The design of the universe | George Smoot

389,914 views ใƒป 2008-11-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avshalom Aloni
00:16
I thought I would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืฉื ื” ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:20
and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.
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ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:23
And so, I have my first slide to talk about
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ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
00:27
the dawning of the universe and what I call
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ื–ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื”
00:30
the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at
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ื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช
00:32
the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,
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ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
00:36
and then following it up and trying to understand it.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
00:39
And so one of the questions that I asked you is,
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ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื,
00:41
when you look around, what do you see?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื?
00:43
Well, you see this space that's created by designers
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื
00:47
and by the work of people, but what you actually see
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
00:51
is a lot of material that was already here,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
00:53
being reshaped in a certain form.
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ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
00:55
And so the question is: how did that material get here?
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืืŸ?
00:58
How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”?
01:01
It's a question of what's the continuity?
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช?
01:04
So one of the things I look at is,
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ื›ืš, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
01:06
how did the universe begin and shape?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•?
01:08
What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:12
to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?
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ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”?
01:14
So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืขืช ืืชืงื“ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
01:18
the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
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ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื ืฉื“ื”-ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ.
01:20
If you look at this picture,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•,
01:22
what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.
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ืชืจืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฉืš ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
01:26
And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:28
and you can see them there -- little pluses.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืชื ื›ืืŸ -- ืคืœื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
01:30
This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
01:35
So there's a couple of thousand galaxies
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ืื ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืคื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
01:37
you can see easily with your eye in here.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื›ืืŸ.
01:40
And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
01:42
which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's
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ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื
01:44
an art design college conference going on,
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ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื ืก ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
01:47
and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:50
what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists
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ืื™ื–ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
01:53
trying to understand where the universe itself came from,
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ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆืฅ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆืžื•,
01:55
and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•
01:57
trying to figure out what's going on over here.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ืืฆืœื ื•.
01:59
But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:02
and they're kind of the color of the Sun,
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ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืฉ,
02:03
and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
02:06
But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื -- ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื --
02:10
how come there are so many galaxies?
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ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช?
02:12
Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ื“ ื ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
02:14
This is only 1,000 galaxies.
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ื–ื” ืจืง 1,000 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
02:16
We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,
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ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ -- ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ,
02:19
if you had the time to scan it around --
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกืจื•ืง ื”ื›ืœ --
02:21
about 100 billion galaxies. Right?
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ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
02:23
It's a very large number of galaxies.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
02:25
And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:28
But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื•, ืชืจืื•
02:30
more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื–ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื”.
02:33
So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืฆืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:39
what kind of creative process and what kind of design
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
02:41
produced the world like that?
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•?
02:43
And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
02:45
We're going to try and follow it up.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืกื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš.
02:47
We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”,
02:50
and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขืฆื•ื
02:53
that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.
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ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
02:56
We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.
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ืื ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืชืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช.
02:59
Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,
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ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืชืš,
03:01
just because that's where we're making observations.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืฆืคืชื™ื.
03:03
And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon
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ื”ื™ืจื— ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชืฆืœืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื—
03:06
using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ืจื— ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืื– ืœืžื™ ืื™ื›ืคืช.
03:09
Two seconds is like the present.
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ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:11
The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช. ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:14
unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.
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ืืœื ืื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืื– ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ืกืชืœืง ืžื“ืจื›ื”.
03:16
You'd like to have a little advance warning.
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
03:18
But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 40 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:21
You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื. ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืื“ื™ื
03:23
because it takes light long enough to go there.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
03:26
But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:29
to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.
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ื‘-40 ืื• 50 ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:32
So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืชืฆืœืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืฉื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”.
03:35
But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,
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ื›ืขืช ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื•ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
03:37
it's thousands of years ago.
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ื–ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”.
03:38
If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:41
and it's two million years ago.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”.
03:42
If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:44
there'd be no evidence of humans at all,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
03:46
because we don't think there were humans yet.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื– ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
03:48
I mean, it just gives you the scale.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื”.
03:50
With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at
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ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื
03:52
hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.
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ืื—ื•ืจื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:54
But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ --
03:59
there's some things even further,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:00
and that was what I did in a lot of my work,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
04:02
was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier
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ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช -- ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
04:06
epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,
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ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
04:08
back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื, ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:12
And so that's the sort of sequence,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:14
and so I have a more artistic impression of this.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชืจืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™.
04:16
There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
04:19
and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,
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ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืœ -- ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
04:22
and there's a sphere that marks the different times.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:24
And behind that are some more modern galaxies.
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ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
04:26
You see the whole big picture?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”?
04:28
The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?
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ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื” -- ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:31
And then there's a part of the universe we can't see
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
04:33
because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื.
04:36
It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
04:38
you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:41
But you can see the edge of the Sun,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
04:42
and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช.
04:44
And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
04:48
and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:51
which is actually incredibly uniform.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื“ื”.
04:53
The universe is almost a perfect sphere,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื,
04:55
but there are these very tiny variations
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
04:57
which we show here in great exaggeration.
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ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
05:00
And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go
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ื•ืžื”ืŸ, ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื• ื ืชืงื“ื
05:04
from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars
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ืžื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื“ืจืš ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:08
to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.
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ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
05:12
So it's a big design job,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”,
05:15
but we'll see about how things are going on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
05:17
So the way these measurements were done,
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ื›ืš, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•,
05:19
there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
05:22
So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989,
05:26
and we discovered these variations.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
05:28
And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืค -- ื”-ื•ื•ืžืืค --
05:31
and it made somewhat better pictures.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:33
And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืฉื ื” -- ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”,
05:37
the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,
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ืื•ืชื” ืื—ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืคื•ืช,
05:41
and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ -- ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืื ืง,
05:43
and it will make very high-resolution maps.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
05:45
And that will be the sequence of understanding
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”
05:48
the very beginning of the universe.
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ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
05:49
And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื, ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื•
05:53
the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,
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ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ,
05:56
and about the contents of the universe,
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ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืชื•,
05:58
and about how the universe started in its original motions.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
06:01
So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,
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ืื ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
06:04
and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื”
06:06
some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•.
06:10
And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืืฆืช. ื”ื™ืงื•ื
06:14
expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,
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ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืžืชืงืจืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืฉืงื•ืฃ,
06:18
then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš, ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:20
and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
06:25
And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:28
And it's maturing up to the present time.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:31
And there's some spectacular things.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
06:33
And this wastebasket part, that's to represent
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ื•ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ืกืœ ืืฉืคื”, ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื ื•
06:36
what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•.
06:38
And so this is a pretty weird model, right?
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:42
What kind of evidence do we have for that?
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ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”?
06:44
So let me show you some of nature's patterns
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
06:47
that are the result of this.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
06:48
I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ,
06:52
and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงืฆืฃ ืฉืขืœ ืžื™-ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
06:57
It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.
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ื”ื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
07:01
So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ืืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
07:07
So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
07:09
They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,
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ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืฃ ืืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื”,
07:12
identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,
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ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
07:15
estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืชืจืฉื™ื.
07:18
And just put radially they're going out that way.
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ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช.
07:20
And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
07:23
but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื™ื
07:26
because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
07:28
Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
07:31
What happens is, you take pictures
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
07:32
as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
07:35
There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
07:37
or because there are no telescopes available to do it.
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ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
07:41
So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
07:45
Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื?
07:48
Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
07:54
you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•, ืืชื ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
07:58
And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
08:00
and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:03
There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
08:05
where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.
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ืฉืฉื ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฉื™ื.
08:08
So there's an interesting pattern,
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ืื ื›ืš,ื”ื ื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
08:10
but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช.
08:12
We only have a million galaxies, right?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:14
So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ
08:16
but, what's going on?
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
08:18
There's another survey which is very similar to this,
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ื™ืฉ ืกืจื™ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืืฉืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ืืช,
08:20
called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืกืจื™ืงืช ืฉื“ื” ืฉืชื™-ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ ืœืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.
08:26
Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
08:29
And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” -- ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” --
08:33
and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:35
because there's a redshift measurement and everything,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ ืœืื“ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
08:37
you put in the type of galaxy and the color,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืข,
08:39
so this is the real representation.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืชืื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:41
And when you're in the middle of the galaxies
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
08:42
it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช; ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:45
It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,
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ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืงื”ืœ,
08:46
it's hard to see the pattern of this.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
08:48
So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื ืคื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
08:53
And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,
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ื•ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื™ืงื”,
08:57
and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
09:00
that we see out there.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
09:06
So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ืืŸ.
09:09
But you can see the voids,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื,
09:11
you can see the complicated structure, and you say,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
09:15
well, how did this happen?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ?
09:17
Suppose you're the cosmic designer.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™.
09:19
How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื–ื•?
09:21
It's not just throwing them out at random.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืกืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™.
09:23
There's a more complicated process going on here.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
09:25
How are you going to end up doing that?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”?
09:27
And so now we're in for some serious play.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื—ืง ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
09:30
That is, we have to seriously play God,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
09:32
not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.
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ืœื ืกืชื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืืœื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืงื•ื.
09:35
So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?
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ืื– ืื ื–ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช?
09:38
What's the kind of technique?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”?
09:39
What's the kind of thing you're going to do?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืŸ ืฆืขื“ ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜?
09:41
So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“
09:45
of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
09:49
some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ,
09:52
you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื ืขืžืœื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“,
09:55
but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
09:58
And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
10:02
and some simple rules,
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ื•ืขื ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
10:04
but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
10:07
And then you put in some randomness,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืงืฆืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช,
10:11
some fluctuations and some randomness,
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ืงืฆืช ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช,
10:13
and realize a whole bunch of different representations.
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ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
10:16
So what I'm going to do is show you
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
10:18
the distribution of matter as a function of scales.
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื”.
10:20
We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืจื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ื.
10:23
And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:27
It's called dark matter.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
10:29
That is matter that doesn't interact with light
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืจ
10:30
the typical way that ordinary matter does,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื•ืฉื”,
10:32
the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืžืื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”.
10:35
It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•,
10:37
we're going to make it white. OK?
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ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื‘ืŸ.
10:39
So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.
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ืื ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
10:42
It should be called invisible matter,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”,
10:44
but the dark matter we've made visible.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื ืจืื”.
10:46
And the stuff that is in the yellow color,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘,
10:49
that is the ordinary kind of matter that's turned into stars and galaxies.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
10:53
So I'll show you the next movie.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื.
10:55
So this -- we're going to zoom in.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” -- ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘.
10:58
Notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern.
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ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
11:00
We're going to zoom in and zoom in.
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘.
11:04
And you'll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
11:08
And when a number of filaments come together in a knot,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœืงืฉืจ,
11:11
that makes a supercluster of galaxies.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ-ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
11:13
This one we're zooming in on
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ื–ื” ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื
11:15
is somewhere between 100,000 and a million galaxies in that small region.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 100,000 ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
11:18
So we live in the boonies.
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ืื–, ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื™ื“ื—.
11:19
We don't live in the center of the solar system,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
11:22
we don't live in the center of the galaxy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
11:23
and our galaxy's not in the center of the cluster.
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ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ.
11:26
So we're zooming in.
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘.
11:28
This is a region which probably has more than 100,000,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100,000,
11:30
on the order of a million galaxies in that region.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ.
11:33
We're going to keep zooming in. OK.
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ืื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘.
11:36
And so I forgot to tell you the scale.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืืช ืงื ื”-ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
11:38
A parsec is 3.26 light years.
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ืคืจืกืง ื–ื” 3.26 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
11:41
So a gigaparsec is three billion light years -- that's the scale.
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ืื– ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ืคืจืกืง ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ -- ื–ื”ื• ืงื ื”-ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
11:44
So it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื–ื”.
11:47
Now we're into a distance sort of between here and here.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
11:50
That's the distance between us and Andromeda, right?
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”, ื›ืŸ?
11:53
These little specks that you're seeing in here, they're galaxies.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
11:58
Now we're going to zoom back out,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื”,
12:02
and you can see this structure that,
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืืฉืจ
12:05
when we get very far out, looks very regular,
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ื ืจืื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื,
12:07
but it's made up of a lot of irregular variations.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
12:10
So they're simple building blocks.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
12:12
There's a very simple fluid to begin with.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื–ืœ.
12:14
It's got dark matter, it's got ordinary matter,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
12:18
it's got photons and it's got neutrinos,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•,
12:21
which don't play much role in the later part of the universe.
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ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
12:24
And it's just a simple fluid and it, over time,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ื ื•ื–ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ื”ื•ื, ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ
12:28
develops into this complicated structure.
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ืžืชืคืชื— ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
12:31
And so you know when you first saw this picture,
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ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•,
12:35
it didn't mean quite so much to you.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืืžืจื” ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
12:37
Here you're looking across one percent of the volume of the visible universe
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”
12:42
and you're seeing billions of galaxies, right, and nodes,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืœืืจื“ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื,
12:45
but you realize they're not even the main structure.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
12:47
There's a framework, which is the dark matter, the invisible matter,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”,
12:50
that's out there that's actually holding it all together.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
12:53
So let's fly through it, and you can see how much harder it is
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื˜ื•ืก ื“ืจื›ื•, ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืกืžื™ืš
12:57
when you're in the middle of something to figure this out.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ืืช.
12:59
So here's that same end result.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
13:01
You see a filament,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ื•ื˜,
13:03
you see the light is the invisible matter,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”,
13:06
and the yellow is the stars or the galaxies showing up.
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ื•ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื.
13:10
And we're going to fly around, and we'll fly around,
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื ื˜ื•ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
13:12
and you'll see occasionally a couple of filaments intersect,
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ื–ื•ื’ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื,
13:15
and you get a large cluster of galaxies.
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ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
13:17
And then we'll fly in to where the very large cluster is,
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ื•ืื– ื ื˜ื•ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ืžืฆื,
13:20
and you can see what it looks like.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”.
13:23
And so from inside, it doesn't look very complicated, right?
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:26
It's only when you look at it at a very large scale,
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“,
13:29
and explore it and so forth, you realize it's a very intricate,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•', ืืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืกื‘ื•ืš,
13:32
complicated kind of a design, right?
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ืžืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืฉื›ื–ื”.
13:35
And it's grown up in some kind of way.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš.
13:39
So the question is,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
13:41
how hard would it be to assemble this, right?
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ืืช?
13:46
How big a contractor team would you need
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ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื•
13:48
to put this universe together, right?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื™ืงื•ื ื–ื”?
13:50
That's the issue, right?
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:53
And so here we are.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
13:55
You see how the filament --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ --
13:57
you see how several filaments are coming together,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื,
13:59
therefore making this supercluster of galaxies.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืฉื›ื•ืœ-ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
14:03
And you have to understand, this is not how it would actually look
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ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
14:06
if you -- first, you can't travel this fast,
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ืื ืืชื -- ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ,
14:08
everything would be distorted,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื•ืช,
14:09
but this is using simple rendering and graphic arts kind of stuff.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”.
14:15
This is how, if you took billions of years to go around,
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืœื›ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
14:18
it might look to you, right?
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ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
14:19
And if you could see invisible matter, too.
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ื•ืื ื™ื›ืœืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”.
14:22
And so the idea is, you know, how would you put together the universe
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
14:28
in a very simple way?
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ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”?
14:29
We're going to start and realize that the entire visible universe,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•,
14:34
everything we can see in every direction with the Hubble Space Telescope
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ
14:37
plus our other instruments,
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ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
14:38
was once in a region that was smaller than an atom.
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื˜ื•ื.
14:43
It started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช,
14:45
but expanding at a tremendous rate.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื“ื™ืจ.
14:47
And those fluctuations
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ื•ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
14:49
were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations
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ื ืžืชื—ื• ืœื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
14:52
eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช.
14:56
And then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
14:59
and clusters of galaxies and make these kinds of structures go on.
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ื•ืœืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
15:02
So I'm going to show you a smaller simulation.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:04
This simulation was run on 1,000 processors for a month
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื” ืขืœ 1,000 ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
15:08
in order to make just this simple visible one.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.
15:10
So I'm going to show you one
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื—ืช
15:11
that can be run on a desktop in two days in the next picture.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
15:15
So you start out with teeny fluctuations
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
15:17
when the universe was at this point,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•,
15:18
now four times smaller, and so forth.
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ื›ืขืช ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
15:21
And you start seeing these networks, this cosmic web of structure forming.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื.
15:25
And this is a simple one, because it doesn't have the ordinary matter
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
15:28
and it just has the dark matter in it.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจืง ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
15:30
And you see how the dark matter lumps up,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
15:32
and the ordinary matter just trails along behind.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื’ืจืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
15:35
So there it is.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
15:37
At the beginning it's very uniform.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื“.
15:39
The fluctuations are a part in 100,000.
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ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ 1 ืœ-100,000.
15:41
There are a few peaks that are a part in 10,000,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉื”ื 1 ืœ-10,000,
15:43
and then over billions of years, gravity just pulls in.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื—-ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืฉืš.
15:48
This is light over density, pulls the material around in.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
15:51
That pulls in more material and pulls in more material.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืขื•ื“.
15:54
But the distances on the universe are so large
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
15:56
and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form.
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ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
16:00
And it keeps forming until the universe is roughly about half the size it is now,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืก, ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™,
16:06
in terms of its expansion.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
16:08
And at that point, the universe mysteriously starts accelerating
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ
16:12
its expansion and cuts off the formation of larger-scale structure.
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื• ื•ืงื•ื˜ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
16:15
So we're just seeing as large a scale structure as we can see,
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช,
16:18
and then only things that have started forming already
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ื•ืื– ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ
16:21
are going to form, and then from then on it's going to go on.
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ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•, ื•ืื– ืžืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš.
16:24
So we're able to do the simulation, but this is two days on a desktop.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™.
16:30
We need, you know, 30 days on 1,000 processors
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื 30 ื™ื•ื ืขืœ 1,000 ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื
16:33
to do the kind of simulation that I showed you before.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื.
16:36
So we have an idea of how to play seriously, creating the universe
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
16:42
by starting with essentially less than an eyedrop full of material,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ,
16:47
and we create everything we can see in any direction, right,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
16:52
from almost nothing -- that is, something extremely tiny,
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ืžื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
16:57
extremely small -- and it is almost perfect,
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ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ -- ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื,
17:02
except it has these tiny fluctuations at a part in 100,000 level,
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 1 ืœ-100,000,
17:06
which turn out to produce the interesting patterns and designs we see,
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
17:09
that is, galaxies and stars and so forth.
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ืฉื–ื”, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
17:12
So we have a model, and we can calculate it, and we can use it
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื’ื ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
17:17
to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืจืื”.
17:20
And that design is sort of way beyond
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ
17:23
what our original imagination ever was.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
17:25
So this is what we started with 15 years ago,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืื™ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”,
17:29
with the Cosmic Background Explorer -- made the map on the upper right,
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ืขื ื’ืœืื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช -- ื”ื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
17:33
which basically showed us that there were large-scale fluctuations,
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
17:37
and actually fluctuations on several scales. You can kind of see that.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื ื™-ืžื™ื“ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช.
17:40
Since then we've had WMAP,
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ืžืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื•ื•ืžืืค,
17:42
which just gives us higher angular resolution.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื–ื•ื™ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
17:44
We see the same large-scale structure,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
17:45
but we see additional small-scale structure.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
17:48
And on the bottom right is if the satellite had flipped upside down
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื”ืคืš
17:52
and mapped the Earth, what kind of a map we would have got of the Earth.
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ื•ืžืžืคื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื™ื–ื• ืžืŸ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
17:55
You can see, well, you can, kind of pick out
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ืžืŸ ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื–ื”
17:57
all the major continents, but that's about it.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
18:00
But what we're hoping when we get to Planck, we'll have resolution
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืœืื ืง, ื–ื• ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
18:02
about equivalent to the resolution you see of the Earth there,
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ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืขืจืš ืœืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื,
18:06
where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the Earth.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
18:11
And you can also tell, because of the sharp edges
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื
18:13
and the way things fit together, there are some non-linear processes.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื-ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื.
18:17
Geology has these effects,
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ืœื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
18:19
which is moving the plates around and so forth.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช.
18:22
You can see that just from the map alone.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ืžืคื” ืœื‘ื“ื”.
18:24
We want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
18:26
we can see whether there are any non-linear effects
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืœื-ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื
18:29
that are starting to move, to modify, and are giving us a hint about how
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื–, ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ื•ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“
18:34
space-time itself was actually created at the beginning moments.
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ื–ืžืŸ-ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
18:36
So that's where we are today,
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ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
18:38
and that's what I wanted to give you a flavor of.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื˜ืขืžื• ืงืฆืช.
18:41
Give you a different view about what the design
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ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
18:43
and what everything else looks like.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื.
18:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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