže shvatiti sve

when you're in the middle of something to figure this out.

kada se nađete u sredini ovoga.

So here's that same end result.

Dakle, evo istog krajnjeg rezultata.

You see a filament,

Vidite vlakna,

you see the light is the invisible matter,

vidite svetlo nevidljive materije,

and the yellow is the stars or the galaxies showing up.

a žuta boja su zvezde i galaksije koje se pojavljuju.

And we're going to fly around, and we'll fly around,

Proletećemo kroz to, pa još malo,

and you'll see occasionally a couple of filaments intersect,

i videćete da se par vlakana prepliće,

and you get a large cluster of galaxies.

a postoje i skupovi galaksija.

And then we'll fly in to where the very large cluster is,

Zatim ćemo uleteti u veliki skup

and you can see what it looks like.

i možete videti kako to izgleda.

And so from inside, it doesn't look very complicated, right?

Iznutra i ne izgleda previše komplikovano, zar ne?

It's only when you look at it at a very large scale,

Tako je samo kada gledate izbliza,

and explore it and so forth, you realize it's a very intricate,

istražujete, i tako dalje - shvatite da je veoma zamršen,

complicated kind of a design, right?

složeni dizajn, zar ne?

And it's grown up in some kind of way.

A izrasta na neki način.

So the question is,

Tako se postavlja pitanje -

how hard would it be to assemble this, right?

koliko bi teško bilo sve ovo sastaviti, zar ne?

Koliko veliki građevinski tim bi vam trebao

How big a contractor team would you need

to put this universe together, right?

da sastavite svemir, zar ne?

That's the issue, right?

To je problem, zar ne?

And so here we are.

I evo nas ovde.

You see how the filament --

Vidite kako se vlakna,

you see how several filaments are coming together,

nekoliko vlakana spaja,

therefore making this supercluster of galaxies.

stvarajući super-skup galaksija.

And you have to understand, this is not how it would actually look

Morate da razumete - ovako ne bi zaista izgledalo

ako biste - kao prvo, putovali ovom brzinom,

if you -- first, you can't travel this fast,

everything would be distorted,

sve bi bilo iskrivljeno,

but this is using simple rendering and graphic arts kind of stuff.

ali ovo je samo korišćenje prostog prikaza i grafičke umetnosti.

This is how, if you took billions of years to go around,

Ovako bi vam, da imate milijarde godina da idete okolo,

moglo izgledati, zar ne?

it might look to you, right?

And if you could see invisible matter, too.

I ako biste mogli da vidite nevidljivu materiju, takođe.

And so the idea is, you know, how would you put together the universe

Pitanje je, dakle, kako biste sastavili svemir

na veoma jednostavan način?

in a very simple way?

We're going to start and realize that the entire visible universe,

Počećemo i shvatiti da je celokupni vidljivi svemir,

sve što možemo videti u svim pravcima pomoću svemirskog teleskopa Habl

everything we can see in every direction with the Hubble Space Telescope

uz druge naše instrumente

plus our other instruments,

was once in a region that was smaller than an atom.

nekada bio područje manje od atoma.

Započeo je sa malom količinom kvantne fluktuacije,

It started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations,

but expanding at a tremendous rate.

ali se neverovatno proširio.

And those fluctuations

Ove fluktuacije

were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations

raširile su se do astronomskih veličina

eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.

i one su, na kraju, stvari koje vidimo u svemirskom pozadinskom zračenju.

And then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies

Zatim bi nam bio potreban način da ih pretvorimo u galaksije

and clusters of galaxies and make these kinds of structures go on.

i skupove galaksija i da učinimo da one nastave dalje.

So I'm going to show you a smaller simulation.

Pokazaću vam malu simulaciju.

This simulation was run on 1,000 processors for a month

Ova simulacija je rađena na 1000 procesora u toku mesec dana

da bi se postigla ova jednostavna, vidljiva simulacija.

in order to make just this simple visible one.

So I'm going to show you one

Pokazaću vam jednu simulaciju

that can be run on a desktop in two days in the next picture.

koja se može prikazati na desktopu i trajati dva dana na sledećoj slici.

So you start out with teeny fluctuations

Započnete sa malenom fluktuacijom

when the universe was at this point,

kada je svemir bio na ovoj tački,

now four times smaller, and so forth.

sada četiri puta manji, itd.

And you start seeing these networks, this cosmic web of structure forming.

Zatim vidite ove mreže, svemirske mreže formiranja struktura.

And this is a simple one, because it doesn't have the ordinary matter

Jednostavna je jer nema običnu materiju

and it just has the dark matter in it.

i ima samo tamnu materiju u sebi.

And you see how the dark matter lumps up,

Vidite kako se tamna materija skuplja u grudvu,

and the ordinary matter just trails along behind.

a obična materija se vuče za njom.

So there it is.

Evo je, dakle.

At the beginning it's very uniform.

Na početku je prilično ujednačena.

The fluctuations are a part in 100,000.

Fluktuacije su deo u 100 000.

There are a few peaks that are a part in 10,000,

Ima nekoliko vrhova koji su deo u 10 000,

and then over billions of years, gravity just pulls in.

a zatim, posle milijardu godina, gravitacija jednostavno povuče.

Ovo je svetlo ispred gustine, uvlači materiju koja se nalazi okolo,

This is light over density, pulls the material around in.

That pulls in more material and pulls in more material.

koje uvlači sve više i više materijala.

But the distances on the universe are so large

Međutim, udaljenosti u svemiru

and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form.

i vremenske vrednosti su toliko velike da treba mnogo vremena

da bi se ovo formiralo.

And it keeps forming until the universe is roughly about half the size it is now,

Nastavlja da se formira sve dok svemir ne dosegne

oko polovine svoje današnje veličine,

in terms of its expansion.

u smislu proširenja.

And at that point, the universe mysteriously starts accelerating

Kod ove tačke, svemir misteriozno počinje da ubrzava

svoje proširenje i prekida stvaranje struktura velikih veličina.

its expansion and cuts off the formation of larger-scale structure.

So we're just seeing as large a scale structure as we can see,

Vidimo toliko veliku strukturu koliku možemo videti,

a zatim će se jedino stvari koje su se počele formirati - formirati,

and then only things that have started forming already

are going to form, and then from then on it's going to go on.

a otada će se to i nastaviti.

So we're able to do the simulation, but this is two days on a desktop.

Možemo da napravimo simulaciju, ali traje dva dana na desktopu.

We need, you know, 30 days on 1,000 processors

Treba nam 30 dana na 1000 procesora

to do the kind of simulation that I showed you before.

da napravimo simulaciju koju sam vam pokazao ranije.

So we have an idea of how to play seriously, creating the universe

Imamo predstavu kako da se ozbiljno igramo, stvarajući svemir

by starting with essentially less than an eyedrop full of material,

kroz započinjanje sa manje od suze pune materijala,

and we create everything we can see in any direction, right,

a zatim stvaramo sve što možemo videti u bilo kom pravcu

from almost nothing -- that is, something extremely tiny,

skoro ni iz čega, tj. iz nečega izuzetno malog,

extremely small -- and it is almost perfect,

izuzetno sićušnog, a ono je skoro savršeno,

except it has these tiny fluctuations at a part in 100,000 level,

osim što ima malene fluktuacije na nivou jedan prema 100 000,

which turn out to produce the interesting patterns and designs we see,

za koje se ispostavlja da stvaraju zanimljive obrasce i dizajne koje vidimo,

that is, galaxies and stars and so forth.

to jest galaksije, zvezde, itd.

So we have a model, and we can calculate it, and we can use it

Dakle, imamo model, možemo da uradimo njegove proračune,

da ga koristimo da napravimo dizajn za koji mislimo da je izgled svemira.

to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like.

And that design is sort of way beyond

Taj dizajn je mnogo iznad onoga

what our original imagination ever was.

kakva je naša mašta ikada bila.

So this is what we started with 15 years ago,

Ovo je mesto odakle smo krenuli pre 15 godina,

with the Cosmic Background Explorer -- made the map on the upper right,

sa Istraživačem svemirske pozadine - napravili mapu, gore desno,

which basically showed us that there were large-scale fluctuations,

koja nam je pokazala da postoje fluktuacije ogromnih razmera

and actually fluctuations on several scales. You can kind of see that.

i, u stvari, na više nivoa. Možete to i videti.

Since then we've had WMAP,

Otada smo koristili WMAP,

koji nam samo daje bolju ugaonu rezoluciju.

which just gives us higher angular resolution.

We see the same large-scale structure,

Vidimo istu strukturu ogromnih dimenzija,

but we see additional small-scale structure.

ali i dodatne, malih dimenzija.

And on the bottom right is if the satellite had flipped upside down

Na dnu desno je prikazano ako bi se satelit prevrnuo naopako

and mapped the Earth, what kind of a map we would have got of the Earth.

i mapirao Zemlju, kakvu bismo mapu Zemlje dobili.

You can see, well, you can, kind of pick out

Možete videti, možete prepoznati

all the major continents, but that's about it.

sve glavne kontinente i to je to.

But what we're hoping when we get to Planck, we'll have resolution

Nadamo se da ćemo, kada dobijemo Plank,

about equivalent to the resolution you see of the Earth there,

imati rezoluciju skoro jednaku onoj u kojoj tamo vidite Zemlju,

where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the Earth.

gde možete videti komplikovane obrasce koji postoje na Zemlji.

And you can also tell, because of the sharp edges

Možete videti, zbog nekih oštrih ivica

and the way things fit together, there are some non-linear processes.

i načina na koji se stvari uklapaju, da postoje neki nelinearni procesi.

Geology has these effects,

Geologija ima takve posledice,

which is moving the plates around and so forth.

kao što je pomeranje ploča, itd.

You can see that just from the map alone.

To možete videti samo iz mape.

We want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe

Želimo da dostignemo tačku kod mapa ranog svemira

we can see whether there are any non-linear effects

da možemo videti da li postoje nelinearne posledice

that are starting to move, to modify, and are giving us a hint about how

koje su se počele pomerati, menjati i koje nam daju nagoveštaj o tome

kako se sam odnos prostor-vreme začeo u početnim trenucima.

space-time itself was actually created at the beginning moments.

So that's where we are today,

To je mesto na kom smo danas

and that's what I wanted to give you a flavor of.

i to sam želeo da iskusite.

Give you a different view about what the design

Želeo sam da vam dati sliku o tome

and what everything else looks like.

kako dizajn i sve ostalo izgleda.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)