Can we edit memories? | Amy Milton

131,789 views ・ 2020-06-14

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille MartΓ­nez
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λ²ˆμ—­: YoonJu Mangione κ²€ν† : Hyun Sun Ahn(μ•ˆν˜„μ„ )
00:12
Memory is such an everyday thing that we almost take it for granted.
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κΈ°μ–΅μ΄λž€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŠ˜μƒ ν•˜λŠ” 거라 우린 이λ₯Ό λ‹Ήμ—°μ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
We all remember what we had for breakfast this morning
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였늘 아침에 뭘 λ¨Ήμ—ˆκ³ 
00:20
or what we did last weekend.
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μ €λ²ˆμ£Ό 주말엔 무엇을 ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ λ‹€λ“€ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κ³  있죠.
00:21
It's only when memory starts to fail
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κΈ°μ–΅λ ₯이 감퇴해야 λΉ„λ‘œμ†Œ
00:23
that we appreciate just how amazing it is
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기얡이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 경이둜운 λŠ₯λ ₯인지,
00:26
and how much we allow our past experiences to define us.
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λ˜ν•œ κΈ°μ–΅ 속 과거의 κ²½ν—˜μ΄ λ‚˜λ₯Ό 잘 μ„€λͺ…ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
But memory is not always a good thing.
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  기얡이 늘 쒋은 κ²ƒλ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
As the American poet and clergyman John Lancaster Spalding once said,
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미ꡭ의 μ‹œμΈ κ²Έ μ„±μ§μžμ˜€λ˜ μ‘΄ λž­μΊμŠ€ν„° μŠ€νŒ°λ”©μ€
00:38
"As memory may be a paradise from which we cannot be driven,
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"기얡은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ– λ‚˜κΈ° 싫은 천ꡭ이 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:42
it may also be a hell from which we cannot escape."
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λ²—μ–΄λ‚  수 μ—†λŠ” 지μ˜₯이 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€" λΌλŠ” 말을 남겼죠.
00:46
Many of us experience chapters of our lives
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우리 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” μΈμƒμ—μ„œ 제발 λ‚˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ—†μ—ˆμœΌλ©΄ ν•˜λŠ”
00:49
that we would prefer to never have happened.
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κ³ ν†΅μ˜ μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό κ²ͺ기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
It is estimated that nearly 90 percent of us
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거의 90%의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
00:54
will experience some sort of traumatic event during our lifetimes.
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μ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ μ •μ‹ μ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ©κ²©λ°›λŠ” 일을 κ²ͺ을 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μΆ”μ •μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
Many of us will suffer acutely following these events and then recover,
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우리 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ 좩격으둜 고톡을 κ²ͺ닀가도 극볡할 κ±°κ³ 
01:04
maybe even become better people because of those experiences.
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그런 κ²½ν—˜μ„ 톡해 더 λ‚˜μ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
01:08
But some events are so extreme that many --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬κΈ°μ— νŠΈλΌμš°λ§ˆκ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ„ 큰 경우
01:13
up to half of those who survive sexual violence, for example --
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κ°€λ Ή 성폭λ ₯ ν”Όν•΄ μƒμ‘΄μž 쀑 μ ˆλ°˜μ€
01:16
will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder,
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외상 ν›„ 슀트레슀 μž₯μ• , 즉, PTSDλ₯Ό κ²ͺ게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
or PTSD.
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01:22
PTSD is a debilitating mental health condition
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PTSDλŠ” 좩격적인 κ²½ν—˜μ„ κ²ͺ은 λ’€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λΆˆμ•ˆμž₯애인데
01:25
characterized by symptoms such as intense fear and anxiety
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κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ 곡포와 λΆˆμ•ˆκ°,
맀우 μΆ©κ²©μ μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 사건에 λŒ€ν•΄ 또렷이 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ§•μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
and flashbacks of the traumatic event.
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01:33
These symptoms have a huge impact on a person's quality of life
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PTSD 증상 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 인생이 달라지며
01:38
and are often triggered by particular situations
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주둜 νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μƒν™©μ΄λ‚˜
λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°€ 놓인 ν™˜κ²½μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 증상을 μ΄‰λ°œν•˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
or cues in that person's environment.
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01:44
The responses to those cues may have been adaptive when they were first learned --
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μ „μŸν„°μ—μ„œμ˜ 곡포심 그리고 그에 λ°˜μ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—Žλ“œλ¦°λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
01:49
fear and diving for cover in a war zone, for example --
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μ€‘μ—λŠ” μ‘°μ • λŠ₯λ ₯이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
but in PTSD,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ PTSDλŠ”
01:54
they continue to control behavior when it's no longer appropriate.
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μ ν•©ν•œ 상황과 μ‹œμ μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œλ°λ„ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 행동을 ν†΅μ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
If a combat veteran returns home and is diving for cover
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만일 μ°Έμ „μš©μ‚¬κ°€ κ·€ν™˜ 후에도
차의 엔진 μ—­ν™” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μ—Žλ“œλ¦¬λŠ” λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄κ±°λ‚˜
02:02
when he or she hears a car backfiring
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02:04
or can't leave their own home because of intense anxiety,
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κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ λΆˆμ•ˆκ°μ— νœ©μ‹Έμ—¬ 집 밖에도 λͺ» λ‚˜κ°„λ‹€λ©΄
02:08
then the responses to those cues, those memories,
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νŠΉμ • μ‹ ν˜Έμ™€ 기얡에 λŒ€ν•œ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ νŠΉμ • λ°˜μ‘μ€
02:12
have become what we would refer to as maladaptive.
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뢀적응적인 심리적 λ°˜μ‘μ΄λΌκ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
In this way, we can think of PTSD as being a disorder of maladaptive memory.
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ 뢀적응이 낳은 μ •μ‹ μ§ˆν™˜μ΄ PTSD인 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
Now, I should stop myself here,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μž μ‹œ 짚고 λ„˜μ–΄κ°ˆ 게
02:26
because I'm talking about memory as if it's a single thing.
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μ œκ°€ 마치 기얡을 단일적 κ°œλ…μ²˜λŸΌ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것 같은데
02:29
It isn't.
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기얡은 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ‹¨μˆœν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
There are many different types of memory,
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κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μœ ν˜•μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
λ‡Œμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ νšŒλ‘œμ™€ μ˜μ—­μ— 따라 직접적인 영ν–₯을 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
and these depend upon different circuits and regions within the brain.
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02:38
As you can see, there are two major distinctions in our types of memory.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μœ ν˜•μ€ 크게 두 κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
There are those memories that we're consciously aware of,
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λͺ…μ‹œκΈ°μ–΅(Declarative)은 μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄ λ§Œλ“  기얡인데
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΈμ§€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:46
where we know we know
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02:47
and that we can pass on in words.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ 말둜 κΊΌλ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 기얡이죠.
02:49
This would include memories for facts and events.
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μ΄λŠ” 사싀과 사건에 λŒ€ν•œ κΈ°μ–΅μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
02:52
Because we can declare these memories,
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사싀과 사건을 μ„œμˆ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ
02:55
we refer to these as declarative memories.
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μ„œμˆ κΈ°μ–΅μ΄λΌκ³ λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
The other type of memory is non-declarative.
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λ‹€μŒμ€ 암묡기얡 (non-declarative)인데
03:02
These are memories where we often don't have conscious access
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여기에선 μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ λ‚΄μš©μ— μ ‘κ·Όν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μ„œ
03:05
to the content of those memories
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기얡을 말둜 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
and that we can't pass on in words.
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03:10
The classic example of a non-declarative memory
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μ•”λ¬΅κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 예둜
03:13
is the motor skill for riding a bike.
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μžμ „κ±°λ₯Ό νƒ€λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Now, this being Cambridge, the odds are that you can ride a bike.
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μ—¬κΈ° μΊ λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ μžμ „κ±°λ₯Ό νƒˆ 쀄 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
03:19
You know what you're doing on two wheels.
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μžμ „κ±°λ₯Ό 타고 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 쀑심을 μž‘μ„μ§€ 말이죠.
03:22
But if I asked you to write me a list of instructions
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그런데 μ œκ°€ μžμ „κ±° νƒ€λŠ” 법을 적어달라고 λΆ€νƒν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
03:25
that would teach me how to ride a bike,
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03:27
as my four-year-old son did when we bought him a bike
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저희 λ„€ μ‚΄ μ•„λ“€μ—κ²Œ μž‘λ…„ 생일 μ„ λ¬Όλ‘œ
μžμ „κ±°λ₯Ό μ‚¬μ€¬λ”λ‹ˆ 아이가 λ¬Όμ–΄λ³Έ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
03:30
for his last birthday,
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03:31
you would really struggle to do that.
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ꡉμž₯히 λ‚œκ°ν•˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
How should you sit on the bike so you're balanced?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μžμ „κ±°μ— 앉아야 κ· ν˜•μ„ 잘 작죠?
03:37
How fast do you need to pedal so you're stable?
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μ•ˆμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ 타기 μœ„ν•œ νŽ˜λ‹¬λ§ μ†λ„λŠ” μ–΄λŠ μ •λ„μΈκ°€μš”?
03:40
If a gust of wind comes at you,
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λ§Œμ•½ λ°”λžŒμ΄ κ±°μ„Έκ²Œ 뢈면
03:42
which muscles should you tense and by how much
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ν•˜μ²΄κ·Όμœ‘μ˜ μ–΄λ””λ₯Ό μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μˆ˜μΆ•ν•΄μ•Ό
03:45
so that you don't get blown off?
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λ°”λžŒμ— λ„˜μ–΄μ§€μ§€ μ•Šκ³  달릴 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:48
I'll be staggered if you can give the answers to those questions.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€λ‹΅ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ œκ°€ 깜짝 λ†€λž„κ±Έμš”.
03:51
But if you can ride a bike, you do have the answers,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μžμ „κ±°λ₯Ό νƒ€λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ©΄ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 이미 μ•Œκ³  있죠.
03:55
you're just not consciously aware of them.
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μ˜μ‹μ μΈ λ…Έλ ₯없이도 μžμ „κ±°λ₯Ό νƒˆ 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
04:00
Getting back to PTSD,
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PTSD에 λŒ€ν•œ μ–˜κΈ°λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ£ .
04:02
another type of non-declarative memory
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μ•”λ¬΅κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜λŠ”
04:05
is emotional memory.
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μ •μ„œκΈ°μ–΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
Now, this has a specific meaning in psychology
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이 μš©μ–΄λŠ” μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μ—μ„œ ꡬ체적인 의미λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆλ©°
04:09
and refers to our ability to learn about cues in our environment
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μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ™€
μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 가진 감정적, 동기적 μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ μΈμ§€ν•˜λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ λŠ₯λ ₯이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
and their emotional and motivational significance.
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04:16
What do I mean by that?
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무슨 μ–˜κΈ°λƒκ³ μš”?
04:18
Well, think of a cue like the smell of baking bread,
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이런 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
λΉ΅ λƒ„μƒˆλ‚˜ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ’€ 더 μΆ”μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ 20νŒŒμš΄λ“œμ§œλ¦¬ 지폐λ₯Ό λ– μ˜¬λ € λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
04:22
or a more abstract cue like a 20-pound note.
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04:25
Because these cues have been pegged with good things in the past,
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이 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ€ μ’‹μ•˜λ˜ 과거의 κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 연결이 λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
04:29
we like them and we approach them.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜Έκ°μ„ κ°–κ³  λ‹€κ°€κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
Other cues, like the buzzing of a wasp, elicit very negative emotions
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반면, 벌이 λΆ•λΆ•ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬ μ‹ ν˜ΈλŠ” 극히 뢀정적인 λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚Έ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€
04:36
and quite dramatic avoidance behavior in some people.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 야단법석을 λ–¨λ©° ν”Όν•˜λŠ” λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
Now, I hate wasps.
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μ €λŠ” λ²Œμ„ λ”μ°νžˆλ„ μ‹«μ–΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
I can tell you that fact.
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그건 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 수 있죠.
04:45
But what I can't give you are the non-declarative emotional memories
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 벌이 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μ˜¨λ‹€λ©΄ μ œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 행동할지에 λŒ€ν•œ
04:49
for how I react when there's a wasp nearby.
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암묡적 μ •μ„œκΈ°μ–΅μ€ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
I can't give you the racing heart,
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심μž₯이 μΏ΅μΏ΅ λ›°κ±°λ‚˜
04:54
the sweaty palms, that sense of rising panic.
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손바λ‹₯이 땀에 μ –κ³  점점 κ³ μ‘°λ˜λŠ” 곡포감을
04:57
I can describe them to you,
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λ¬˜μ‚¬λŠ” ν•œλ‹€μ³λ„
05:00
but I can't give them to you.
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κ·Έ 심리적 곡포λ₯Ό κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 전달할 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:04
Now, importantly, from the perspective of PTSD,
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PTSD의 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
05:07
stress has very different effects on declarative and non-declarative memories
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μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€λŠ” 이 λͺ…μ‹œκΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 암묡기얡,
기얡을 κ΄€μž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œ νšŒλ‘œμ™€ μ˜μ—­μ— ꡉμž₯히 λ‹€λ₯Έ 영ν–₯λ ₯을 ν–‰μ‚¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:12
and the brain circuits and regions supporting them.
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05:15
Emotional memory is supported by a small almond-shaped structure
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μž‘μ€ μ•„λͺ¬λ“œ 같이 생긴 νŽΈλ„μ²΄μ™€ κ·Έ μ—°κ²° ꡬ쑰가 μ •μ„œκΈ°μ–΅μ„ κ΄€μž₯ν•˜λ©°
05:18
called the amygdala
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05:20
and its connections.
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05:21
Declarative memory, especially the what, where and when of event memory,
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ 정말 ν•΄λ§ˆκ°™μ΄ 생긴 λŒ€λ‡Œ μΈ‘λ‘μ—½μ˜ ν•΄λ§ˆκ°€
05:26
is supported by a seahorse-shaped region of the brain
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μ„œμˆ κΈ°μ–΅, 특히 μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ 'μ–Έμ œ, μ–΄λ””μ„œ, 무엇을'에 λŒ€ν•œ
사싀기얡을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
called the hippocampus.
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05:31
The extreme levels of stress experienced during trauma
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트라우마λ₯Ό κ²ͺμœΌλ©΄μ„œ λ°›λŠ” κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€κ°€
05:34
have very different effects on these two structures.
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νŽΈλ„μ²΄μ™€ ν•΄λ§ˆμ— 각각 λ‹€λ₯Έ 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
As you can see, as you increase a person's level of stress
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 슀트레슀 레벨이
'μ „ν˜€ 받지 μ•ŠμŒ'μ—μ„œ '살짝 λ°›μŒ'으둜 μ˜¬λΌκ°€λ©΄
05:42
from not stressful to slightly stressful,
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05:44
the hippocampus,
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사건기얡을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” ν•΄λ§ˆκ°€ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
05:45
acting to support the event memory,
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05:47
increases in its activity
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05:49
and works better to support the storage of that declarative memory.
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μ„œμˆ κΈ°μ–΅μ„ μ €μž₯ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν™œλ°œν•˜κ²Œ μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
But as you increase to moderately stressful, intensely stressful
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 'μ–΄λŠ μ •λ„μ˜ 슀트레슀'λ‚˜ 'μ‹¬ν•œ 슀트레슀',
05:57
and then extremely stressful, as would be found in trauma,
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그리고 트라우마둜 κ²ͺλŠ” 'κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ 슀트레슀'λ₯Ό λ°›κ²Œ 되면
06:00
the hippocampus effectively shuts down.
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ν•΄λ§ˆλŠ” 사싀상 κΈ°λŠ₯을 멈μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:05
This means that under the high levels of stress hormones
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트라우마λ₯Ό κ²ͺ을 λ•Œ λΆ„λΉ„λ˜λŠ” 높은 수치의 슀트레슀 호λ₯΄λͺ¬ 영ν–₯으둜
06:08
that are experienced during trauma,
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06:10
we are not storing the details,
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'μ–Έμ œ, μ–΄λ””μ„œ, 무엇을'κ³Ό 같은
06:12
the specific details of what, where and when.
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ꡬ체적인 정보λ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
Now, while stress is doing that to the hippocampus,
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μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€κ°€ ν•΄λ§ˆμ˜ μ €μž₯λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ €ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
06:19
look at what it does to the amygdala,
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νŽΈλ„μ²΄μ—” 무슨 일이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:21
that structure important for the emotional, non-declarative memory.
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νŽΈλ„μ²΄λŠ” μ•”λ¬΅κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ 일쒅인 감정기얡에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 기관인데,
06:25
Its activity gets stronger and stronger.
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슀트레슀 μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ 올라갈수둝 νŽΈλ„μ²΄κ°€ λ”λ”μš± ν™œμ„±ν™”λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
So what this leaves us with in PTSD
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ PTSD의 경우 곡포에 λŒ€ν•œ 슀트레슀일 텐데,
06:32
is an overly strong emotional -- in this case fear -- memory
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슀트레슀둜 인해 ν•΄λ§ˆλŠ” ꡬ체적 정보λ₯Ό μ €μž₯ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³ 
06:36
that is not tied to a specific time or place,
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νŽΈλ„μ²΄λŠ” 'μ‹œκ°„, μž₯μ†Œ, 사건'κ³Ό 같은 μ„œμˆ μ  정보에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ―€λ‘œ
06:39
because the hippocampus is not storing what, where and when.
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결과적으둜 PTSDλ₯Ό κ²ͺ으면 κ·Ήλ„λ‘œ 감정이 κ²©ν•΄μ§€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
In this way, these cues can control behavior
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그런 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ νŠΉμ • μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ•Œμ™€ μž₯μ†Œλ₯Ό 가리지 μ•Šκ³ 
06:47
when it's no longer appropriate,
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06:49
and that's how they become maladaptive.
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행동을 ν†΅μ œν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 뢀적응 기얡이 λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
06:52
So if we know that PTSD is due to maladaptive memories,
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ PTSD의 λ°œμƒ 원인이 뢀적응 κΈ°μ–΅μ΄λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사싀을 가지고
06:58
can we use that knowledge to improve treatment outcomes
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PTSD ν™˜μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§„μΌλ³΄ν•œ 치료 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:01
for patients with PTSD?
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07:05
A radical new approach being developed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder
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ν˜„μž¬ 개발 쀑에 μžˆλŠ” 급진적인 μƒˆ PTSD 치료 방식은
07:10
aims to destroy those maladaptive emotional memories
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PTSD의 근본적 원인인 뢀적응적인 감정 기얡을
07:13
that underlie the disorder.
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νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
This approach has only been considered a possibility
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졜근 λͺ‡ λ…„ κ°„ 기얡에 λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 이해에 큰 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μƒκΈ°λ©΄μ„œ
07:19
because of the profound changes in our understanding of memory
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 접근법이 치료의 기회둜 받아듀여지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
in recent years.
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07:24
Traditionally, it was thought that making a memory
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기쑴의 ν†΅λ…μ—μ„œλŠ” κΈ°μ–΅ 생성이 마치
07:27
was like writing in a notebook in pen:
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펜으둜 곡책에 글을 μ“°λŠ” κ±°λ‚˜ 닀름없닀고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
once the ink had dried, you couldn't change the information.
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μž‰ν¬κ°€ 마λ₯΄λ©΄ 정보λ₯Ό λͺ» κ³ μΉœλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:33
It was thought that all those structural changes
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λ˜ν•œ κΈ°μ–΅ μ €μž₯에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  쑰직적 λ³€ν™”κ°€
07:35
that happen in the brain to support the storage of memory
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07:38
were finished within about six hours,
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μ•½ μ—¬μ„― μ‹œκ°„ 내에 이뀄진 뒀에 κ·Έ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μž₯κΈ°ν™” λ˜λŠ”
07:40
and after that, they were permanent.
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μ˜κ΅¬ν™”λœλ‹€κ³  λ³΄μ•˜λŠ”λ°,
07:43
This is known as the consolidation view.
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이 관점이 κΈ°μ–΅ κ³ μ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
However, more recent research suggests that making a memory
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κΈ°μ–΅ μƒμ„±μ˜ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ λ¬Έμ„œ νŽΈμ§‘κΈ°μ— 더 κ°€κΉλ‹€λŠ”
07:50
is actually more like writing in a word processor.
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졜근의 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
We initially make the memory and then we save it or store it.
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μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— 기얡을 μƒμ„±ν•œ λ’€ μ €μž₯ν•˜λ©΄ λ˜μ§€λ§Œ,
07:57
But under the right conditions, we can edit that memory.
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μ μ ˆν•œ 쑰건 ν•˜μ— 기얡을 νŽΈμ§‘ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
This reconsolidation view suggests that those structural changes
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기얡을 μž¬μ²˜λ¦¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²¬ν•΄λŠ”
κΈ°μ–΅μ €μž₯에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰적 λ³€ν™” 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:05
that happen in the brain to support memory
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08:08
can be undone,
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심지어 과거의 기얡도 λ‹€μ‹œ 돌릴 수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
even for old memories.
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08:14
Now, this editing process isn't happening all the time.
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이 νŽΈμ§‘ 과정이 항상 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ³ 
08:17
It only happens under very specific conditions
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기얡을 λΆˆλŸ¬μ˜€λŠ” 맀우 νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œλ§Œ μ΄λ€„μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
of memory retrieval.
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08:23
So let's consider memory retrieval as being recalling the memory
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νšŒμƒμ„ κΈ°μ–΅ μ†Œν™˜, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ
08:26
or, like, opening the file.
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νŒŒμΌμ„ μ—¬λŠ” 거둜 생각해보죠.
08:30
Quite often, we are simply retrieving the memory.
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보톡은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 기얡을 λΆˆλŸ¬λ“€μ΄λ©΄
08:32
We're opening the file as read-only.
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κΈ°μ–΅μ΄λΌλŠ” νŒŒμΌμ€ 읽기 μ „μš©μœΌλ‘œ μ—΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:35
But under the right conditions,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ μ ˆν•œ μ‘°κ±΄μ—μ„œλŠ”
08:37
we can open that file in edit mode,
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νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œλ‘œ κ·Έ νŒŒμΌμ„ μ—΄κ³ 
08:40
and then we can change the information.
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” 정보λ₯Ό νŽΈμ§‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
In theory, we could delete the content of that file,
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μ΄λ‘ μƒμœΌλ‘  파일의 λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ§€μš°κ³  μ €μž₯ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λˆ„λ₯΄λ©΄
08:46
and when we press save,
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08:48
that is how the file -- the memory --
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파일, 즉 기얡은 μ €μž₯된 κ·Έ μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ‚¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
persists.
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08:55
Not only does this reconsolidation view
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이 κΈ°μ–΅ 재처리 관점은
08:57
allow us to account for some of the quirks of memory,
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가끔 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό 잘λͺ» κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ” 것 같은
09:00
like how we all sometimes misremember the past,
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κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ κΈ°μ΄ν•œ 면을 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 있게 함과 λ™μ‹œμ—
09:03
it also gives us a way to destroy those maladaptive fear memories
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PTSDλ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 뢀적응적 기얡을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법을 μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
that underlie PTSD.
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09:10
All we would need would be two things:
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PTSD 치료 μ‹œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 건,
09:13
a way of making the memory unstable -- opening that file in edit mode --
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νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œλ‘œ 기얡을 μ—΄μ–΄ 뢀적응적 기얡을 λΆˆμ•ˆμ •μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 방법과
09:18
and a way to delete the information.
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ˜ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ§€μš°λŠ” 방법 이 두 가지면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
We've made the most progress
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ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€λŠ” 기얡을 μ§€μš°λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ
09:22
with working out how to delete the information.
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κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ€ 진전이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
09:25
It was found fairly early on
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ν˜ˆμ•• 쑰절 처방으둜 ν­λ„“κ²Œ μ“°μ˜€λ˜
09:27
that a drug widely prescribed to control blood pressure in humans --
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ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ΄λΌλŠ” 이 베타 μ°¨λ‹¨μ œκ°€
μ‹€ν—˜μ₯λ“€μ˜ 곡포기얡이 μž¬μ²˜λ¦¬λ˜λŠ” 것을
09:31
a beta-blocker called Propranolol --
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09:33
could be used to prevent the reconsolidation
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μ–΅μ œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 초창기 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 이미 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμ£ .
09:36
of fear memories in rats.
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09:39
If Propranolol was given while the memory was in edit mode,
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기얡이 νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œμΌ λ•Œ ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ„ μ£Όμž…ν•˜λ©΄
09:42
rats behaved as if they were no longer afraid of a frightening trigger cue.
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κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 곡포λ₯Ό ν•™μŠ΅ν•œ 적이 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ 것 마λƒ₯
09:47
It was as if they had never learned to be afraid of that cue.
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μ₯λ“€μ€ 더 이상 곡포λ₯Ό μ΄‰λ°œν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ— λ°˜μ‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
And this was with a drug that was safe for use in humans.
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κ·Έ μ‹€ν—˜ 약물은 인체에도 λ¬΄ν•΄ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆκ³ μš”.
09:56
Now, not long after that,
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그리고 μ–Όλ§ˆ μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„
09:58
it was shown that Propranolol could destroy fear memories in humans as well,
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ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ΄ μΈκ°„μ˜ 머릿속 곡포기얡을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” 데 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
10:02
but critically, it only works if the memory is in edit mode.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은 νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œμΌ λ•Œμ—λ§Œ μž‘μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
Now, that study was with healthy human volunteers,
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μ‹ μ²΄κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜ μ§€μ›μžλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”,
10:10
but it's important because it shows that the rat findings
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μ‹€ν—˜μ₯μ˜€λ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄ κΆκ·Ήμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
10:13
can be extended to humans and ultimately, to human patients.
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인간 ν™˜μžλ‘œ ν™•μž₯λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
And with humans,
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인간 λŒ€μƒμ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλŠ”
10:21
you can test whether destroying the non-declarative emotional memory
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암묡적 μ •μ„œκΈ°μ–΅μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
10:25
does anything to the declarative event memory.
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μ„œμˆ μ  사건기얡에 영ν–₯이 κ°€λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:29
And this is really interesting.
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ꡉμž₯히 ν₯미둜운 점이라면,
10:31
Even though people who were given Propranolol
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기얡이 νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œμΈ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ„ μ£Όμž…ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μžλŠ”
10:34
while the memory was in edit mode
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10:36
were no longer afraid of that frightening trigger cue,
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곡포λ₯Ό μ΄‰λ°œν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 더 이상 λ¬΄μ„œμ›Œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŒμ—λ„
10:39
they could still describe the relationship
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κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έμ™€ 결과적으둜 λŠλΌλŠ” 곡포가 μ–΄λ–€ 관계인지 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
between the cue and the frightening outcome.
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10:47
It was as if they knew they should be afraid,
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λ¬΄μ„œμ›Œν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œλ©΄μ„œλ„
10:51
and yet they weren't.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” λ¬΄μ„œμ›Œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ κ±°μ£ .
10:54
This suggests that Propranolol can selectively target
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이 κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ΄
μ„ νƒμ μœΌλ‘œ 암묡적 μ •μ„œκΈ°μ–΅μ„ 겨λƒ₯ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
10:57
the non-declarative emotional memory
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μ„œμˆ μ  사건기얡은 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ‚¨κ²¨λ‘”λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:00
but leave the declarative event memory intact.
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11:04
But critically, Propranolol can only have any effect on the memory
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 건 ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ΄ 효과λ₯Ό 보렀면
기얡이 νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œμ—¬μ•Όν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έμ£ .
11:08
if it's in edit mode.
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11:11
So how do we make a memory unstable?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό 기얡이 λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•΄μ§€κ³ 
11:13
How do we get it into edit mode?
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νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:15
Well, my own lab has done quite a lot of work on this.
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이에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•œ 저희 연ꡬ진이 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ 사싀은
11:18
We know that it depends on introducing some but not too much new information
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ³Όν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ μ •μ„ μ˜ μƒˆ 정보λ₯Ό 기얡에 μ£Όμž…ν•˜λŠ” 것이 관건이고,
11:23
to be incorporated into the memory.
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11:25
We know about the different chemicals the brain uses
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κΈ°μ–΅ κ°±μ‹ κ³Ό νŽΈμ§‘μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ—μ„œ λ‡Œμ˜ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄ λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
to signal that a memory should be updated
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11:30
and the file edited.
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11:33
Now, our work is mostly in rats,
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주둜 μ‹€ν—˜μ₯ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜€λ˜ 저희 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 타 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ—μ„œλ„
11:35
but other labs have found the same factors allow memories to be edited in humans,
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저희가 λ°ν˜€λ‚Έ 같은 μš”μΈλ“€λ‘œ 인해 기얡이 νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 것은 λ¬Όλ‘ 
11:40
even maladaptive memories like those underlying PTSD.
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PTSD의 근원인 뢀적응적 κΈ°μ–΅κΉŒμ§€ νŽΈμ§‘ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
In fact, a number of labs in several different countries
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사싀 λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ
11:48
have begun small-scale clinical trials of these memory-destroying treatments
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기얡을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•΄ PTSDλ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨ μž„μƒμ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ 
11:52
for PTSD
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맀우 희망적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
and have found really promising results.
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11:57
Now, these studies need replication on a larger scale,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ΄ μ’€ 더 큰 규λͺ¨μ—μ„œ 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 계속 μž…μ¦ν•΄μ•Όκ² μ§€λ§Œ
12:01
but they show the promise of these memory-destroying treatments
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적어도 κΈ°μ–΅ 파괴 PTSD 치료의 λ―Έλž˜κ°€ λ°λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
for PTSD.
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12:06
Maybe trauma memories do not need to be the hell from which we cannot escape.
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외상 ν›„ 기얡은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  수 μ—†λŠ” 지μ˜₯이 아닐지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
12:14
Now, although this memory-destroying approach holds great promise,
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기얡을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” 이 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ˜ 전망이 λ°λ‹€κ³ λŠ” 해도
12:17
that's not to say that it's straightforward
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μ‰¬μš΄ λ¬Έμ œλ„ μ•„λ‹λΏλ”λŸ¬,
12:20
or without controversy.
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λ…Όλž€μ˜ 여지도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
Is it ethical to destroy memories?
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기얡을 μ§€μš°λŠ”κ²Œ μœ€λ¦¬μ μΌκΉŒμš”?
12:24
What about things like eyewitness testimony?
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λͺ©κ²©μž 증언 같은 κ²½μš°λŠ”μš”?
12:27
What if you can't give someone Propranolol
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ν˜„μž¬ λ³΅μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ•½κ³Όμ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
12:29
because it would interfere with other medicines that they're taking?
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ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ„ λ³΅μš©ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄μš”?
12:33
Well, with respect to ethics and eyewitness testimony,
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윀리 λ¬Έμ œμ™€ λͺ©κ²©μž μ¦μ–Έμ˜ 경우
12:36
I would say the important point to remember
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κΈ°μ–΅ν•  핡심은
12:38
is the finding from that human study.
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인간 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 얻은 결과에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
Because Propranolol is only acting on the non-declarative emotional memory,
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ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ€ 암묡적 μ •μ„œκΈ°μ–΅μ—λ§Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
12:46
it seems unlikely that it would affect eyewitness testimony,
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λͺ©κ²©μž 증언에 영ν–₯을 끼칠 일은 μ—†μ–΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
which is based on declarative memory.
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그건 μ„œμˆ κΈ°μ–΅μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
12:52
Essentially, what these memory-destroying treatments
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본질적으둜 κΈ°μ–΅ 파괴 치료의 λͺ©μ μ€
12:55
are aiming to do
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12:56
is to reduce the emotional memory,
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μ •μ„œκΈ°μ–΅μ„ μΆ•μ†Œμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이지,
12:58
not get rid of the trauma memory altogether.
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좩격적 κ²½ν—˜μ˜ κΈ°μ–΅ κ·Έ 자체λ₯Ό μ—†μ• λ €λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
This should make the responses of those with PTSD
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PTSD ν™˜μžμ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ„
νŠΈλΌμš°λ§ˆλŠ” κ²ͺμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ PTSDκ°€ 생기지 μ•Šμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ²˜λŸΌ λ°”κΎΈλ €λŠ” 것이지
13:05
more like those who have been through trauma
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13:07
and not developed PTSD
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13:10
than people who have never experienced trauma in the first place.
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ν•œλ²ˆλ„ 트라우마λ₯Ό κ²ͺ지 μ•Šμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ²˜λŸΌ λ§Œλ“€λ €λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:14
I think that most people would find that more ethically acceptable
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 보기엔 아무것도 μ—†λŠ” λ°±μ§€μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€λ €λŠ” μΉ˜λ£Œλ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
13:17
than a treatment that aimed to create some sort of spotless mind.
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이 치료 λͺ©μ μ΄ 더 윀리적으둜 μš©μΈλ λ§Œν•˜λ‹€κ³  생각할 것 κ°™λ„€μš”.
13:23
What about Propranolol?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ€μš”?
13:25
You can't give Propranolol to everyone,
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λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œλ‚˜ ν”„λ‘œν”„λΌλ†€λ‘€μ„ μ²˜λ°©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:27
and not everyone wants to take drugs to treat mental health conditions.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ 치료 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 약을 λ³΅μš©ν•˜κΈΈ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ μš”.
13:31
Well, here Tetris could be useful.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ ν…ŒνŠΈλ¦¬μŠ€κ°€ μœ μš©ν•˜κ²Œ μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:34
Yes, Tetris.
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λ„€, ν…ŒνŠΈλ¦¬μŠ€μš”.
13:37
Working with clinical collaborators,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μž„μƒ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€κ³Ό ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
13:39
we've been looking at whether behavioral interventions
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행동 κ°œμž…μ΄ 기얡을 μž¬μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 데 λ°©ν•΄κ°€ 될 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:42
can also interfere with the reconsolidation of memories.
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13:45
Now, how would that work?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°©ν•΄κ°€ λ κΉŒμš”?
13:47
Well, we know that it's basically impossible
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일단 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 가지 일을 λ™μ‹œμ— ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 건
13:50
to do two tasks at the same time
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거의 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ³  있죠.
13:52
if they both depend on the same brain region for processing.
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λ§Œμ•½ 두 가지 일이 λ‹€ 같은 λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
13:55
Think trying to sing along to the radio
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λΌλ””μ˜€λ₯Ό 따라 λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό λΆ€λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ
13:58
while you're trying to compose an email.
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이메일을 μ“΄λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
14:00
The processing for one interferes with the other.
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ν•œ 가지 일을 ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 일이 λ’€μ—‰μΌœλ²„λ¦¬μ£ .
14:04
Well, it's the same when you retrieve a memory,
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기얡을 뢈러올 λ•Œλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μΈλ°,
14:06
especially in edit mode.
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특히 νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œμΌ λ•Œ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:07
If we take a highly visual symptom like flashbacks in PTSD
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ PTSD의 νšŒμƒ 같은 κ³ λ„λ‘œ μ‹œκ°μ μΈ 증상을 μ·¨ν•΄μ„œ
14:11
and get people to recall the memory in edit mode
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œμ—μ„œ 기얡을 λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬κ²Œ ν•œ λ‹€μŒ
ν…ŒνŠΈλ¦¬μŠ€μ²˜λŸΌ 맀우 ν₯미둜운 μ‹œκ°μ  μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
14:15
and then get them to do a highly engaging visual task
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14:18
like playing Tetris,
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14:20
it should be possible to introduce so much interfering information
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κ·Έ 기얡에 μ£Όμž…λ˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 정보와 ν˜Όμ„ μ΄ μƒκΈ°λ©΄μ„œ
14:24
into that memory
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14:25
that it essentially becomes meaningless.
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κΈ°μ–΅ μžμ²΄κ°€ λ¬΄μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λΌλ²„λ¦¬λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
14:29
That's the theory,
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그런 μ΄λ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:30
and it's supported by data from healthy human volunteers.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 인간 μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμžλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 얻은 데이터가 이λ₯Ό λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•΄ μ£Όκ³  μžˆκ³ μš”.
14:34
Now, our volunteers watched highly unpleasant films --
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μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ ꡉμž₯히 λΆˆμΎŒν•œ λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬λŠ”λ°
14:38
so, think eye surgery, road traffic safety adverts,
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눈 μˆ˜μˆ μ΄λ‚˜ λ„λ‘œκ΅ν†΅μ•ˆμ „ κ΄‘κ³ ,
14:42
Scorsese's "The Big Shave."
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λ§ˆν‹΄ μŠ€μ½œμ„Έμ§€μ˜ μ˜ν™” "더 λΉ… μ‰μ΄λΈŒ" 같은 κ±Έ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
14:44
These trauma films produce something like flashbacks
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜ μ°Έκ°€μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이 좩격적인 μ˜μƒλ“€μ„ 보게 ν•œ λ’€
14:48
in healthy volunteers for about a week after viewing them.
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μ•½ 일주일 κ°„ μ˜μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 기얡을 μ†Œν™˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:53
We found that getting people to recall those memories,
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μ°Έκ°€μžλ“€μ΄ κ·Έ λΆˆμΎŒν•œ μ˜μƒλ“€μ˜ μ΅œμ•…μ˜ μž₯면을 λ– μ˜¬λ¦Όκ³Ό λ™μ‹œμ—
14:57
the worst moments of those unpleasant films,
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15:00
and playing Tetris at the same time,
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ν…ŒνŠΈλ¦¬μŠ€λ₯Ό ν•˜κ²Œ 되면
15:02
massively reduced the frequency of the flashbacks.
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νšŒμƒμ˜ νšŸμˆ˜κ°€ ν˜„μ €ν•˜κ²Œ μ€„μ–΄λ“œλŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:06
And again: the memory had to be in edit mode for that to work.
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기얡은 μ—­μ‹œ νŽΈμ§‘ λͺ¨λ“œμ—¬μ•Ό ν–ˆκ³ μš”.
15:12
Now, my collaborators have since taken this to clinical populations.
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저희 ν˜‘λ ₯ 연ꡬ진듀은 이 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 집단 μž„μƒμ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ Έκ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:15
They've tested this in survivors of road traffic accidents
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그리고 ꡐ톡사고 μƒμ‘΄μžλ‚˜
15:18
and mothers who've had emergency Caesarean sections,
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κΈ΄κΈ‰ μ œμ™•μ ˆκ°œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν•œ μž„μ‚°λΆ€λ₯Ό μƒλŒ€λ‘œ 같은 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:22
both types of trauma that frequently lead to PTSD,
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κ΅ν†΅μ‚¬κ³ λ‚˜ μ œμ™•μ ˆκ°œ μ—­μ‹œ 주둜 PTSD둜 μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” ν›„μœ μ¦μΈλ°,
15:26
and they found really promising reductions in symptoms
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이 두 μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλ„ μ¦μƒμ˜ κ°μ†Œλ‘œ 맀우 희망적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:29
in both of those clinical cases.
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15:33
So although there is still much to learn and procedures to optimize,
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아직 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄μ•Ό ν•  것도 많고 절차 μ΅œμ ν™”λΌλŠ” 산도 λ„˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
15:37
these memory-destroying treatments hold great promise
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κΈ°μ–΅ 파괴 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€
PTSD와 같은 정신건강 μ§ˆν™˜ μΉ˜λ£Œμ— 큰 κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:40
for the treatment of mental health disorders
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15:43
like PTSD.
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15:45
Maybe trauma memories do not need to be a hell from which we cannot escape.
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이제 νŠΈλΌμš°λ§ˆλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  수 μ—†λŠ” 지μ˜₯이 될 일이 μ—†λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:51
I believe that this approach
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μ €λŠ” 이 치료λ₯Ό 톡해
15:53
should allow those who want to
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κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©΄ μ’‹μ•˜μ„ μΈμƒμ˜ μ±…μž₯을 λ„˜κΈ°κ³ ν”ˆ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
15:55
to turn the page on chapters of their lives
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15:57
that they would prefer to never have experienced,
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κ·Έ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€λ₯Ό λ„˜κΈ°κ³ 
15:59
and so improve our mental health.
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μ •μ‹ μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ κ±΄κ°•ν•΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμ„ 거라 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:03
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:04
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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