The design of the universe | George Smoot

翻译人员: Simon Yan 校对人员: Tony Yet

I thought I would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit,

我想我要改变一些你们对世界的看法

and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.

然后带你们看看自然中的一些设计

And so, I have my first slide to talk about

大家请看我的第一张幻灯片

the dawning of the universe and what I call

将要展示的宇宙的最初阶段还有我所说的

the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at

宇宙景象的调查，就是通过观察

the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,

创世的遗物然后推测(宇宙)最初都发生了什么

and then following it up and trying to understand it.

紧接着去研究它，试着去了解它

And so one of the questions that I asked you is,

所以我要问大家的一个问题是

when you look around, what do you see?

你们看看四周，看到了什么？

Well, you see this space that's created by designers

你们看到了设计师设计的这个地方

and by the work of people, but what you actually see

由人的努力建造的，但是你们实际上看到的是

is a lot of material that was already here,

已经存在了很久的那些材料

being reshaped in a certain form.

被重新塑造了形状

And so the question is: how did that material get here?

所以我的问题就是：这些东西是怎么来的？

How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?

他们被重新塑造形状之前是怎么成型的？等等

It's a question of what's the continuity?

这是一个关于什么是连续性的问题

So one of the things I look at is,

所以我所面对的一个问题就是

how did the universe begin and shape?

宇宙是怎么开始并且成型的？

What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe

创世的过程是什么样的？宇宙的进化中

to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?

怎样的走到现在使得我们拥有这些材料的？

So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you

大概也就是这些。现在让我们继续

the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

我给你们看哈勃超深空图片

If you look at this picture,

如果你仔细观察这幅图片

what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.

你就会看到明亮物体之间的很多暗的部分

And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,

他们其中有四个是恒星

and you can see them there -- little pluses.

你可以在那儿看到他们 - 就是那些小三角

This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?

这是一个，这个也是一个，其余剩下的（亮物体）都是星系

So there's a couple of thousand galaxies

所以这里大概有上万个这样的星系

you can see easily with your eye in here.

我们用肉眼就能看到了

And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,

当我在观察这个星系的时候

which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's

就有点儿像银河系，我就会想

an art design college conference going on,

那上面是不是也有一个艺术设计学院的在开会呢？

and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,

还有那些有智慧的生物在思考，你知道的

what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists

就是他们要做哪些样式的设计，还可能有一些天体物理学家

trying to understand where the universe itself came from,

试着去了解宇宙是从哪儿来的

and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours

甚至在那个星系里面还有有一些在观察着我们

trying to figure out what's going on over here.

试着了解这儿都发生了什么事

But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,

但是这些星系太多了，还有很多比较靠近我们的

and they're kind of the color of the Sun,

他们跟太阳的颜色差不多

and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.

那些稍微远一些的就比较蓝一点，等等

But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --

但是问题就来了

how come there are so many galaxies?

怎么会有这么多的星系的？

Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.

因为这张图仅仅代表了天空中很小的一部分

This is only 1,000 galaxies.

大概一千左右的星系

We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,

我们觉得那些哈勃空间望远镜可见的星系

if you had the time to scan it around --

如果你们有时间把他们全部扫描一遍的话

about 100 billion galaxies. Right?

大概就会有上千亿个星系，对吧？

It's a very large number of galaxies.

这就有很多的星系了

And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.

这差不多跟银河系里面的恒星数量差不多

But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see

但是当你看其中的一些区域的时候

more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.

你看到的星系其实比恒星要多，这确实是个难题

So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,

所以你真正应该问的问题是，是怎样的设计，

what kind of creative process and what kind of design

怎样的创造过程和设计过程

produced the world like that?

才产生了我们现在的世界？

And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.

接着我给你们看看世界上比这个还要复杂得多

We're going to try and follow it up.

我们试着来研究一下

We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,

我们有一个可以帮助我们研究的工具

and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big

这就是宇宙如此之大的这个事实

that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.

就是时间机器，换句话说的话

We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.

我们在这儿画了一些嵌套的球形，从中间切开以便大家都看得清楚

Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,

把地球放在他们的中间

just because that's where we're making observations.

因为我们是以这里做观察原点的缘故

And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon

这时候月亮大概只有两秒钟那么远，所以如果你拍一张月亮的照片的话

using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.

就用可见光，那么照片上就是两秒钟以前的月亮，没人太关心这个

Two seconds is like the present.

两秒其实可以忽略不计了

The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,

太阳呢就是八分钟以前，这个也没什么太了不起的

unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.

除非有耀斑要来临，否则你不会太关心的

You'd like to have a little advance warning.

这时候你可能收到一些警告

But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.

但是如果你看木星的话，它就是40分钟以前的。这可能带来一些问题

You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars

你们都听说过火星，跟火星上通讯就是个问题

because it takes light long enough to go there.

因为光要传播到那儿需要太长的时间了

But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,

但是如果你看看最近的几组恒星

to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.

到最近的40到50个恒星的距离差不多都是10光年

So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.

所以如果你这时候拍一张照片的话，上面的景象就是10年前的

But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,

如果你去观测银河系的中心的话

it's thousands of years ago.

就是几千年前的（景象）

If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,

如果你看离我们比较近的仙女座星系

and it's two million years ago.

那是两百万年以前的

If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,

如果你看地球两百万年以前的照片的话

there'd be no evidence of humans at all,

上面根本连人都没有

because we don't think there were humans yet.

因为我们根本不认为那儿已经有人了

I mean, it just gives you the scale.

我的意思是，那些都只是一些范围而已

With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at

通过哈勃空间望远镜，我们能看到

hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.

从几亿到几十亿光年远的地方

But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --

但是如果我们有能力想出一个看得更远的主意的话

there's some things even further,

更远处还有别的东西

and that was what I did in a lot of my work,

我研究的大部分内容

was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier

就是开发一些技术来使得我们看到更远（时间更早）

epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,

甚至到恒星和星系产生之前的地方

back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.

直到宇宙还是炙热密实的状态

And so that's the sort of sequence,

所以那些就是这个产生的结果

and so I have a more artistic impression of this.

我更多地是从艺术的角度来看的

There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,

在这中间有一个星系，就是银河系

and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,

周围是哈勃能看到的，那些近处的星系

and there's a sphere that marks the different times.

还有一个球形标注不同的时间

And behind that are some more modern galaxies.

那个后面是一些比较新兴的星系

You see the whole big picture?

看到整个画面了？

The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?

时间的起始，是在最外面的，很可笑是吧？

And then there's a part of the universe we can't see

然后这就是我们看不到的宇宙的部分

because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.

因为太致密，太热了，光从里面射不出来

It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;

就像你看不到太阳的中心一样

you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.

你不得不用一些别的技术手段来研究太阳中心发生的事情

But you can see the edge of the Sun,

但是你能看到太阳的边缘

and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.

宇宙也是这样，所以你才能看到

And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,

然后你们能看到这个边上的区域

and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,

这些是大爆炸留下的辐射

which is actually incredibly uniform.

他们非常的整齐

The universe is almost a perfect sphere,

宇宙几乎是一个完美球

but there are these very tiny variations

但是仍然有一些小小的变化

which we show here in great exaggeration.

下面我们给大家放大了看看

And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go

从他们的时间线向后，我们就会

from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars

就是从那些小小的变化到一些无规则的星系还有第一批恒星

to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.

到那些发展的更好的星系，然后到太阳系，等等

So it's a big design job,

这是一个巨大的设计工程

but we'll see about how things are going on.

但是我们要看的是事情是怎样发展的

So the way these measurements were done,

所以才有了量度的可能

there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.

我们有过一些卫星，这就是你们将要看到的

So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,

这就是COBE卫星，1989年发射的

and we discovered these variations.

我们发现了这些变化

And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --

接着在2000年，MAP卫星发射了，就是WMAP

and it made somewhat better pictures.

他能拍摄更好的照片

And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,

今年晚些时候 - 这是一个预览的版本

the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,

我们就会有一个有一些真正漂亮的设计的卫星

and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,

叫做Planck的卫星发射升空

and it will make very high-resolution maps.

它会拍摄高分辨率的地图

And that will be the sequence of understanding

我们就会更进一步地了解

the very beginning of the universe.

宇宙初始的阶段

And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us

我们看到的是这些变化，这些变化告诉了我们

the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,

那些关于时空结构

and about the contents of the universe,

还有宇宙万物的秘密

and about how the universe started in its original motions.

还有关于宇宙最初始的时候是如何运动的

So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,

所以我们有这张图片，这照片太让人惊叹了

and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have

然后我要转回到开始，就是那些

some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.

使得宇宙开始成为宇宙的那些神秘的过程

And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe

然后我们经过了很长时间的加速膨胀，然后宇宙

expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,

膨胀，冷却知道它开始变得透明

then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,

然后到了黑暗时代，然后第一个恒星出现

and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.

然后他们进化为星系，然后他们变成更大的星系

And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.

在这其中某个时刻，我们的太阳系开始成型

And it's maturing up to the present time.

渐渐地到了现代

And there's some spectacular things.

然后发生了一些壮观的事情

And this wastebasket part, that's to represent

然后这个废纸篓一样的部分，就是现在

what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.

那个时候这部分的时候结构是什么样的

And so this is a pretty weird model, right?

所以这个是很奇怪的一个模型，是吧？

What kind of evidence do we have for that?

我们有什么证据能证明那些呢？

So let me show you some of nature's patterns

让我来给你们看看一些自然的模式

that are the result of this.

就是这个产生的

I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,

我一直认为时空就是空间的产物

and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.

星系和恒星就像是大海上的泡泡

It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.

就是那些东西标注出了水波在什么地方等等

So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.

这里是史隆數位巡天调查报告所展示的上百万的星系

So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.

每个星系都有一个小点代替

They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,

他们出去拿望远镜对准天空，拍一张图片

identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,

找出里面都有什么星星然后扔掉，然后再观察星系

estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.

估计他们离我们有多远，然后把它们分区画好

And just put radially they're going out that way.

然后呈放射状地把他们放好

And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,

然后你就看到了这样的结构，我们管这个叫长城

but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out

但是这中间有空洞什么的东西，他们都比较暗

because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.

那是因为天文望远镜没有那么高的敏感度

Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.

现在我用三维的方式给你们展示一下

What happens is, you take pictures

你拍了照片

as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.

地球在旋转，所以你就得到了天空中的一个扇形

There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,

有一些地方你是看不到的，因为那是我们自己的星系

or because there are no telescopes available to do it.

或者是那些地方天文望远镜根本没办法看到

So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.

所以下一个图片就给你展示了这个在三维空间中的旋转

Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?

你们看到天空中这个扇子一像样的扫描区了么？

Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,

记着，每个点都是一个星系，你们看到星系

you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.

就是我们的那些邻居，你可以看出大概的结构来

And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,

然后你就看到了我们所谓的长城

and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.

你看到了这个复杂的结构，还有中间的空洞

There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places

有些地方就是挤满了星系

where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.

但是有些地方什么都没有

So there's an interesting pattern,

所以这是个很有趣的模式

but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.

但是我们的数据还不够多因此还看不到整个的模式是什么样的

We only have a million galaxies, right?

我们只有几百万个星系，对吧？

So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air

所以我们就像在空中放了一百万个球

but, what's going on?

但是，这有什么用呢？

There's another survey which is very similar to this,

还有一个和这个相近的调查

called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.

叫做2度視場星系紅移巡天

Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.

现在我们就在里面看看

And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --

每当遇到一个星系 - 在它在位置上有一个星系

and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,

如果我们对那个星系了解些什么的话，我们很了解

because there's a redshift measurement and everything,

因为我们有红移测量和别的手段

you put in the type of galaxy and the color,

你就记录下来星系的类型和颜色

so this is the real representation.

所以这就是真实的表示法

And when you're in the middle of the galaxies

当你处在星系中间的时候

it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.

你就很难看到模式，就像你在生命的中间一样

It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,

或者你在观众的中间就看不到观众的模式

it's hard to see the pattern of this.

所以你很难看到他的模式

So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.

所以我么年还要走出来，回过头来再看看这些东西

And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,

首先你能看到的是巡天的结构

and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies

然后你就开始看到星系的结构

that we see out there.

就是我们看到的那些

So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.

所以，再次说明，你在这儿可以看到长城的延伸

But you can see the voids,

但是你也能看到空洞

you can see the complicated structure, and you say,

你能看到这个复杂的结构，然后你就会问

well, how did this happen?

这各怎么回事？

Suppose you're the cosmic designer.

如果说你是宇宙的设计师

How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?

你为什么就把星系设计成这个样子了呢？

It's not just throwing them out at random.

这个显然不是随随便便扔出去就算了的

There's a more complicated process going on here.

这儿肯定有一个很复杂的过程

How are you going to end up doing that?

你干吗要那么做呢？

And so now we're in for some serious play.

所以我们下面要认真一点了

That is, we have to seriously play God,

就是说，我们要真正地扮演一次上帝

not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.

不是改变人们的命运，而是创造宇宙

So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?

如果那个是你的责任的话，你会怎么做呢？

What's the kind of technique?

你会用到什么技术？

What's the kind of thing you're going to do?

你要做哪些事情呢？

So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation

下面我给大家看一些非常大范围的模拟实验的结果

of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,

就是我们认为宇宙因该是什么样子的，用一些

some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,

简单的原理和设计原理

you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,

就是那些人类学了很久才学会的

but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.

但是很显然大自然一开始就知道怎么做

And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients

就是，你开始有很简单的原料

and some simple rules,

一些简单的规则

but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.

但是你需要足够多的原料来使得它变得复杂

And then you put in some randomness,

然后你放入一些随机数

some fluctuations and some randomness,

一些波动和随机事件

and realize a whole bunch of different representations.

然后就得到了一些完全不同的实现

So what I'm going to do is show you

所以我给大家展示的是

the distribution of matter as a function of scales.

以尺度为公式的物质散布规则

We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.

我们放大来看，这只是其中的一小部分

And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.

我们还需要加一些东西才能让宇宙正常地产生

It's called dark matter.

叫做暗物质的东西

That is matter that doesn't interact with light

那些物质不和光反应

the typical way that ordinary matter does,

不像通常的物质那样

the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.

就像我站在舞台上，有灯光打在我身上

It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,

暗物质对于光是透明的，但是为了让大家看到它

we're going to make it white. OK?

我们得把它弄成白色，好么？

So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.

所以图片里面的白色东西就是暗物质

It should be called invisible matter,

它应该被叫做看不见物质

but the dark matter we've made visible.

但是暗物质让我们变得能看见了

And the stuff that is in the yellow color,

那些标成黄色的东西

that is the ordinary kind of matter that's turned into stars and galaxies.

那些是普通的物质，最后变成了恒星和星系

So I'll show you the next movie.

然后我给你们看看下一个影片

So this -- we're going to zoom in.

就是这个，我们放大看看

Notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern.

注意看这个模式，还有这个

We're going to zoom in and zoom in.

我们将会不断地放大

And you'll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids.

你们就会看到这些遍布的纤维状的的东西，还有这些特殊的结构和空洞

And when a number of filaments come together in a knot,

当很多的纤维状物质聚到一起成为一个结的时候

that makes a supercluster of galaxies.

那就形成了超星系团

This one we're zooming in on

我们放大来看的这个

is somewhere between 100,000 and a million galaxies in that small region.

那片小的区域里面聚集了大约十万到一百万个星系

So we live in the boonies.

所以说我们居住的地方是很遥远的

We don't live in the center of the solar system,

我们并没有住在太阳系的中心

we don't live in the center of the galaxy

我们也不住在银河系的中心

and our galaxy's not in the center of the cluster.

我们的银河系也不在那个星系团的中心

So we're zooming in.

所以我们再放大

This is a region which probably has more than 100,000,

这个区域大约有超过十万个

on the order of a million galaxies in that region.

大约是一百万个星系

We're going to keep zooming in. OK.

我们要继续放大，好了

And so I forgot to tell you the scale.

我忘记告诉你们这个规模了

A parsec is 3.26 light years.

一个秒差距是3.26光年

So a gigaparsec is three billion light years -- that's the scale.

十亿秒差距就是三十亿光年 - 就是这个规模

So it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance.

所以光需要三十亿年来穿越那个距离

Now we're into a distance sort of between here and here.

所以我们看到的距离大约就是从这儿到这儿

That's the distance between us and Andromeda, right?

就是从我们到仙女座的距离

These little specks that you're seeing in here, they're galaxies.

这里小小的灰尘一样的东西，他们都是星系

Now we're going to zoom back out,

现在我们缩小来看

and you can see this structure that,

你就能看到这个结构实际上

when we get very far out, looks very regular,

当我们离得比较远的时候，看上去就很规则

but it's made up of a lot of irregular variations.

但是它是由很多的不规则的变化组成的

So they're simple building blocks.

所以他们都是最简单的建筑材料

There's a very simple fluid to begin with.

这儿有一个最简单的流体，我们可以从这儿开始

It's got dark matter, it's got ordinary matter,

里面有暗物质，还有正常的物质

it's got photons and it's got neutrinos,

里面有中子也有光子

which don't play much role in the later part of the universe.

那些在宇宙的后期不起什么作用的

And it's just a simple fluid and it, over time,

这些就是一些简单的流质，随着时间的推移

develops into this complicated structure.

他们开始形成复杂的结构

And so you know when you first saw this picture,

所以你就知道你刚开始看到这幅图片的时候

it didn't mean quite so much to you.

它看上去比较没什么意义

Here you're looking across one percent of the volume of the visible universe

你们看到的只是可见宇宙的百分之一的部分

and you're seeing billions of galaxies, right, and nodes,

你就能看到上十亿的星系，还有各种节点

but you realize they're not even the main structure.

但是你要意识到他们都不是主要的结构

There's a framework, which is the dark matter, the invisible matter,

这儿有一个框架，就是暗物质，那些看不到的物质

that's out there that's actually holding it all together.

就是他们把那些东西粘合在一起的

So let's fly through it, and you can see how much harder it is

所以我们再来看看，你就能看到它多困难了

when you're in the middle of something to figure this out.

当你站在事物的中间想要能明白它的时候

So here's that same end result.

就是那些一样的结果

You see a filament,

你看到就是纤维

you see the light is the invisible matter,

亮的地方就是不可见物质

and the yellow is the stars or the galaxies showing up.

黄色的是中间的恒星和星系

And we're going to fly around, and we'll fly around,

我们要到处看看，不得不这么做

and you'll see occasionally a couple of filaments intersect,

你会看到偶尔有纤维会纠缠在一起

and you get a large cluster of galaxies.

你会看到一大团的星系

And then we'll fly in to where the very large cluster is,

现在我们就要看看最大的那团

and you can see what it looks like.

你们就知道它看上去像什么样子了

And so from inside, it doesn't look very complicated, right?

所以从里面看上去，它并不复杂，对吧？

It's only when you look at it at a very large scale,

只有你从大规模的范围内观察

and explore it and so forth, you realize it's a very intricate,

你才会意识到它实际上是一个错综复杂

complicated kind of a design, right?

非常庞大的设计，对吧？

And it's grown up in some kind of way.

它还以某种方式发展着

So the question is,

问题就来了

how hard would it be to assemble this, right?

要组装起它来得多难啊？

How big a contractor team would you need

你需要多大的一个施工队

to put this universe together, right?

才能把整个宇宙组装在一起？

That's the issue, right?

这确是是个问题，对吧？

And so here we are.

所以我们要参与进来

You see how the filament --

你们看到这些细纤维

you see how several filaments are coming together,

他们是怎么结合到一起的

therefore making this supercluster of galaxies.

然后形成了星系的超星系团

And you have to understand, this is not how it would actually look

你们也要明白，这不是它的本来面目

if you -- first, you can't travel this fast,

如果你，当然你不可能跑这么快

everything would be distorted,

否则一切都将不存在了

but this is using simple rendering and graphic arts kind of stuff.

但是我们用这个简单的图像渲染技术

This is how, if you took billions of years to go around,

这就是你如果花几十亿年将看到的样子

it might look to you, right?

对吧？

And if you could see invisible matter, too.

如果你还能看到暗物质

And so the idea is, you know, how would you put together the universe

主要的意思就是，你如何用一种简单的方式

in a very simple way?

组织整个宇宙

We're going to start and realize that the entire visible universe,

我们将要开始认识整个可见宇宙

everything we can see in every direction with the Hubble Space Telescope

用哈勃空间望远镜和别的仪器来观察我们能看到的

plus our other instruments,

每个角落

was once in a region that was smaller than an atom.

而这些一切曾经比一个原子还要小

It started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations,

一切从一系列的量子波动开始

but expanding at a tremendous rate.

但是它以极其迅速的速度扩张

And those fluctuations

那些波动

were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations

最终变得非常非常大，最终

eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.

它们变成了我们所见到的微波背景

And then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies

然后我们需要用到一些手段来把波动转变成星系

and clusters of galaxies and make these kinds of structures go on.

还有星系的集群然后才能让这样的构造继续下去

So I'm going to show you a smaller simulation.

下面我们来看一个小的模拟

This simulation was run on 1,000 processors for a month

这个模拟在1000个处理器上运行了一个月

in order to make just this simple visible one.

我们才能看到这么一个简单的模型

So I'm going to show you one

再下来我们要看到的图片是可以用

that can be run on a desktop in two days in the next picture.

桌面电脑运行两天就能计算出来的

So you start out with teeny fluctuations

从简单的小波动开始

when the universe was at this point,

宇宙在这时候

now four times smaller, and so forth.

大概是现在的四分之一左右

And you start seeing these networks, this cosmic web of structure forming.

你们看到的这些网络，就是宇宙的结构开始成型

And this is a simple one, because it doesn't have the ordinary matter

这是一个比较简单的，里面没有可见物质

and it just has the dark matter in it.

全部是暗物质

And you see how the dark matter lumps up,

你可以看到这些暗物质是怎么聚集在一起的

and the ordinary matter just trails along behind.

可见物质紧随其后

So there it is.

就是这样了

At the beginning it's very uniform.

最开始的时候一切都很一致

The fluctuations are a part in 100,000.

波动出现的比率是十万分之一

There are a few peaks that are a part in 10,000,

有时候高峰的时候可能是万分之一

and then over billions of years, gravity just pulls in.

再过了几十亿年，引力开始出现

This is light over density, pulls the material around in.

由于密度，周围的物质开始凝聚

That pulls in more material and pulls in more material.

不断地凝聚

But the distances on the universe are so large

但是宇宙间的距离太大

and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form.

时间广度也很大所以这个过程花了很长时间

And it keeps forming until the universe is roughly about half the size it is now,

这个过程一致持续到整个宇宙大概是现在一半大小的时候

in terms of its expansion.

就是在膨胀的时候

And at that point, the universe mysteriously starts accelerating

在这个时候，宇宙突然很神秘地加速膨胀

its expansion and cuts off the formation of larger-scale structure.

因此更大规模的结构不再形成

So we're just seeing as large a scale structure as we can see,

所以我们现在能看到的就是最大的

and then only things that have started forming already

一切已经开始成型的

are going to form, and then from then on it's going to go on.

才能继续它的过程

So we're able to do the simulation, but this is two days on a desktop.

我们接下来要开始这个模拟过程，但是需要耗时两天

We need, you know, 30 days on 1,000 processors

正如大家所知，我们需要1000个处理器运行30天才能得出刚才

to do the kind of simulation that I showed you before.

我给大家看的模拟结果

So we have an idea of how to play seriously, creating the universe

所以我有一个制造宇宙的主意

by starting with essentially less than an eyedrop full of material,

我们只用大概一滴水那么多的物质

and we create everything we can see in any direction, right,

来创造我们能看到的所有一切

from almost nothing -- that is, something extremely tiny,

从什么都没有 － 其实是一个非常小

extremely small -- and it is almost perfect,

非常小的物质开始

except it has these tiny fluctuations at a part in 100,000 level,

它中间会产生大概十万分之一的波动

which turn out to produce the interesting patterns and designs we see,

然后它就会生成我们所看到的这些有趣的图案和设计

that is, galaxies and stars and so forth.

就是星系和恒星之类的

So we have a model, and we can calculate it, and we can use it

我们有了一个模型，我们可以计算，可以用它

to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like.

来设计我们希望的宇宙的样子

And that design is sort of way beyond

这个设计可能是

what our original imagination ever was.

远远超出我们开始的想像的

So this is what we started with 15 years ago,

这就是我们15年前所开始的

with the Cosmic Background Explorer -- made the map on the upper right,

用宇宙背景探测者绘制的地图

which basically showed us that there were large-scale fluctuations,

这就给我们显示了大规模波动的存在

and actually fluctuations on several scales. You can kind of see that.

实际上是不同规模的波动的存在。 你们能够看到一些

Since then we've had WMAP,

我们也有WMAP(威尔金森微波各向异性探测器)

which just gives us higher angular resolution.

使得我们能或获得更高的角分辨度

We see the same large-scale structure,

我们看得到相同的大规模结构

but we see additional small-scale structure.

我们也看到了一些额外的小规模结构

And on the bottom right is if the satellite had flipped upside down

右下角是一张如果把卫星上下颠倒

and mapped the Earth, what kind of a map we would have got of the Earth.

以后拍下来的地球的地图

You can see, well, you can, kind of pick out

你能看到，甚至大概

all the major continents, but that's about it.

辨认出主要的大洲

But what we're hoping when we get to Planck, we'll have resolution

但是我们希望等我们拿到Planck的时候

about equivalent to the resolution you see of the Earth there,

我们能得到的解析度是你们从另外一张图上能看到的

where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the Earth.

你从中间可以看到地球上各种复杂的图案

And you can also tell, because of the sharp edges

你还可以根据那些边缘辨认出

and the way things fit together, there are some non-linear processes.

还有它们的组合辨认出有一些非线性的过程

Geology has these effects,

地理学中有这些效应

which is moving the plates around and so forth.

就是地球板块漂移之类的

You can see that just from the map alone.

你可以从地图上就辨认出来

We want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe

我们想从我们的地图上看出最早的宇宙来

we can see whether there are any non-linear effects

我们想知道是不是有任何的非线性效应

that are starting to move, to modify, and are giving us a hint about how

能给我们一些关于时空移动，变化

space-time itself was actually created at the beginning moments.

甚至是如何创造的提示

So that's where we are today,

这就是我们现在的成果

and that's what I wanted to give you a flavor of.

这就是我想让大家知道的

Give you a different view about what the design

给大家一个设计上的不同的视点

and what everything else looks like.

还有别的东西是什么样的

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

(掌声)