The design of the universe | George Smoot

譯者: K. C. Peng 審譯者: Benjamin Chiang

I thought I would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit,

我想要對大家的世界觀做一點點改變

and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.

也帶你看看自然的設計

And so, I have my first slide to talk about

由此, 第一頁 是為了說明

the dawning of the universe and what I call

我所謂的 宇宙的曙光

the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at

宇宙學的偵查現場 也就是 觀察

the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,

創世後的物體 來推論宇宙之生成與發展

and then following it up and trying to understand it.

跟隨現象 再試圖了解

And so one of the questions that I asked you is,

所以 第一個想問的問題就是

when you look around, what do you see?

你的四週 你看到什麼?

Well, you see this space that's created by designers

你可能見到這個充滿設計的空間

and by the work of people, but what you actually see

都是人工作成 但你真的見到的是

is a lot of material that was already here,

都是早就存在的物質

being reshaped in a certain form.

只不過是被重組成不同型態

And so the question is: how did that material get here?

所以問題是 這些物質是哪來的?

How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?

這些物質的前身 又是如何呢?

It's a question of what's the continuity?

這就是什麼是連續性?

So one of the things I look at is,

所以我研究的其中之一

how did the universe begin and shape?

就是宇宙是如何誕生 以及如何形塑到今?

What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe

到底什麼是誕生的過程，以及如何演化到

to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?

現在的物質狀態?

So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you

這就是部分簡介 就讓我繼續告訴你們有關

the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

哈柏超深景太空望遠鏡

If you look at this picture,

這張照片

what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.

顯示大部分的黑暗 與 一些明亮物體

And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,

其中四個是恆星

and you can see them there -- little pluses.

也可以看到那小小的光芒

This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?

這是恆星，這也是，其他都是銀河

So there's a couple of thousand galaxies

所以有數以千計的銀河

you can see easily with your eye in here.

可以很明顯的看到

And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,

就讓我選個.. 這個銀河

which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's

看起來很像我們的，我便好奇

an art design college conference going on,

那裡是否也有個藝術設計學院的會議正在進行?

and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,

是否有高等智慧生命在想事情

what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists

他們在做怎樣的設計 或許也有一些宇宙論家

trying to understand where the universe itself came from,

在探討這個宇宙是如何產生的

and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours

甚至可能有生命從這銀河 觀望我們

trying to figure out what's going on over here.

也想知道我們在做什麼

But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,

但是 還有著其他許多的銀河 有些在附近

and they're kind of the color of the Sun,

有著太陽般的光色

and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.

有的較遠些的就帶著較藍的光色

But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --

那你們應該就有著一個問題

how come there are so many galaxies?

怎麼會有這麼多的銀河呢?

Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.

這張代表的是一部分相當清楚的天空

This is only 1,000 galaxies.

就有著1000個銀河

We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,

我們估算 假設以哈柏太空望遠鏡的解析度

if you had the time to scan it around --

做全方位角的掃描

about 100 billion galaxies. Right?

會有1000億個銀河

It's a very large number of galaxies.

是個非常大的數字

And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.

也約等於我們這個銀河有的星球數量

But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see

但再看到一些像這樣的區域

more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.

銀河數量卻多於星星數目，這倒是個謎題

So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,

所以冒出來的問題就是，到底是怎樣的設計?

what kind of creative process and what kind of design

怎樣的創造過程和設計

produced the world like that?

造成現今的世界?

And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.

所以我得告訴各位 這些是更更複雜的

We're going to try and follow it up.

就讓我們一起繼續

We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,

我們有一工具幫助我們研究

and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big

也是因為這個宇宙是如此的龐大

that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.

就某種意義而言，就好像是個時光機器

We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.

我們以這剖開的星球網圖做說明

Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,

以地球為星球網絡的中心

just because that's where we're making observations.

就只是這裡是我們的觀察點

And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon

所以月球離我們2秒遠, 意思是當你對月球照相

using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.

你得到的是2秒前的月球 沒差嘛!

Two seconds is like the present.

2秒的差異幾乎就算是同時吧

The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,

太陽是8秒遠 也沒什麼不同 不是嗎?

unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.

除非 太陽輻射風暴發生 我們想躲避

You'd like to have a little advance warning.

就需要有足夠時間的警告

But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.

那木星呢 是40分鐘之遠 開始知道問題了

You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars

就連對火星的通訊都可以是個問題

because it takes light long enough to go there.

因為就連光速傳遞也要好一會兒

But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,

在看到那些附近的星團

to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.

最近的40 50 顆 也要10年傳遞

So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.

現在照張相 得到的是10年前的鄰近星球

But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,

再到我們銀河的中央部份

it's thousands of years ago.

那是好幾百光年之遙

If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,

看看最近的仙女座銀河

and it's two million years ago.

也要200萬光年

If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,

想像你照張200萬年前的地球

there'd be no evidence of humans at all,

根本就還沒有人類

because we don't think there were humans yet.

是因為我們人類尚未出現

I mean, it just gives you the scale.

我只想給各位這樣的空間與時間概念

With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at

哈柏太空望遠鏡所看到的

hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.

都是1~10億光年之遙的空間與時間

But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --

如果我們能想出個方法 看到更遙遠的空間

there's some things even further,

而且總是有更遙遠的

and that was what I did in a lot of my work,

那就是我大部分的工作

was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier

發展這樣的技術--我們甚至能看到更早

epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,

且早於星星與銀河生成前

back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.

能回到宇宙還是又熱又稠密，與現在大不相同的時候

And so that's the sort of sequence,

這就是宇宙的故事

and so I have a more artistic impression of this.

我也有個更具藝術表達的呈現

There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,

中央是個銀河 就是我們的銀河系

and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,

再來是附近的銀河

and there's a sphere that marks the different times.

用球面刻畫著不同的時間距離

And behind that are some more modern galaxies.

在那之後是更現代的銀河

You see the whole big picture?

能了解這整個概念嗎?

The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?

有趣的是 最早的時間是在外面

And then there's a part of the universe we can't see

另外是 有部分的宇宙是我們看不到的

because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.

因為它們是如此的高密度與高能量, 光線不能脫離其重力場

It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;

打類比是 你不能看到太陽的中心

you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.

要用其他的技術來明白太陽中心是什麼

But you can see the edge of the Sun,

所以 只能看到太陽表面

and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.

宇宙觀測 也是類似道理

And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,

也能以模型理論推論出外面的情況

and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,

這是 來自於 宇宙初生成的大爆炸 的輻射線

which is actually incredibly uniform.

是相當的整齊

The universe is almost a perfect sphere,

宇宙是個相當完美的球體

but there are these very tiny variations

但也有著一些小小的變化

which we show here in great exaggeration.

我們將之誇大處理

And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go

從時間序列 我們會

from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars

經由這些小小變化到不規則星系，還有最初的星球

to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.

到更進化的星系 最後帶到像太陽系統 等等

So it's a big design job,

所以是一個 設計鉅作

but we'll see about how things are going on.

但讓我們是著了解看看

So the way these measurements were done,

所以這就是時空的測量的方法

there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.

利用好幾個人造衛星 看這裡

So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,

這是 COBE人造衛星 1989年升空

and we discovered these variations.

由它 我們找到這些變異

And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --

2000年 MAP人造衛星升空 就是 WMAP

and it made somewhat better pictures.

得到較清晰的照片

And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,

那年尾 有這極棒的隱形版本

the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,

它其實有極佳的設計概念

and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,

可再進一步了解 接著 Planck 人造衛星即將升空

and it will make very high-resolution maps.

它能擷取高解析度的星空地圖

And that will be the sequence of understanding

會帶來後續深入

the very beginning of the universe.

對宇宙生成的了解

And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us

所以 我們藉由觀察這些變異 而顯示些秘密

the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,

關於時空架構的秘密

and about the contents of the universe,

也揭露了宇宙的組成物

and about how the universe started in its original motions.

以及宇宙是如何開始最初的運動

So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,

所以我們有了這想像，是個令人驚歎的想像

and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have

待會再回到宇宙之最初 我們會有

some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.

些神秘的程序 讓宇宙開始運轉

And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe

宇宙經過了一段 加速膨脹過程

expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,

因膨脹而逐漸冷卻 直到它變成透明

then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,

就是黑暗期 接著最初的星球誕生

and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.

這些星球再演化成星系 之後再聚集成重量級星系

And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.

就差不多是此階段 我們的太陽系也開始形成

And it's maturing up to the present time.

成熟發展到如今

And there's some spectacular things.

其中有些奇妙的事情

And this wastebasket part, that's to represent

用這垃圾桶型來說明

what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.

時空的架構 以及 時空自己各階段的變化

And so this is a pretty weird model, right?

所以這看起來是個怪異的模型, 嗯?

What kind of evidence do we have for that?

我們又有哪些證據顯示這樣的作法呢?

So let me show you some of nature's patterns

容我解說 一些自然的法則

that are the result of this.

以及所導致的結果

I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,

我總認為 時空 才是太空的基本組成

and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.

而星系與星球 就像是海洋漂浮的泡沫

It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.

是有趣的波前記號 也串出進行方式

So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.

這是Sloan數位天空調查 顯示了100萬個星系的座標

So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.

每個星系以一個點代表

They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,

他們到野外用望遠鏡指向天空 照張相

identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,

確認是恆星 就忽略 只關注星系

estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.

估計它們的距離 畫下它們

And just put radially they're going out that way.

所以是以放射狀的進行

And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,

這些結構 我們稱之為 "長城"

but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out

也看到一些空缺 有些結構似乎於邊緣消失

because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.

是因為 望遠鏡不夠靈敏完成判斷

Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.

現在 我要將之轉成 3-D呈現

What happens is, you take pictures

結果是 照相時

as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.

隨著地球自轉 可以做扇型的涵蓋天空

There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,

但有些立體角是無效的 因為被自己的銀河系所干擾與阻擋

or because there are no telescopes available to do it.

或因為沒有望遠鏡能偵測

So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.

所以下張圖 就是旋轉呈現3-D星系地圖

Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?

有看到橫跨天空的扇型掃描嗎?

Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,

請記得 每一點代表一個銀河

you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.

由銀河點 可約略看出結構

And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,

所以還是可以看到 這些被稱為"長城"的

and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.

也看到 複雜處 也看到空缺處

There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places

看到 有些部分沒有任何星系

where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.

也有些部分聚集過多星系 對吧!

So there's an interesting pattern,

所以是個有趣的結構

but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.

還沒有足夠的資料可看出全貌

We only have a million galaxies, right?

這裡只是100萬個星系 不是嗎?

So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air

好像我們在空中有100萬個球

but, what's going on?

到底發生了什麼?

There's another survey which is very similar to this,

另有一個類似的調查

called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.

叫做 2維星系紅位移調查

Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.

現在要飛過這些星系

And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --

每經過一個星系 便標出個星系

and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,

我們真的能確定它是個星系

because there's a redshift measurement and everything,

因為紅位移光譜測量 及其他事證

you put in the type of galaxy and the color,

標出星系種類及其顏色

so this is the real representation.

這就是這樣的呈現

And when you're in the middle of the galaxies

當你在星系中

it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.

是很難察覺結構 就像處於生活中

It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,

身處於觀眾中 是非常難看出結構

it's hard to see the pattern of this.

這樣是很難看出結構的

So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.

我們得利用模型 讓我們飛出之外 再 遠觀

And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,

會看出這樣調查的結構

and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies

會看出星系的結構

that we see out there.

要從遠處看

So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.

再一次 你可以看到 星系"長城"的延伸 到這裡

But you can see the voids,

但你也可以看到空缺

you can see the complicated structure, and you say,

也看到複雜結構

well, how did this happen?

你接著問 是怎們形成的?

Suppose you're the cosmic designer.

假設你是宇宙的設計者

How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?

是怎麼讓星系做成這樣的結構?

It's not just throwing them out at random.

是隨機扔出去嗎?

There's a more complicated process going on here.

其實是有個更複雜的過程的

How are you going to end up doing that?

你要如何做到呢?

And so now we're in for some serious play.

這就是"認真發揮" 的過程了

That is, we have to seriously play God,

就是 我們要 認真地扮演是 神

not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.

不只是改變人們的生與死 也要創造宇宙

So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?

若那是你的責任 你要怎麼做?

What's the kind of technique?

又是怎麼的技巧呢?

What's the kind of thing you're going to do?

又是哪些事你想去做?

So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation

我要展示的是一個非常大尺度的模擬

of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,

驗證我們假設的宇宙演化 利用的

some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,

只是一些 簡單原理 與 設計原理

you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,

都是過去人類共同得到的原理

but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.

只是宇宙一開始就順著這些原理

And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients

模擬就是一些簡單的組成

and some simple rules,

與一些簡單的原理

but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.

但你得有足夠的組成物 來複雜化

And then you put in some randomness,

再放進些隨機特性

some fluctuations and some randomness,

一些擾動 再一些隨機亂數

and realize a whole bunch of different representations.

再試著理解這整組所代表的結果

So what I'm going to do is show you

接下來就是要讓你們看

the distribution of matter as a function of scales.

物體的分佈 是尺度的函數

We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.

我們來放大拉近 這就是其中的一個圖示

And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.

我們必須加一樣東西 才能得出較正常的結果

It's called dark matter.

就是黑暗物質

That is matter that doesn't interact with light

這種物體不與光反應

the typical way that ordinary matter does,

通常一般物體都會

the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.

反射光線 就像現在舞台上與我身上的反射光

It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,

黑暗物質對光而言是透明的 為了讓大家了解

we're going to make it white. OK?

我們將它們暫設為白色顯示

So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.

所以模擬中白色物體 就是黑暗物體

It should be called invisible matter,

應該被稱為 隱形物體

but the dark matter we've made visible.

只是在模型顯示上 我們將它們設成可見

And the stuff that is in the yellow color,

而黃色部分

that is the ordinary kind of matter that's turned into stars and galaxies.

就代表一般的物體 可以是恆星與星系

So I'll show you the next movie.

我會展示一動畫電影

So this -- we're going to zoom in.

這樣 -- 我們會拉近放大

Notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern.

注意結構變化

We're going to zoom in and zoom in.

放大再放大

And you'll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids.

你可以看到這些長絲 結構 與 空缺

And when a number of filaments come together in a knot,

當數個長絲 纏成 結

that makes a supercluster of galaxies.

就成了 超大巨集的星系

This one we're zooming in on

這個再繼續拉近

is somewhere between 100,000 and a million galaxies in that small region.

在畫面中那小區域內 有著 10~100萬 的星系

So we live in the boonies.

我們存在某個角落

We don't live in the center of the solar system,

並不是太陽系的中央

we don't live in the center of the galaxy

也不是銀河系的中央

and our galaxy's not in the center of the cluster.

而銀河系 也不是在所有星系的中央

So we're zooming in.

所以我們再拉近

This is a region which probably has more than 100,000,

這是個有著10~100萬個

on the order of a million galaxies in that region.

星系的小區域

We're going to keep zooming in. OK.

我們會持續放大拉近

And so I forgot to tell you the scale.

我忘了說明這個尺度

A parsec is 3.26 light years.

每一秒差是 3.26光年

So a gigaparsec is three billion light years -- that's the scale.

每一百萬秒差 就是30億光年 --- 這就是模擬尺度

So it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance.

就是光線要用30億年才能穿過那距離

Now we're into a distance sort of between here and here.

我們現在的距離 大約是這裡和這裡之間

That's the distance between us and Andromeda, right?

也就是我們距離仙女座星系的距離

These little specks that you're seeing in here, they're galaxies.

這些小小的雜點 都是星系

Now we're going to zoom back out,

目前是退出拉遠

and you can see this structure that,

便能看出個結構

when we get very far out, looks very regular,

當我們非常遠觀時 看起來是非常規則

but it's made up of a lot of irregular variations.

但這是由許多的不規則變異所構成

So they're simple building blocks.

所以 這些就是簡單的模型組件

There's a very simple fluid to begin with.

都是些簡單的成份開始

It's got dark matter, it's got ordinary matter,

要有黑暗物體 一般物體

it's got photons and it's got neutrinos,

要有光子 微中子

which don't play much role in the later part of the universe.

微中子 是沒有太多角色在後期宇宙發展中

And it's just a simple fluid and it, over time,

就是個簡單的流動 隨時間

develops into this complicated structure.

而發展成複雜的結構

And so you know when you first saw this picture,

當第一次看到這景象

it didn't mean quite so much to you.

對你們而言 可能沒有太多道理

Here you're looking across one percent of the volume of the visible universe

這裡顯示的只是1%的可見宇宙

and you're seeing billions of galaxies, right, and nodes,

有著10億個星系

but you realize they're not even the main structure.

但我們還不在主要結構

There's a framework, which is the dark matter, the invisible matter,

模擬架構 顯示 需要這種黑暗隱形物體

that's out there that's actually holding it all together.

才能將一切保持住這樣發展

So let's fly through it, and you can see how much harder it is

再飛入其中 就會明白

when you're in the middle of something to figure this out.

身處其中是如何難理解整個狀況

So here's that same end result.

所以這是相同結果

You see a filament,

有細絲

you see the light is the invisible matter,

白色代表是黑暗物體

and the yellow is the stars or the galaxies showing up.

黃色是恆星與星系

And we're going to fly around, and we'll fly around,

再飛繞過四周

and you'll see occasionally a couple of filaments intersect,

會看到一些細絲相交錯

and you get a large cluster of galaxies.

那是大巨集的星系

And then we'll fly in to where the very large cluster is,

再進入這些巨集星系

and you can see what it looks like.

看看是什麼樣子

And so from inside, it doesn't look very complicated, right?

所以從裡面 一點也不複雜 對吧?

It's only when you look at it at a very large scale,

唯有當你 以大尺度觀看時

and explore it and so forth, you realize it's a very intricate,

才能明白它的複雜

complicated kind of a design, right?

是種複雜的設計 對吧?

And it's grown up in some kind of way.

某種的長成方式

So the question is,

所以問題是

how hard would it be to assemble this, right?

是多麼困難來組合成這個?

How big a contractor team would you need

需要多大的能力

to put this universe together, right?

才能做出這樣的宇宙?

That's the issue, right?

這是問題吧!

And so here we are.

就來試試

You see how the filament --

可以看到細絲

you see how several filaments are coming together,

與好幾個細絲是如何連在一起

therefore making this supercluster of galaxies.

才做出這樣的超巨集星系

And you have to understand, this is not how it would actually look

但是得指出 這並非真的是所見到的

if you -- first, you can't travel this fast,

.

everything would be distorted,

所有東西會被扭曲

but this is using simple rendering and graphic arts kind of stuff.

這裡只是用繪圖工具做視覺呈現

This is how, if you took billions of years to go around,

這是利用時間快轉的模擬

it might look to you, right?

才能察覺

And if you could see invisible matter, too.

也是要能看見這些黑暗物體

And so the idea is, you know, how would you put together the universe

概念是要問 怎麼將宇宙放在一起

in a very simple way?

又是有一簡單的原理呢?

We're going to start and realize that the entire visible universe,

我們就即將能明白這整個可見宇宙

everything we can see in every direction with the Hubble Space Telescope

驗證哈柏太空望遠鏡及其他儀器

plus our other instruments,

所見的所有角度

was once in a region that was smaller than an atom.

最先的開始只是小於 一個小小的原子

It started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations,

來自於量子力學的擾動

but expanding at a tremendous rate.

卻是以極速的膨脹

And those fluctuations

這些擾動

were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations

擴展到天文級的尺寸大小 這些擾動

eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.

最終成為我們所見的宇宙背景輻射

And then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies

我們需要能把擾動的輻射能量變成星系

and clusters of galaxies and make these kinds of structures go on.

與巨集星系 並使這些結構繼續

So I'm going to show you a smaller simulation.

所以我將呈現一個小模擬

This simulation was run on 1,000 processors for a month

這樣看似簡單的模擬 使用了1000個處理器

in order to make just this simple visible one.

還是需要耗時一個月

So I'm going to show you one

現在呈現的是

that can be run on a desktop in two days in the next picture.

用桌上型電腦跑了兩天的結果

So you start out with teeny fluctuations

開始小小擾動

when the universe was at this point,

使得宇宙變小了

now four times smaller, and so forth.

四倍 等等

And you start seeing these networks, this cosmic web of structure forming.

便可以見到這些網絡 宇宙的網絡結構開始成型

And this is a simple one, because it doesn't have the ordinary matter

這是個簡易版本 並沒有一般物體

and it just has the dark matter in it.

只用了較重的黑暗物體

And you see how the dark matter lumps up,

可以看到黑暗物體開始結團成塊

and the ordinary matter just trails along behind.

一般物體就也會緊隨著之後開展

So there it is.

就是這樣

At the beginning it's very uniform.

一開始是非常的均勻

The fluctuations are a part in 100,000.

十萬分之一的擾動

There are a few peaks that are a part in 10,000,

也有些是萬分之一的擾動

and then over billions of years, gravity just pulls in.

過了數十億年 重力吸引力才有作用顯現

This is light over density, pulls the material around in.

這是因密度夠大 而能將物體拉入

That pulls in more material and pulls in more material.

因吸引力集結 再集結

But the distances on the universe are so large

宇宙之間的距離是如此之大

and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form.

時間是如此之長 所以是需要非常長的時間才能形成

And it keeps forming until the universe is roughly about half the size it is now,

宇宙持續發展 就膨脹進行而言

in terms of its expansion.

直到是目前½的大小的時候

And at that point, the universe mysteriously starts accelerating

宇宙神奇的開始了加速膨脹

its expansion and cuts off the formation of larger-scale structure.

這樣的膨脹 破開了較大的結構

So we're just seeing as large a scale structure as we can see,

看到目前的能看到的最大結構

and then only things that have started forming already

就只有那些已經開始形成的

are going to form, and then from then on it's going to go on.

會再從那時間點 繼續發展

So we're able to do the simulation, but this is two days on a desktop.

這只是兩天的電腦簡化版運算

We need, you know, 30 days on 1,000 processors

我們需要1000 個CPU的30天運算

to do the kind of simulation that I showed you before.

才能展現先前的結果

So we have an idea of how to play seriously, creating the universe

所以我們真的懂得如何"認真玩耍" 來建構宇宙

by starting with essentially less than an eyedrop full of material,

只用了小於一小滴淚水的物質開始

and we create everything we can see in any direction, right,

建構出目前所見到各方向的物體

from almost nothing -- that is, something extremely tiny,

從幾乎零開始

extremely small -- and it is almost perfect,

如此的小 近乎完美

except it has these tiny fluctuations at a part in 100,000 level,

除了有十萬分之一等級的細微擾動

which turn out to produce the interesting patterns and designs we see,

才造就了我們所看到的結構與設計

that is, galaxies and stars and so forth.

就是這些星系與恆星

So we have a model, and we can calculate it, and we can use it

因此 我們有一個模型 能計算 能操弄

to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like.

來模擬與驗證 我們以為的宇宙

And that design is sort of way beyond

也由此學到

what our original imagination ever was.

超過我們過去的想像

So this is what we started with 15 years ago,

這些模擬開始於15年前

with the Cosmic Background Explorer -- made the map on the upper right,

利用宇宙背景探測 建構右上角的地圖

which basically showed us that there were large-scale fluctuations,

顯示了大規模的擾動

and actually fluctuations on several scales. You can kind of see that.

實際上 有著多波段的擾動 這都可由觀測所得

Since then we've had WMAP,

從有WMAP之觀測儀器後

which just gives us higher angular resolution.

提高了三角幾何角度的解析度

We see the same large-scale structure,

除了看到大尺度結構

but we see additional small-scale structure.

更看到額外的小尺度結構

And on the bottom right is if the satellite had flipped upside down

右下角 是衛星上下顛倒的影像

and mapped the Earth, what kind of a map we would have got of the Earth.

對應到地球改有的影像

You can see, well, you can, kind of pick out

就能大略看到

all the major continents, but that's about it.

所有主要的大陸 目前只能這麼清晰了

But what we're hoping when we get to Planck, we'll have resolution

希望當Planck 上線時 希望解析度

about equivalent to the resolution you see of the Earth there,

能有像那地球影像一般清晰

where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the Earth.

能夠清晰看出地球上的形狀

And you can also tell, because of the sharp edges

由於清晰後 便能夠分辨出版塊間

and the way things fit together, there are some non-linear processes.

他們是有關聯的 因為其中有些非線性的演進

Geology has these effects,

地理就是有這樣的效應

which is moving the plates around and so forth.

版塊的移動等等

You can see that just from the map alone.

能只從清晰地球地圖看出

We want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe

我們也希望能如此 得到宇宙早期歷史的清晰

we can see whether there are any non-linear effects

便能分辨出是否有其他的非線性效應

that are starting to move, to modify, and are giving us a hint about how

是否要移動了? 要改變了? 也能給我們些提示:

space-time itself was actually created at the beginning moments.

時空當初是如何被創造的在最初的當下

So that's where we are today,

所以這些就是我們目前的狀況

and that's what I wanted to give you a flavor of.

也我想為大家分享的

Give you a different view about what the design

給大家對設計的 一個不同觀點

and what everything else looks like.

以及宇宙所有事物的介紹

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)