Can we edit memories? | Amy Milton

Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martínez

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

Memory is such an everyday thing that we almost take it for granted.

Sećanje je toliko svakidašnja stvar da ga skoro uzimamo zdravo za gotovo.

We all remember what we had for breakfast this morning

Svi se sećamo šta smo imali jutros za doručak

or what we did last weekend.

ili šta smo radili prošlog vikenda.

It's only when memory starts to fail

Tek kad nas sećanje počne da izdaje

that we appreciate just how amazing it is

cenimo koliko je neverovatno

and how much we allow our past experiences to define us.

i koliko dozvoljavamo prošlim iskustvima da nas određuju.

But memory is not always a good thing.

Međutim, sećanje nije uvek dobro.

As the American poet and clergyman John Lancaster Spalding once said,

Kao što je američki pesnik i sveštenik Džon Lankaster Spalding jednom rekao:

"As memory may be a paradise from which we cannot be driven,

„Sećanje možda jeste raj iz kog nam nema progona,

it may also be a hell from which we cannot escape."

ali ono može da bude i pakao iz kog nam nema bekstva.”

Many of us experience chapters of our lives

Mnogi od nas u životu dožive poglavlja

that we would prefer to never have happened.

koja bismo voleli da se nikad nisu desila.

It is estimated that nearly 90 percent of us

Procenjuje se da će skoro 90 procenata nas

will experience some sort of traumatic event during our lifetimes.

da doživi neki vid traumatičnog događaja tokom života.

Many of us will suffer acutely following these events and then recover,

Mnogi od nas će snažno da pate nakon ovih događaja i oporave se,

maybe even become better people because of those experiences.

možda čak i da postanu bolji ljudi zbog tih iskustava.

But some events are so extreme that many --

Međutim, neki događaji su toliko ekstremni da će kod mnogih -

up to half of those who survive sexual violence, for example --

skoro polovine onih koji prežive seksualno nasilje, na primer -

will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder,

da se razvije posttraumatski stresni poremećaj,

or PTSD.

tj. PTSP.

PTSD is a debilitating mental health condition

PTSP je iscrpljujuće mentalno stanje

characterized by symptoms such as intense fear and anxiety

koga karakterišu simptomi poput snažnog straha i anksioznosti,

and flashbacks of the traumatic event.

kao i flešbekovi traumatičnog događaja.

These symptoms have a huge impact on a person's quality of life

Ovi simptomi imaju ogroman uticaj na kvalitet života osobe

and are often triggered by particular situations

i često ih izazivaju određene situacije

or cues in that person's environment.

ili nadražaji iz okruženja te osobe.

The responses to those cues may have been adaptive when they were first learned --

Reakcije na te nadražaje su možda bile adaptivne kada su prvi put stečene -

fear and diving for cover in a war zone, for example --

strah i beg u zaklon u ratnoj zoni, na primer -

but in PTSD,

ali kod PTSP-a,

they continue to control behavior when it's no longer appropriate.

nastavljaju da upravljaju ponašanjem i kad više nisu odgovarajuća.

If a combat veteran returns home and is diving for cover

Ukoliko se ratni veteran vrati kući i beži u zaklon

when he or she hears a car backfiring

kada čuje pucanje iz auspuha automobila

or can't leave their own home because of intense anxiety,

ili ne može da napusti kuću zbog snažnog osećaja anksioznosti,

then the responses to those cues, those memories,

onda su reakcije na te nadražaje, ta sećanja

have become what we would refer to as maladaptive.

postale nešto što označavamo kao maladaptacije.

In this way, we can think of PTSD as being a disorder of maladaptive memory.

S tim u vezi, možemo da mislimo o PTSP-u kao poremećaju maladaptivnog sećanja.

Now, I should stop myself here,

Trebalo bi da se zaustavim ovde

because I'm talking about memory as if it's a single thing.

jer govorim o sećanju kao da je jedinstvena stvar.

It isn't.

Nije.

There are many different types of memory,

Postoje razni različiti vidovi sećanja,

and these depend upon different circuits and regions within the brain.

a oni zavise od različitih mreža i oblasti unutar mozga.

As you can see, there are two major distinctions in our types of memory.

Kao što vidite, postoje dve značajne podele naših vidova sećanja.

There are those memories that we're consciously aware of,

Postoje sećanja kojih smo svesni,

gde znamo da znamo

where we know we know

and that we can pass on in words.

i koja možemo da iskažemo rečima.

This would include memories for facts and events.

Ona uključuju sećanja na činjenice i događaje.

Because we can declare these memories,

Pošto možemo da iskažemo ova sećanja,

we refer to these as declarative memories.

označavamo ih kao deklarativna sećanja.

The other type of memory is non-declarative.

Drugi vid sećanja je nedeklarativni.

These are memories where we often don't have conscious access

To su sećanja gde često nemamo svestan pristup

to the content of those memories

sadržaju tih sećanja

and that we can't pass on in words.

i koja ne možemo da iskažemo rečima.

The classic example of a non-declarative memory

Klasični primer nedeklarativnog sećanja

is the motor skill for riding a bike.

je motorna veština vožnje bicikla.

Now, this being Cambridge, the odds are that you can ride a bike.

Kako je ovo Kembridž, verovatno znate da vozite bicikl.

You know what you're doing on two wheels.

Znate šta radite na dva točka.

But if I asked you to write me a list of instructions

Međutim, ukoliko bih vam zatražila da mi napišete spisak uputstava

that would teach me how to ride a bike,

koja bi me podučila vožnji bicikla -

as my four-year-old son did when we bought him a bike

moj četvorogodišnji sin mi je to tražio dobivši bicikl

for his last birthday,

za prošli rođendan -

you would really struggle to do that.

mučili biste se da to učinite.

How should you sit on the bike so you're balanced?

Kako da sedite na biciklu i održavate ravnotežu?

How fast do you need to pedal so you're stable?

Koliko brzo treba da okrećete pedale da biste bili stabilni?

If a gust of wind comes at you,

Pri udaru vetra,

which muscles should you tense and by how much

koje mišiće morate da stegnete i koliko jako

so that you don't get blown off?

kako vas ne bi oborio?

I'll be staggered if you can give the answers to those questions.

Bila bih zapanjena ukoliko biste odgovorili na ova pitanja.

But if you can ride a bike, you do have the answers,

Međutim, ako znate da vozite bicikl, znate odgovore,

you're just not consciously aware of them.

samo što ih niste svesni.

Getting back to PTSD,

Da se vratimo na PTSP.

another type of non-declarative memory

Drugi vid nedeklarativnog sećanja

is emotional memory.

je emocionalno sećanje.

Now, this has a specific meaning in psychology

Sad, ono ima naročito značenje u psihologiji

and refers to our ability to learn about cues in our environment

i odnosi se na našu sposobnost da učimo o nadražajima iz našeg okruženja

and their emotional and motivational significance.

kao i o njihovom emocionalnom i motivacionom značaju.

What do I mean by that?

Šta podrazumevam pod tim?

Well, think of a cue like the smell of baking bread,

Razmislite o nadražaju kao što je miris ispečenog hleba

or a more abstract cue like a 20-pound note.

ili apstraktnijem nadražaju poput novčanice od 20 funti.

Because these cues have been pegged with good things in the past,

Zato što za te nadražaje vezujemo dobre stvari iz prošlosti,

we like them and we approach them.

sviđaju nam se i prilazimo im.

Other cues, like the buzzing of a wasp, elicit very negative emotions

Drugi nadražaji, poput zujanja ose, izazivaju veoma negativne emocije

and quite dramatic avoidance behavior in some people.

i kod nekih ljudi prilično dramatične pokrete izbegavanja.

Now, I hate wasps.

Sad, ja mrzim ose.

I can tell you that fact.

To vam zasigurno mogu reći.

But what I can't give you are the non-declarative emotional memories

Međutim, ne mogu da vam prenesem nedeklarativna emocionalna sećanja

for how I react when there's a wasp nearby.

o tome kako reagujem kada je osa u blizini.

I can't give you the racing heart,

Ne mogu da vam prenesem lupanje srca,

the sweaty palms, that sense of rising panic.

znojave dlanove, osećaj nadiruće panike.

I can describe them to you,

Mogu da vam ih opišem,

but I can't give them to you.

ali ne mogu da vam ih prenesem.

Now, importantly, from the perspective of PTSD,

Što je još značajnije iz perspektive PTSP-a,

stress has very different effects on declarative and non-declarative memories

stres ima veoma različit uticaj na deklarativna i nedeklarativna sećanja,

and the brain circuits and regions supporting them.

kao i na mreže u mozgu i oblasti koje ih podržavaju.

Emotional memory is supported by a small almond-shaped structure

Emocionalno sećanje podržava malena bademasta struktura

called the amygdala

koja se naziva amigdala,

and its connections.

kao i njene veze.

Declarative memory, especially the what, where and when of event memory,

Deklarativno sećanje, naročito šta, gde i kada događaja iz sećanja

is supported by a seahorse-shaped region of the brain

podržava oblast mozga u obliku morskog konjica

called the hippocampus.

koja se naziva hipokampus.

The extreme levels of stress experienced during trauma

Ekstremni nivoi stresa koji se iskuse tokom traume

have very different effects on these two structures.

imaju vrlo različit uticaj na ove dve strukture.

As you can see, as you increase a person's level of stress

Kao što možete da vidite, kako povećavate nivo stresa kod osobe

from not stressful to slightly stressful,

od nestresnog do blago stresnog,

the hippocampus,

hipokampus

acting to support the event memory,

koji podržava sećanje na događaj

increases in its activity

pojačava svoju aktivnost

and works better to support the storage of that declarative memory.

i postaje efikasniji u pohranjivanju tog deklarativnog sećanja.

But as you increase to moderately stressful, intensely stressful

No kako pojačavate do umereno stresnog, intenzivno stresnog,

and then extremely stressful, as would be found in trauma,

a onda ekstremno stresnog, kao što zatičemo kod traume,

the hippocampus effectively shuts down.

hipokampus se u suštini gasi.

This means that under the high levels of stress hormones

To znači da pri visokim nivoima hormona stresa

that are experienced during trauma,

koji se doživljavaju tokom traume,

we are not storing the details,

mi ne pohranjujemo detalje,

the specific details of what, where and when.

naročite detalje šta, gde i kada.

Now, while stress is doing that to the hippocampus,

Sad, dok stres to radi hipokampusu,

look at what it does to the amygdala,

pogledajte šta radi amigdali,

that structure important for the emotional, non-declarative memory.

strukturi koja je važna za emocionalno, nedeklarativno sećanje.

Its activity gets stronger and stronger.

Njena aktivnost postaje sve jača.

So what this leaves us with in PTSD

Stoga nam kod PTSP-a ostaje

is an overly strong emotional -- in this case fear -- memory

preterano snažno emocionalno sećanje - u ovom slučaju na strah -

that is not tied to a specific time or place,

koje nije vezano za određeno vreme ili mesto

because the hippocampus is not storing what, where and when.

jer hipokampus ne pohranjuje šta, gde i kada.

In this way, these cues can control behavior

Na taj način, ovi nadražaji mogu da kontrolišu ponašanje

when it's no longer appropriate,

kada ono više nije prikladno,

and that's how they become maladaptive.

i na taj način nastaju maladaptivna sećanja.

So if we know that PTSD is due to maladaptive memories,

Ako znamo da je PTSP posledica maladaptivnih sećanja,

can we use that knowledge to improve treatment outcomes

možemo li da koristimo to znanje da unapredimo ishode lečenja

for patients with PTSD?

kod pacijenata sa PTSP-om?

A radical new approach being developed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder

Radikalno novi pristup koji se razvija za lečenje posttraumatskog stresnog promećaja

aims to destroy those maladaptive emotional memories

cilja da uništi ta maladaptivna emocionalna sećanja

that underlie the disorder.

koja su u srži poremećaja.

This approach has only been considered a possibility

Ovaj pristup se jedino razmatra kao mogućnost

because of the profound changes in our understanding of memory

zbog suštinskih promena u našem razumevanju sećanja

in recent years.

u proteklim godinama.

Traditionally, it was thought that making a memory

Tradicionalno se smatralo da su sećanja

was like writing in a notebook in pen:

poput ispisivanja nalivperom po svesci:

once the ink had dried, you couldn't change the information.

jednom kad se mastilo osuši, ne možete da izmenite informaciju.

It was thought that all those structural changes

Smatrano je da su sve strukturalne promene

that happen in the brain to support the storage of memory

koje se dešavaju u mozgu tokom pohranjivanja sećanja

were finished within about six hours,

završene otpilike u roku od šest sati,

and after that, they were permanent.

a nakon toga, trajno ostaju.

This is known as the consolidation view.

Ovo je poznato kao stanovište o konsolidaciji.

However, more recent research suggests that making a memory

Međutim, skorašnja istraživanja nagoveštavaju da su sećanja

is actually more like writing in a word processor.

zapravo više nalik pisanju u programu za obradu teksta.

We initially make the memory and then we save it or store it.

Prvobitno steknemo sećanje i potom ga sačuvamo ili pohranimo.

But under the right conditions, we can edit that memory.

Međutim, pod odgovarajućim uslovima, možemo da redigujemo to sećanje.

This reconsolidation view suggests that those structural changes

Stanovište rekonsolidacije nagoveštava da strukturalne promene

that happen in the brain to support memory

koje se dešavaju u mozgu kao podrška sećanju

can be undone,

mogu da se izbrišu,

even for old memories.

čak i kod starih sećanja.

Now, this editing process isn't happening all the time.

Sad, ovaj proces redigovanja se ne dešava uvek.

It only happens under very specific conditions

Dešava se samo pod naročitim uslovima

of memory retrieval.

vraćanja sećanja.

So let's consider memory retrieval as being recalling the memory

Zato razmotrimo vraćanje sećanja kao opozivanje sećanja

or, like, opening the file.

ili kao otvaranje fajla.

Quite often, we are simply retrieving the memory.

Počesto, mi prosto vraćamo sećanja.

We're opening the file as read-only.

Otvaramo fajl kao neizmenjiv.

But under the right conditions,

Međutim, pod odgovarajućim uslovima,

we can open that file in edit mode,

možemo da otvorimo fajl u režimu za redigovanja,

and then we can change the information.

i potom izmenimo informaciju.

In theory, we could delete the content of that file,

U teoriji, možemo da izbrišemo sadržaj fajla

and when we press save,

i kada pritisnemo opciju za čuvanje,

that is how the file -- the memory --

na taj način fajl - sećanje -

persists.

opstaje.

Not only does this reconsolidation view

Ne samo da nam ovo rekonsolidacijsko stanovište

allow us to account for some of the quirks of memory,

dozvoljava da objasnimo neke od začkoljica sećanja,

like how we all sometimes misremember the past,

poput toga da svi ponekad pogrešno upamtimo prošlost,

it also gives us a way to destroy those maladaptive fear memories

već nam i pruža način da uništimo maladaptivna sećanja na strah

that underlie PTSD.

koja su u srži PTSP-a.

All we would need would be two things:

Potrebne bi nam bile samo dve stvari:

a way of making the memory unstable -- opening that file in edit mode --

način da sećanje ućinimo nestabilnim - otvaranje fajla u režimu za redigovanje -

and a way to delete the information.

i način da izbrišemo informaciju.

We've made the most progress

Najviše smo napredovali

with working out how to delete the information.

u otkrivanju kako da izbrišemo informaciju.

It was found fairly early on

Prilično rano je otkriveno

that a drug widely prescribed to control blood pressure in humans --

da bi naširoko prepisivani lek koji kontroliše krvni pritisak kod ljudi -

a beta-blocker called Propranolol --

betabloker pod nazivom propranolol -

could be used to prevent the reconsolidation

mogao da se koristi u sprečavanju rekonsolidacije

of fear memories in rats.

sećanja na strah kod pacova.

If Propranolol was given while the memory was in edit mode,

Ukoliko dobiju propranolol dok su im sećanja u režimu za redigovanje,

rats behaved as if they were no longer afraid of a frightening trigger cue.

pacovi se ponašaju kao da se više ne plaše zastrašujućeg okidajućeg nadražaja.

It was as if they had never learned to be afraid of that cue.

Činilo se kao da nikad nisu naučili da se plaše tog nadražaja.

And this was with a drug that was safe for use in humans.

A ovo je bilo u slučaju leka koji je bezbedan za ljudsku upotrebu.

Now, not long after that,

Sad, nedugo potom,

it was shown that Propranolol could destroy fear memories in humans as well,

pokazano je da propranolol može i kod ljudi da uništi sećanja na strah,

but critically, it only works if the memory is in edit mode.

ali isključivo deluje ako su sećanja u režimu za redigovanja.

Now, that study was with healthy human volunteers,

Istraživanje je obavljeno na zdravim ljudskim volonterima,

but it's important because it shows that the rat findings

ali je važno jer pokazuje da ono što je otkriveno za pacove

can be extended to humans and ultimately, to human patients.

može da se primeni na ljude i, naposletku, na ljudske pacijente.

And with humans,

A kod ljudi

you can test whether destroying the non-declarative emotional memory

možete da testirate da li uništavanje nedeklarativnog emocionalnog sećanja

does anything to the declarative event memory.

bilo kako utiče na deklaratvino sećanje na događaj.

And this is really interesting.

A ovo je uistinu zanimljivo.

Even though people who were given Propranolol

Iako se ljudi kojima je dat propranolol

while the memory was in edit mode

dok im je sećanje bilo u izmenljivom režimu

were no longer afraid of that frightening trigger cue,

više nisu plašili tog zastrašujućeg nadražaja,

they could still describe the relationship

i dalje su mogli da objasne vezu

between the cue and the frightening outcome.

između nadražaja i zastrašujućeg ishoda.

It was as if they knew they should be afraid,

Kao da su znali da bi trebalo da se plaše,

and yet they weren't.

ali se ipak nisu plašili.

This suggests that Propranolol can selectively target

Ovo nam nagoveštava da propranolol može selektivno da cilja

the non-declarative emotional memory

nedeklarativna emocionalna sećanja,

but leave the declarative event memory intact.

ali da deklarativna sećanja na događaj ostanu netaknuta.

But critically, Propranolol can only have any effect on the memory

Međutim, najvažnije je da propranolol može da utiče na sećanja

if it's in edit mode.

samo kada su u režimu za redigovanje.

So how do we make a memory unstable?

Dakle, kako da destabilizujemo sećanja?

How do we get it into edit mode?

Kako da dođemo do režima za redigovanje?

Well, my own lab has done quite a lot of work on this.

Moja laboratorija se bavila mnogo ovime.

We know that it depends on introducing some but not too much new information

Znamo da zavisi od uvođenja nekoliko, ali ne previše novih informacija

to be incorporated into the memory.

koje treba ugraditi u sećanje.

We know about the different chemicals the brain uses

Znamo za različite hemikalije koje mozak koristi

to signal that a memory should be updated

da signalizuje da bi sećanje trebalo ažurirati

and the file edited.

i redigovati fajl.

Now, our work is mostly in rats,

Mi uglavnom radimo sa pacovima,

but other labs have found the same factors allow memories to be edited in humans,

ali druge laboratorije su otkrile

da isti faktori omogućuju izmenu sećanja kod ljudi,

even maladaptive memories like those underlying PTSD.

čak i maladaptivnih sećanja poput onih koja su u srži PTSP-a.

In fact, a number of labs in several different countries

Zapravo, nekoliko laboratorija u nekoliko različitih država je započelo

have begun small-scale clinical trials of these memory-destroying treatments

klinička istraživanja manjeg obima ovih tretmana uništavanja sećanja

for PTSD

kod PTSP-a

and have found really promising results.

i otkrili su uistinu obećavajuće rezultate.

Now, these studies need replication on a larger scale,

Ova istraživanja zahtevaju replikaciju na većem nivou,

but they show the promise of these memory-destroying treatments

ali deluju obećavajuće za tretmane uništavanja sećanja

for PTSD.

kod PTSP-a.

Maybe trauma memories do not need to be the hell from which we cannot escape.

Možda traumatična sećanja ne moraju da budu pakao iz kog nam nema bekstva.

Now, although this memory-destroying approach holds great promise,

Iako pristup uništavanja sećanja deluje veoma obećavajuće,

that's not to say that it's straightforward

ne znači da je jednostavan i lišen kontroverze.

or without controversy.

Is it ethical to destroy memories?

Da li je etički uništavati sećanja?

What about things like eyewitness testimony?

Šta je sa stvarima poput svedočenja očevica?

What if you can't give someone Propranolol

Šta ako nekome ne možete da date propranolol

because it would interfere with other medicines that they're taking?

zbog uticaja na drugi lek koji ta osoba uzima?

Well, with respect to ethics and eyewitness testimony,

U slučaju etike kod svedočenja očevica,

I would say the important point to remember

rekla bih da je ključno zapamtiti

is the finding from that human study.

otkriće iz istraživanja na ljudima.

Because Propranolol is only acting on the non-declarative emotional memory,

Zato što propranolol jedino utiče na nedeklarativna emocionalna sećanja,

it seems unlikely that it would affect eyewitness testimony,

ne čini se verovatnim da bi uticao na svedočenje očevica,

which is based on declarative memory.

koje je zasnovano na deklarativnom sećanju.

Essentially, what these memory-destroying treatments

U suštini, ovi tretmani uništavanja sećanja ciljaju

are aiming to do

is to reduce the emotional memory,

da umanje emocionalno sećanje,

not get rid of the trauma memory altogether.

a ne na sveukupno brisanje traumatičnog sećanja.

This should make the responses of those with PTSD

Zbog ovoga bi reakcije osoba sa PTSP-om

more like those who have been through trauma

više ličile reakcijama onih koji su preživeli traumu

and not developed PTSD

i nisu razvili PTSP,

than people who have never experienced trauma in the first place.

nego reakcijama ljudi koji nikad nisu ni doživeli traumu.

I think that most people would find that more ethically acceptable

Mislim da će se mnogima ovo učiniti etički prihvatljivije

than a treatment that aimed to create some sort of spotless mind.

od tretmana koji bi ciljao na stvaranje nekakvog besprekornog uma.

What about Propranolol?

Šta je sa propranololom?

You can't give Propranolol to everyone,

Ne možete svakome da date propranolol,

and not everyone wants to take drugs to treat mental health conditions.

i ne želi svako da uzima lekove za lečenje mentalnih stanja.

Well, here Tetris could be useful.

Pa, tu bi tetris mogao da pomogne.

Yes, Tetris.

Da, tetris.

Working with clinical collaborators,

Radeći sa kliničkim saradnicima,

we've been looking at whether behavioral interventions

posmatrali smo da li bihejvioralne intervencije

can also interfere with the reconsolidation of memories.

mogu da posreduju i u slučaju ponovnog integrisanja sećanja.

Now, how would that work?

Kako bi to delovalo?

Well, we know that it's basically impossible

Dakle, znamo da je praktično nemoguće

to do two tasks at the same time

raditi dva zadatka istovremeno,

if they both depend on the same brain region for processing.

ukoliko se oba obrađuju u istoj oblasti u mozgu.

Think trying to sing along to the radio

Zamislite da pevušite uz radio

while you're trying to compose an email.

dok pokušavate da sastavite imejl.

The processing for one interferes with the other.

Obrada jednog se meša sa obradom drugog.

Well, it's the same when you retrieve a memory,

Isto je i kada vraćate sećanje, naročito u izmenjivom režimu.

especially in edit mode.

If we take a highly visual symptom like flashbacks in PTSD

Ukoliko uzmete krajnje vizuelan simptom, poput flešbekova kod PTSP-a,

and get people to recall the memory in edit mode

i navedete ljude da se prisete sećanja u izmenjivom režimu,

and then get them to do a highly engaging visual task

a potom ih navedete da obave krajnje angažovan vizuelni zadatak

like playing Tetris,

poput igranja tetrisa,

it should be possible to introduce so much interfering information

trebalo bi da je moguće uvesti taman toliko ometajućih informacija

into that memory

u to sećanje

that it essentially becomes meaningless.

da ono u suštini postane besmisleno.

That's the theory,

To je u teoriji

and it's supported by data from healthy human volunteers.

i potkrepljeno je podacima od zdravih ljudskih volontera.

Now, our volunteers watched highly unpleasant films --

Naši volonteri su gledali krajnje neprijatne filmove -

so, think eye surgery, road traffic safety adverts,

dakle, poput operacije na oku, reklama za sigurnost na putu,

Scorsese's "The Big Shave."

Skorsezeovo „Veliko brijanje”.

These trauma films produce something like flashbacks

Ovi traumatični filmovi uzrokuju nešto nalik flešbekovima

in healthy volunteers for about a week after viewing them.

kod zdravih volontera otprilike nedelju dana nakon gledanja.

We found that getting people to recall those memories,

Otkrili smo da je navođenje ljudi da se prisete tih sećanja,

the worst moments of those unpleasant films,

najgorih trenutaka iz tih neprijatnih filmova,

and playing Tetris at the same time,

uz istovremeno igranje tetrisa,

massively reduced the frequency of the flashbacks.

uveliko umanjilo učestalost flešbekova.

And again: the memory had to be in edit mode for that to work.

Ponavljam, sećanje mora da bude u izmenjivom režimu da bi to delovalo.

Now, my collaborators have since taken this to clinical populations.

Moji saradnici su u međuvremenu ovo preneli na kliničku populaciju.

They've tested this in survivors of road traffic accidents

Testirali su ovo kod osoba koje su preživele saobraćajne nesreće

and mothers who've had emergency Caesarean sections,

i kod majki koje su imale hitni carski rez,

both types of trauma that frequently lead to PTSD,

što su dva vida traume koja često vode do PTSP-a,

and they found really promising reductions in symptoms

a otkrili su uistinu obećavajuća ublažavanja simptoma

in both of those clinical cases.

u oba ova klinička slučaja.

So although there is still much to learn and procedures to optimize,

Iako ima još mnogo da se nauči i procedure moraju da se usavrše,

these memory-destroying treatments hold great promise

ovi tretmani uništavanja sećanja deluju obećavajuće

for the treatment of mental health disorders

u lečenju mentalnih poremećaja

like PTSD.

poput PTSP-a.

Maybe trauma memories do not need to be a hell from which we cannot escape.

Možda traumatična sećanja ne moraju da budu pakao iz kog nam nema bekstva.

I believe that this approach

Verujem da bi ovaj pristup

should allow those who want to

trebalo da omogući osobama koje to žele

da u životu okrenu novi list u poglavljima

to turn the page on chapters of their lives

that they would prefer to never have experienced,

za koja bi voleli da ih nikad nisu iskusili

and so improve our mental health.

i da ćemo time unaprediti naše mentalno zdravlje.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)