Can we edit memories? | Amy Milton

134,750 views ・ 2020-06-14

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00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martínez
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譯者: Ellie Siu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:12
Memory is such an everyday thing that we almost take it for granted.
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記憶是日常生活中的一部分, 我們總是把它視為理所當然。
00:17
We all remember what we had for breakfast this morning
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我們都記得早餐吃了什麼,
00:20
or what we did last weekend.
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或者上週末做了什麼。
00:21
It's only when memory starts to fail
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只有當記憶力開始衰退的時候,
00:23
that we appreciate just how amazing it is
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我們才會感激它是如此神奇,
00:26
and how much we allow our past experiences to define us.
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和反思我們如何讓 過去的經歷來定義自己。
00:31
But memory is not always a good thing.
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但是,記憶不一定是好事。
00:35
As the American poet and clergyman John Lancaster Spalding once said,
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就如美國詩人和牧師 約翰·蘭開斯特·史佩爾丁曾說過:
00:38
"As memory may be a paradise from which we cannot be driven,
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「記憶可以是天堂, 在那裡我們不會被驅趕;
00:42
it may also be a hell from which we cannot escape."
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記憶也可以是地獄, 在那裡我們無法逃脫。」
00:46
Many of us experience chapters of our lives
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大多數人經歷過某些人生的章節,
00:49
that we would prefer to never have happened.
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希望它從未發生過。
00:52
It is estimated that nearly 90 percent of us
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估計我們當中大概大概有 90% 的人
00:54
will experience some sort of traumatic event during our lifetimes.
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在一生中會經歷造成創傷的事件。
00:59
Many of us will suffer acutely following these events and then recover,
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大多數人在這些事件之後 會非常痛苦,然後恢復,
01:04
maybe even become better people because of those experiences.
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甚至因為這些經驗 而變成更好的人。
01:08
But some events are so extreme that many --
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但是有些事件過於極端——
01:13
up to half of those who survive sexual violence, for example --
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例如半數經歷過性暴力的人——
01:16
will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder,
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會出現創傷後壓力症候群,
01:19
or PTSD.
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又稱為 PTSD。
01:22
PTSD is a debilitating mental health condition
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PTSD 是一個會導致 心理健康衰弱的疾病,
01:25
characterized by symptoms such as intense fear and anxiety
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特徵是強烈恐懼和焦慮感、
01:30
and flashbacks of the traumatic event.
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和經常回想起當時的情境等症狀。
01:33
These symptoms have a huge impact on a person's quality of life
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這些症狀對人們的生活品質 有著重大的影響,
01:38
and are often triggered by particular situations
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通常在特定的情況和環境下
01:40
or cues in that person's environment.
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會引發這些症狀。
01:44
The responses to those cues may have been adaptive when they were first learned --
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第一次發作後 人會習於自己所做的反應
01:49
fear and diving for cover in a war zone, for example --
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——例如在戰場上撲向掩護地點——
01:53
but in PTSD,
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但是 PTSD 的患者
01:54
they continue to control behavior when it's no longer appropriate.
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仍受制於這些已不必要的行為。
01:58
If a combat veteran returns home and is diving for cover
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有返家的退伍軍人因嚴重的焦慮,
在聽到汽車的火爆聲時 仍會撲向掩護地點,
02:02
when he or she hears a car backfiring
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02:04
or can't leave their own home because of intense anxiety,
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或無法離開家門。
02:08
then the responses to those cues, those memories,
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那麼這些反應、記憶,
就成了我們所謂的適應不良。
02:12
have become what we would refer to as maladaptive.
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02:16
In this way, we can think of PTSD as being a disorder of maladaptive memory.
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PTSD 可被稱做 記憶適應不良的疾病。
02:24
Now, I should stop myself here,
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現在,我必須暫停一下,
因為我彷彿是在說記憶是單一的。
02:26
because I'm talking about memory as if it's a single thing.
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02:29
It isn't.
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它不是。
02:31
There are many different types of memory,
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人類有很多不同種類的記憶,
02:33
and these depend upon different circuits and regions within the brain.
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它們取決於腦內不同的迴路和區域。
02:38
As you can see, there are two major distinctions in our types of memory.
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如你所見,
我們的記憶類型有兩個主要區別。
02:43
There are those memories that we're consciously aware of,
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首先是我們有意識的記憶。
我們知道自己有這個記憶,
02:46
where we know we know
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02:47
and that we can pass on in words.
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並且可以用文字表達。
02:49
This would include memories for facts and events.
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這包含資訊、事件等記憶。
02:52
Because we can declare these memories,
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因為我們可以描述這些記憶,
02:55
we refer to these as declarative memories.
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我們稱它們為陳述性記憶。
02:58
The other type of memory is non-declarative.
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另一種記憶是非陳述性記憶。
03:02
These are memories where we often don't have conscious access
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對於這些記憶,
我們無法意識到記憶的內容,
03:05
to the content of those memories
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03:07
and that we can't pass on in words.
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並且無法用文字表達。
03:10
The classic example of a non-declarative memory
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非陳述性記憶最經典的例子是
03:13
is the motor skill for riding a bike.
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騎自行車的運動技能。
03:16
Now, this being Cambridge, the odds are that you can ride a bike.
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在劍橋,你多半會騎自行車,
03:19
You know what you're doing on two wheels.
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知道如何安坐在那兩輪之上。
03:22
But if I asked you to write me a list of instructions
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但是如果我叫你列出指令
03:25
that would teach me how to ride a bike,
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教我怎麼騎自行車——
03:27
as my four-year-old son did when we bought him a bike
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就像我在兒子四歲生日時, 買給他腳踏車那樣——
03:30
for his last birthday,
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03:31
you would really struggle to do that.
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你會感到非常困難。
03:35
How should you sit on the bike so you're balanced?
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要如何坐才能讓單車平衡?
03:37
How fast do you need to pedal so you're stable?
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要踏多快才能平衡?
03:40
If a gust of wind comes at you,
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如果一陣風吹過,
03:42
which muscles should you tense and by how much
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你該用哪些肌肉出力多少
03:45
so that you don't get blown off?
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才不會被風吹倒?
03:48
I'll be staggered if you can give the answers to those questions.
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如果你能回答出這些問題, 我會感到非常的吃驚。
03:51
But if you can ride a bike, you do have the answers,
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如果你會騎腳踏車, 你一定知道答案。
03:55
you're just not consciously aware of them.
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你只是沒有意識到它們而已。
04:00
Getting back to PTSD,
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回到 PTSD,
04:02
another type of non-declarative memory
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另一種非陳述性記憶
是情緒的記憶。
04:05
is emotional memory.
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04:07
Now, this has a specific meaning in psychology
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在心理學,
它指的是我們對環境線索
04:09
and refers to our ability to learn about cues in our environment
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04:13
and their emotional and motivational significance.
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以及情感與動機的學習能力。
04:16
What do I mean by that?
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那是什麼意思呢?
04:18
Well, think of a cue like the smell of baking bread,
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想想看,線索就像是 烘烤麵包的香味,
04:22
or a more abstract cue like a 20-pound note.
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或者更抽象的話, 一張 20 磅的紙幣。
04:25
Because these cues have been pegged with good things in the past,
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因為這些線索會與美好的回憶相連,
04:29
we like them and we approach them.
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因此我們喜歡並會接近它們。
04:31
Other cues, like the buzzing of a wasp, elicit very negative emotions
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其他線索,例如黃蜂的嗡嗡聲,
某些人會做出誇張的逃避行為。
04:36
and quite dramatic avoidance behavior in some people.
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04:41
Now, I hate wasps.
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我討厭黃蜂。
04:44
I can tell you that fact.
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我可以告訴你這個事實。
04:45
But what I can't give you are the non-declarative emotional memories
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但是,我無法解釋 附近有黃蜂時我的反應。
04:49
for how I react when there's a wasp nearby.
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一種非陳述性情緒記憶。
04:52
I can't give you the racing heart,
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你無法感受到我的心跳加速、
04:54
the sweaty palms, that sense of rising panic.
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流滿汗水的手掌和恐慌感。
04:57
I can describe them to you,
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我能形容,
05:00
but I can't give them to you.
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但你無法感受。
05:04
Now, importantly, from the perspective of PTSD,
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重要的是自 PTSD 的角度
05:07
stress has very different effects on declarative and non-declarative memories
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壓力對陳述性和非陳述性記憶
05:12
and the brain circuits and regions supporting them.
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以及大腦回路和區域有不同的影響。
05:15
Emotional memory is supported by a small almond-shaped structure
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支持情緒記憶的是
被稱為「杏仁核」的 類似杏仁形狀的結構
05:18
called the amygdala
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及其連接。
05:20
and its connections.
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05:21
Declarative memory, especially the what, where and when of event memory,
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陳述性記憶,特別是 關於事件地點與時間的記憶,
05:26
is supported by a seahorse-shaped region of the brain
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是由腦內一個海馬狀的區域紀錄的,
05:29
called the hippocampus.
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稱為海馬迴。
05:31
The extreme levels of stress experienced during trauma
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創傷造成的極端壓力
05:34
have very different effects on these two structures.
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對這兩個結構的影響不同。
05:38
As you can see, as you increase a person's level of stress
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如你所見,如果一個人的壓力上升,
05:42
from not stressful to slightly stressful,
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從沒有壓力到稍微有點壓力,
05:44
the hippocampus,
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海馬迴支撐事件的記憶,
05:45
acting to support the event memory,
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05:47
increases in its activity
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會增加活動量,
05:49
and works better to support the storage of that declarative memory.
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更好地維護陳述性記憶的儲存。
05:53
But as you increase to moderately stressful, intensely stressful
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但當壓力持續上升到中、高度壓力,
05:57
and then extremely stressful, as would be found in trauma,
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或是到了極高壓力時 ——像是遭受創傷後——
06:00
the hippocampus effectively shuts down.
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海馬迴會自動關閉。
06:05
This means that under the high levels of stress hormones
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也就是說,是創傷之後
會導致壓力荷爾蒙飆高,
06:08
that are experienced during trauma,
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06:10
we are not storing the details,
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不再保存詳盡的細節,
06:12
the specific details of what, where and when.
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那些關於事件、地點和時間的細節。
06:17
Now, while stress is doing that to the hippocampus,
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來看看正當壓力影響海馬迴的時候
06:19
look at what it does to the amygdala,
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會怎麼影響杏仁核,
06:21
that structure important for the emotional, non-declarative memory.
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發現在那個儲存著情感 和非陳述性記憶的重要部位
06:25
Its activity gets stronger and stronger.
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活動會越來越強烈。
06:29
So what this leaves us with in PTSD
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所以 PTSD 會帶給我們過於強烈的情續
06:32
is an overly strong emotional -- in this case fear -- memory
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——例如恐懼記憶——
06:36
that is not tied to a specific time or place,
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這些記憶並不關聯到 特定的時間或地點,
06:39
because the hippocampus is not storing what, where and when.
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這是因為海馬迴不保存 事件的地點和時間。
06:44
In this way, these cues can control behavior
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如此,這些提示 會在不適當的時刻控制人的行為,
06:47
when it's no longer appropriate,
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06:49
and that's how they become maladaptive.
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因而導致適應不良。
06:52
So if we know that PTSD is due to maladaptive memories,
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如果知道適應不良的記憶會導致 PTSD,
06:58
can we use that knowledge to improve treatment outcomes
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我們是否可以運用這個知識
來改善 PTSD 患者的治療結果呢?
07:01
for patients with PTSD?
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07:05
A radical new approach being developed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder
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用於治療創傷後壓力候群症的 新方案以被開發,
07:10
aims to destroy those maladaptive emotional memories
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它的目標是消除 適應不良的情緒記憶
07:13
that underlie the disorder.
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導致的候群症。
07:16
This approach has only been considered a possibility
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這個方案最近幾年 才被視為一種可能性,
07:19
because of the profound changes in our understanding of memory
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因為我們對記憶力的理解
出現了極大的改變。
07:22
in recent years.
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07:24
Traditionally, it was thought that making a memory
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傳統上,人們認為創造記憶
07:27
was like writing in a notebook in pen:
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就像是在筆記本裡用鋼筆寫字:
07:29
once the ink had dried, you couldn't change the information.
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一旦墨水乾透之後, 你無法改變那些訊息。
07:33
It was thought that all those structural changes
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人們曾經認為
為要提供更多的記憶容量,
07:35
that happen in the brain to support the storage of memory
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腦內的結構能在六個小時內完成改變,
07:38
were finished within about six hours,
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07:40
and after that, they were permanent.
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在那之後,記憶就會變成永久的。
07:43
This is known as the consolidation view.
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這稱為記憶鞏固概念。
07:47
However, more recent research suggests that making a memory
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然而最近的研究顯示,
創造記憶比較像 在文字處理程式裡寫字。
07:50
is actually more like writing in a word processor.
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07:53
We initially make the memory and then we save it or store it.
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最初我們創造記憶, 然後把它保存。
07:57
But under the right conditions, we can edit that memory.
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但是在某些情況下, 我們可以編輯那些記憶。
08:02
This reconsolidation view suggests that those structural changes
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記憶鞏固概念指出,
大腦為了支撐記憶力 而作出的結構改變,
08:05
that happen in the brain to support memory
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08:08
can be undone,
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是可以撤消的,
08:10
even for old memories.
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即使是很舊的記憶。
08:14
Now, this editing process isn't happening all the time.
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這個記憶的編輯過程不常發生,
08:17
It only happens under very specific conditions
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只在特定的記憶檢索狀況下才會發生。
08:20
of memory retrieval.
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08:23
So let's consider memory retrieval as being recalling the memory
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讓我們將記憶檢索視為調用記憶,
08:26
or, like, opening the file.
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就像是打開檔案一樣。
08:30
Quite often, we are simply retrieving the memory.
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通常我們只單純取出記憶,
08:32
We're opening the file as read-only.
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就像是用「唯讀」模式來打開檔案。
08:35
But under the right conditions,
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但是,在正確的情況下,
08:37
we can open that file in edit mode,
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我們可以打開檔案 並設置為編輯模式,
08:40
and then we can change the information.
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然後我們可以改變裡面的資料。
08:42
In theory, we could delete the content of that file,
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理論上,我們可以刪除檔案內容,
08:46
and when we press save,
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當我們按下保存鍵的時候,
08:48
that is how the file -- the memory --
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那個檔案——也就是記憶——
08:51
persists.
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就會被存留下來。
08:55
Not only does this reconsolidation view
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鞏固的概念
不只解釋記憶的奇怪之處
08:57
allow us to account for some of the quirks of memory,
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09:00
like how we all sometimes misremember the past,
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——像為什麼有時我們會記錯——
09:03
it also gives us a way to destroy those maladaptive fear memories
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它還可以讓我們消除
PTSD 適應不良的恐懼記憶。
09:08
that underlie PTSD.
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09:10
All we would need would be two things:
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我們只需兩樣:
09:13
a way of making the memory unstable -- opening that file in edit mode --
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讓記憶變得不穩定的方法 ——用編輯模式打開檔案——
09:18
and a way to delete the information.
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和刪除資訊的方法。
09:21
We've made the most progress
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對於如何刪除資訊的研究
09:22
with working out how to delete the information.
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我們取得了極多的進展。
09:25
It was found fairly early on
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初期我們發現了一種
09:27
that a drug widely prescribed to control blood pressure in humans --
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廣泛使用的血壓控制藥物
09:31
a beta-blocker called Propranolol --
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——稱為普萘洛爾的 β 受體阻滯劑——
09:33
could be used to prevent the reconsolidation
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可用於防止老鼠的恐懼記憶被鞏固。
09:36
of fear memories in rats.
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09:39
If Propranolol was given while the memory was in edit mode,
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在記憶編輯模式使用普萘洛爾後,
09:42
rats behaved as if they were no longer afraid of a frightening trigger cue.
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老鼠似乎不再害怕 能觸發恐懼的線索。
09:47
It was as if they had never learned to be afraid of that cue.
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彷彿牠們未曾學過害怕那線索。
09:52
And this was with a drug that was safe for use in humans.
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人類可以安全使用這個藥物。
09:56
Now, not long after that,
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不久之後,
09:58
it was shown that Propranolol could destroy fear memories in humans as well,
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普萘洛爾也被發現可以 消除人類的恐懼記憶,
10:02
but critically, it only works if the memory is in edit mode.
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但重要的是,記憶要在 編輯模式才會成功。
10:08
Now, that study was with healthy human volunteers,
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那個研究採用了健康的志願者,
10:10
but it's important because it shows that the rat findings
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這實驗非常重要,因為它證明了
老鼠的研究結果跟人類相關,
10:13
can be extended to humans and ultimately, to human patients.
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最終也證實可以醫治病人。
10:19
And with humans,
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對於人類,
10:21
you can test whether destroying the non-declarative emotional memory
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你可以測試看看 消除非陳述性情緒記憶
10:25
does anything to the declarative event memory.
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會不會影響陳述性事件記憶。
10:29
And this is really interesting.
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這非常有趣。
10:31
Even though people who were given Propranolol
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即使讓記憶處於編輯模式的人 服用普萘洛爾後
10:34
while the memory was in edit mode
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10:36
were no longer afraid of that frightening trigger cue,
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不再害怕激發恐懼的線索,
10:39
they could still describe the relationship
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他們依然能形容
線索與恐怖結果之間的關聯。
10:42
between the cue and the frightening outcome.
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10:47
It was as if they knew they should be afraid,
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就像他們知道自己應該感到害怕,
10:51
and yet they weren't.
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但卻不害怕。
10:54
This suggests that Propranolol can selectively target
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這表明了普萘洛爾能針對 非陳述性情緒記憶,
10:57
the non-declarative emotional memory
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11:00
but leave the declarative event memory intact.
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同時完好無缺地保留著陳述性記憶。
11:04
But critically, Propranolol can only have any effect on the memory
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但要緊的是,普萘洛爾 只在編輯模式的情況下對記憶有作用。
11:08
if it's in edit mode.
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11:11
So how do we make a memory unstable?
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那麼怎樣把記憶變為不穩定呢?
11:13
How do we get it into edit mode?
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如何進入編輯模式呢?
11:15
Well, my own lab has done quite a lot of work on this.
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我的實驗室在這方面做了許多研究。
11:18
We know that it depends on introducing some but not too much new information
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我們發現這需要依靠 一些不怎麼多的新資訊,
11:23
to be incorporated into the memory.
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把它併入記憶中。
11:25
We know about the different chemicals the brain uses
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我們知道大腦會使用不同化學物質
11:28
to signal that a memory should be updated
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來提醒記憶需要被更新
11:30
and the file edited.
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並編輯檔案。
11:33
Now, our work is mostly in rats,
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如今,我們大多數的研究 用在老鼠身上,
11:35
but other labs have found the same factors allow memories to be edited in humans,
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但是其他實驗室證實了 編輯人類記憶的方法也一樣,
11:40
even maladaptive memories like those underlying PTSD.
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即使病人有適應不良的記憶, 例如 PTSD。
11:45
In fact, a number of labs in several different countries
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事實上,在不同國家裡,
11:48
have begun small-scale clinical trials of these memory-destroying treatments
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數個治療 PTSD 的小型臨床試驗
已經開始了,
11:52
for PTSD
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11:54
and have found really promising results.
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並已取得理想的研究結果。
11:57
Now, these studies need replication on a larger scale,
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這些需要更大規模地重複實驗,
12:01
but they show the promise of these memory-destroying treatments
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但所有的實驗結果
12:04
for PTSD.
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都一致顯示可以治療 PTSD。
12:06
Maybe trauma memories do not need to be the hell from which we cannot escape.
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也許創傷性記憶未必是 我們無法逃脫的地獄。
12:14
Now, although this memory-destroying approach holds great promise,
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雖然記憶刪除方案充滿希望,
12:17
that's not to say that it's straightforward
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但是它並不直接了當,
12:20
or without controversy.
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而且存有爭議。
12:22
Is it ethical to destroy memories?
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消除記憶是人道的行為嗎?
12:24
What about things like eyewitness testimony?
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目擊者證詞又如何分辨是非呢?
12:27
What if you can't give someone Propranolol
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如果有人不能服用普萘洛爾呢?
12:29
because it would interfere with other medicines that they're taking?
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因為會跟其他藥物相沖 而帶來負面影響。
12:33
Well, with respect to ethics and eyewitness testimony,
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關於道德和目擊者證詞,
12:36
I would say the important point to remember
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注重的要點是:
12:38
is the finding from that human study.
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研究人類所得的結果。
12:41
Because Propranolol is only acting on the non-declarative emotional memory,
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因為普萘洛爾只會影響 非陳述性情緒記憶,
12:46
it seems unlikely that it would affect eyewitness testimony,
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看似不會對目擊者證詞起作用,
12:49
which is based on declarative memory.
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因為那屬於陳述性記憶。
12:52
Essentially, what these memory-destroying treatments
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本質上,
這些記憶刪除治療方案的目標
12:55
are aiming to do
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12:56
is to reduce the emotional memory,
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是「減少」情緒記憶,
12:58
not get rid of the trauma memory altogether.
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但不是完全消除創傷性事件的記憶。
13:02
This should make the responses of those with PTSD
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它會讓 PTSD 患者
13:05
more like those who have been through trauma
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變得更像經歷過創傷的事件,
13:07
and not developed PTSD
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但沒有患上 PTSD 的人,
13:10
than people who have never experienced trauma in the first place.
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而不是變成完全沒有 經歷創傷性事件的人。
13:14
I think that most people would find that more ethically acceptable
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由於這個治療方案 不會創造空虛的記憶。
13:17
than a treatment that aimed to create some sort of spotless mind.
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這在倫理上比較能讓人接受。
13:23
What about Propranolol?
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那普萘洛爾呢?
13:25
You can't give Propranolol to everyone,
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你不能把普萘洛爾開給全部人,
13:27
and not everyone wants to take drugs to treat mental health conditions.
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而且不是每個人 都想用藥物治療心理健康疾病。
13:31
Well, here Tetris could be useful.
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這樣的話,俄羅斯方塊會有幫助。
13:34
Yes, Tetris.
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對的,俄羅斯方塊。
13:37
Working with clinical collaborators,
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和研究合作者一起工作的時候,
13:39
we've been looking at whether behavioral interventions
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我們一直在研究
行為干預是否也能夠干涉記憶鞏固。
13:42
can also interfere with the reconsolidation of memories.
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13:45
Now, how would that work?
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是怎麼作用的呢?
13:47
Well, we know that it's basically impossible
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我們都知道,
人基本上不可能同時完成兩個任務,
13:50
to do two tasks at the same time
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13:52
if they both depend on the same brain region for processing.
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倘若兩者依賴 相同的大腦區域處理的話。
13:55
Think trying to sing along to the radio
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就像是一邊跟著收音機唱歌,
13:58
while you're trying to compose an email.
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一邊寫電郵。
14:00
The processing for one interferes with the other.
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同時進行這兩個事項會互相干涉。
14:04
Well, it's the same when you retrieve a memory,
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其實,它就像喚回記憶一樣,
14:06
especially in edit mode.
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特別是在編輯模式裡。
14:07
If we take a highly visual symptom like flashbacks in PTSD
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如果我們使用視覺上的徵兆, 比如說 PTSD 的閃回,
14:11
and get people to recall the memory in edit mode
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讓人們在編輯模式下召回記憶,
14:15
and then get them to do a highly engaging visual task
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然後讓他們進行 高參與度的視覺活動,
14:18
like playing Tetris,
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例如玩俄羅斯方塊。
14:20
it should be possible to introduce so much interfering information
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應該有可能在該存儲中 引入太多的干擾信息,
14:24
into that memory
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14:25
that it essentially becomes meaningless.
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實際上使它變得毫無意義。
14:29
That's the theory,
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這就是當中的理論,
14:30
and it's supported by data from healthy human volunteers.
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從健康人類志願者得來的 研究數據支持了這個理論。
14:34
Now, our volunteers watched highly unpleasant films --
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我們的志願者觀看 非常不愉快的電影——
14:38
so, think eye surgery, road traffic safety adverts,
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例如眼睛手術、 道路交通安全的廣告、
14:42
Scorsese's "The Big Shave."
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史柯西斯的《剃鬚記》。
14:44
These trauma films produce something like flashbacks
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健康志願者觀看它們一周後,
14:48
in healthy volunteers for about a week after viewing them.
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這些創傷性的電影 導致了閃回的反應。
14:53
We found that getting people to recall those memories,
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我們發現
如果一邊讓他們回想這些記憶,
14:57
the worst moments of those unpleasant films,
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這些電影裡最糟糕的畫面,
15:00
and playing Tetris at the same time,
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然後一邊玩俄羅斯方塊的話,
15:02
massively reduced the frequency of the flashbacks.
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出現閃回的次數大規模地下降。
15:06
And again: the memory had to be in edit mode for that to work.
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再說一遍:記憶必須是 在編輯模式下才會成功。
15:12
Now, my collaborators have since taken this to clinical populations.
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我的合作者把這實驗帶到臨床患者。
15:15
They've tested this in survivors of road traffic accidents
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他們給交通意外生還者
15:18
and mothers who've had emergency Caesarean sections,
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和做過緊急剖腹手術的母親 進行了這個實驗,
15:22
both types of trauma that frequently lead to PTSD,
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這兩種創傷性事件經常導致 PTSD。
15:26
and they found really promising reductions in symptoms
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在這兩樣臨床實驗裡
15:29
in both of those clinical cases.
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發現症狀減少了。
15:33
So although there is still much to learn and procedures to optimize,
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雖然我們仍需更深入了解和優化程序,
15:37
these memory-destroying treatments hold great promise
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但這些刪除記憶的治療方案 對於治療心理健康疾病
15:40
for the treatment of mental health disorders
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15:43
like PTSD.
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——例如 PTSD——可能大大有效。
15:45
Maybe trauma memories do not need to be a hell from which we cannot escape.
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也許創傷性記憶 並不是無法脫離的地獄。
15:51
I believe that this approach
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我相信這方式能讓人選擇
15:53
should allow those who want to
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15:55
to turn the page on chapters of their lives
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跨過這些他們希望 未曾有過的生命章節,
15:57
that they would prefer to never have experienced,
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15:59
and so improve our mental health.
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改善心理健康。
16:03
Thank you.
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謝謝。
16:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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