How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | Simon Berrow

Prevodilac: Dina Stevanovic Lektor: Ivana Korom

Basking sharks are awesome creatures.

Goleme ajkule su neverovatna stvorenja. One su prosto božanstvene.

They are just magnificent.

Mogu da dosegnu dužinu od 10 metara,

They grow 10 meters long; some say bigger.

neki smatraju i više.

They might weigh up to two tons.

Mogu da budu teške i do dve tone,

Some say up to five tons.

neki smatraju i do pet.

They're the second-largest fish in the world.

One su druga najveća vrsta ribe na svetu.

They're also harmless plankton-feeding animals.

U pitanju je bezopasna vrsta koja se hrani planktonom.

And they are thought to be able to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour

Smatra se da mogu

da filtriraju jedan kubni kilometar vode na sat

and can feed on 30 kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive.

i da opstanu sa 30 kg zooplanktona na dan.

To su neverovatna bića.

They're fantastic creatures.

We're very lucky in Ireland,

I mi, u Irskoj, imamo sreće jer postoji puno golemih ajkula,

we have plenty of basking sharks and plenty of opportunities to study them.

kao i prilika da ih izučavamo.

One su bile i veoma značajne za priobalne zajednice

They were very important to coastal communities,

stotinama godina unazad,

going back hundreds of years,

pre svega u oblastima Kladag, Daf i Konemara,

especially around the Claddaghduff, Connemara region

gde su mali zemljoradnici imali običaj da otplove

where subsistence farmers used to sail out on their hookers and open boats,

na jedrenjacima i čamcima,

sometimes way offshore to a place called the Sunfish Bank,

katkad daleko od obale, katkad do mesta zvanog Sanfiš Benk,

about 30 miles west of Achill Island,

koje se nalazi oko 48 kilometara zapadno od ostrva Akil,

to kill the basking sharks.

kako bi lovili goleme ajkule.

This is a woodcut from about the 1800s.

Ovo je stari drvorez iz 1800-ih

koji pokazuje da su se tada ljudi interesovali za ajkule,

They were very important, for the oil out of their liver.

A third of the basking shark's size is their liver,

pre svega zbog ulja u njihovim jetrama.

Trećinu dužine ajkulinog tela čini jetra,

and it's full of oil, gallons of oil.

koja sadrži velike količine ulja.

That oil was used especially for lighting,

To ulje se koristilo pre svega za rasvetu,

but also for dressing wounds and other things.

ali i za lečenje rana i u druge svrhe.

In fact, the streetlights in 1742,

Godine 1742. za uličnu rasvetu

of Galway, Dublin and Waterford,

u Galveju, Dablinu i Vaterfordu,

were lit with sunfish oil.

koristilo se ulje ribe-sunce.

"Sunfish" is one of the words for basking sharks.

"Riba sunce" je jedan od naziva za golemu ajkulu.

So they were incredibly important animals.

Bile su to veoma značajne životinje.

They've been around a long time, very important to coastal communities.

Prisutne su u morima od pamtiveka, veoma su bitne za priobalne zajednice.

Probably the best-documented basking shark fishery in the world

Verovatno najbolje dokumentovani lov na golemu ajkulu na svetu

is that from Achill Island.

je onaj sa ostrva Akil.

This is Keem Bay up in Achill Island.

Ovo je zaliv Kim na Akilovom ostrvu.

Sharks used to come into the bay,

Ajkule su imale običaj da posećuju zaliv.

and the fishermen would tie a net off the headland,

Ribari su vezivali mrežu na sam kraj litice,

string it out, an old Manila net,

i razapinjali je do sledeće mreže.

and as the shark came round, it would hit the net,

Ajkula koja bi se našla u blizini bi udarila u mrežu

the net would collapse on it.

i mreža bi pala pravo na nju,

It would often drown and suffocate.

usled čega bi ajkula najčešće potonula i udavila se.

Or at times, they would row out in their small curraghs

Ili bi povremeno odveslali u malim čamcima

and kill it with a lance through the back of the neck.

i usmrtili ajkulu zabadajući joj koplje u predeo vrata.

And then they'd tow the sharks back to Purteen Harbour,

Zatim bi se vratili sa plenom u luku Purten Harbor,

boil them up, use the oil.

gde bi skuvali ajkule u kjlučaloj vodi i upotrebili jetreno ulje.

They also used the flesh as well, for fertilizer

Takođe su koristili ajkulino meso kao đubrivo

and also would fin the sharks.

i neretko su im odsecali peraja.

This is probably the biggest threat to sharks worldwide --

Verovatno najveća pretnja za ajkule u svetu danas jeste

odsecanje njihovih peraja.

the finning of sharks.

We're often frightened of sharks, thanks to "Jaws."

Ljudi se uglavnom plaše ovih životinja zbog filma "Ajkula".

Maybe five or six people get killed by sharks every year.

Svake godine, možda pet ili šest osoba strada od napada ajkula.

There was someone recently, wasn't there? Just a couple weeks ago.

Nedavno je jedna osoba poginula, zar ne? Pre par nedelja.

We kill about 100 million sharks a year.

Ljudi ubijaju oko 100 miliona ajkula godišnje.

So I don't know what the balance is,

Zapravo ne verujem da postoji prava ravnoteža,

but I think sharks have more right to be fearful of us than we have of them.

ali sam ubeđen da ajkule imaju više razloga

da se boje čoveka nego mi njih.

It was a well-documented fishery.

U pitanju je zaista dobro dokumentovan lov na ajkule,

As you can see here, it peaked in the '50s,

i kao što vidite, sredinom XX veka je dostignut vrhunac

where they were killing 1,500 sharks a year.

And it declined very fast -- a classic boom-and-bust fishery,

kada je ubijano 1500 ajkula godišnje.

Veoma brzo je usledio pad u aktivnostima -

which suggests that a stock has been depleted

radi se o klasičnom ubrzanom rastu i padu aktivnosti,

or there's low reproductive rates.

što ukazuje da su zalihe iscrpljene

They killed about 12,000 sharks within this period,

ili da je razmnožavanje vrste usporeno.

Ubijeno je oko 12 000 ajkula u tom periodu,

literally just by stringing a Manila rope

tako što se postavljao običan kanap od konoplje

off the tip of Keem Bay up in Achill Island.

u zalivu Kim na Akilovom ostrvu.

Sharks were still killed up into the mid-80s,

Ljudi su i dalje ubijali ajkule sredinom '80-ih godina,

especially out of places like Dunmore East in County Waterford.

pogotovo u mestima kao što je Danmor Ist u okrugu Vaterford.

About two and a half, 3,000 sharks were killed up till '85,

I otprilike 2 500 do 3 000 ajkula je ubijeno do 1985. godine,

mainly by Norwegian vessels.

veliki broj su ubili norveški ribolovci.

You can't really see,

but these are Norwegian basking shark hunting vessels.

Ne vidi se najbolje, ali crna boja označava

norveške brodove koji su se koristili za lov na ajkule,

The black line in the crow's nest signifies this is a shark vessel,

što znači da crna linija na osmatračnici

rather than a whaling vessel.

ukazuje da je u pitanju brod za lov na ajkule,

The importance of basking sharks to the coast communities

a ne na kitove.

Kroz jezik se vidi u kojoj meri su goleme ajkule

is recognized through the language.

bile značajne za priobalne zajednice.

I don't pretend to [know many Irish words],

Iako ne govorim tečno Irski,

but in Kerry they were often known as "ainmhide Na seolta,"

znam da se u Keriju upotrebljava izraz "Ainmhide na seolta",

što znači neman sa dva peraja.

"the monster with the sails."

Another title would be "liop an dá lapa,"

Takođe se koristi izraz "Liop an da lapa",

"the unwieldy beast with two fins."

nepokorna zver sa dva peraja.

"Liabhán mór," suggesting a big animal.

Zatim imamo izraze "Liabhan mor", u prevodu velika životnja,

kao i moj omiljeni "Liabhan chor greine",

Or my favorite, "liabhán chor gréine," "the great fish of the sun."

velika sunčeva riba.

That's a lovely, evocative name.

To je zaista zanimljiv naziv.

On Tory Island -- a strange place anyway -- they were known as "muldoons."

Na ostrvu Tori, koje je jako neobično mesto, zovu ih "muldoons",

(Laughter)

niko ne zna da kaže zašto.

No one seems to know why.

Nadam se da niko u sali nije iz Torija; to je predivno mesto.

Hope there's no one from Tory here. Lovely place.

But more commonly all around the island, they were known as the sunfish.

Na ostrvu su uglavnom bile poznate

kao sunčeve ribe.

And this represents their habit of basking on the surface

To označava da se izležavaju na površini vode kada je sunčan dan.

when the sun is out.

There's great concern that basking sharks are depleted

Postoji bojazan da su goleme ajkule postale izumiruća vrsta svuda u svetu.

all throughout the world.

Some say it's not population decline,

Neki smatraju da se ne radi o padu u broju jedinki.

it might be a change in the distribution of plankton.

Moglo bi da se radi o promenama u distribuciji planktona.

It's been suggested

Smatra se da bi ove ajkule mogle da budu

that these sharks would make fantastic indicators of climate change,

odličan pokazatelj klimatskih promena,

as they're basically continuous plankton recorders,

jer jedu plankton u rekordnim količinama

swimming around with their mouth open.

plivajuću unaokolo sa otvorenim čeljustima.

They're now listed as vulnerable under the IUCN.

One se danas nalaze na listi ugroženih vrsta IUCN.

There's movements in Europe to try and stop catching them.

U Evropi su pokrenute inicijative da se zaustavi lov na njih.

There's now a ban on catching and even landing them,

Zabranjeno je da se love ajkule i da se izvode na kopno,

even landing ones caught accidentally.

čak i one koje su slučajno ulovljene.

They're not protected in Ireland;

U Irskoj nisu zaštićene.

in fact, they have no legislative status in Ireland whatsoever,

Zapravo u Irskoj one nemaju nikakav legalan status,

uprkos našem interesovanju za tu vrstu

despite our importance for the species

i istorijskom kontekstu u kome goleme ajkule opstaju.

and also the historical context within which basking sharks reside.

We know very little about them.

Veoma malo znamo o njima,

And most of what we do know

a veliki deo onoga što znamo

is based on their habit of coming to the surface --

proizlazi iz njihovog običaja da izranjaju na površinu.

I mi pokušavamo da dokučimo šta rade

we try and guess what they're doing from their behavior on the surface.

na osnovu njihovog ponašanja na površini.

I only found out last year, at a conference on the Isle of Man,

Tek sam prošle godine otkrio, na konferenciji na ostrvu Man,

just how unusual it is to live somewhere

koliko je neuobičajeno živeti na mestu

where basking sharks regularly, frequently and predictably

gde goleme ajkule redovno, učestalo i predvidivo

izranjaju na površinu kako bi "lenčarile".

come to the surface to "bask."

It's a fantastic opportunity for a scientist

Za naučnike je to zaista neverovatna prilika

da vide i upoznaju goleme ajkule,

to see and experience basking sharks.

They are awesome creatures.

ta fantastična stvorenja.

I to nam pruža neverovatnu mogućnost da ih izučavamo, da im se približimo.

It gives us a fantastic opportunity to study them, to get access to them.

What we've been doing for a couple years -- last year was a big year --

Zato smo pre par godina - iako je prošla bila udarna -

počeli da obeležavamo ajkule

is we started tagging sharks,

kako bismo pokušali da otkrijemo

so we could try to get some idea of sight fidelity and movement

njihova kretanja i da li se uvek vraćaju na ista mesta.

and things like that.

So we concentrated mainly in North Donegal and West Kerry

Koncentrisali smo se pre svega

na oblasti Severni Donegal i Zapadni Keri,

as the two areas where I was mainly active.

gde sam ja inače bio najaktvniji.

And we tagged them very simply, not very high-tech,

I obeležili smo ih na veoma jednostavan način,

bez visoke tehnologije, već uz pomoć velikog štapa.

with a big, long pole.

This is a beachcaster rod with a tag on the end.

Ovo je štap za pecanje

sa markerom na vrhu.

You go up in your boat and tag the shark.

Popnemo se na brod i obeležimo ajkulu.

And we were very effective.

Bili smo veoma efikasni.

We tagged 105 sharks last summer.

Obeležili smo 105 ajkula prošlog leta,

We got 50 in three days off Inishowen Peninsula.

50 u roku od tri dana

kod poluostrva Inišoven.

Half the challenge to get access

Najteže je prići mestu, biti tamo u pravo vreme.

is to be in the right place at the right time.

But it's a very simple, easy technique; I'll show you what it looks like.

Ali je tehnika sama po sebi jednostavna i laka.

Pokazaću vam kako to izgleda.

We use a pole camera on the boat to actually film the shark.

Na brodu koristimo teleskopsku kameru

kako bismo snimili ajkule.

One, it's to try and work out the gender of the shark.

Sa jedne strane pokušavamo da utvrdimo ajkulin pol.

We also deployed some satellite tags, so we did use high-tech stuff as well.

Koristili smo i nekoliko satelitskih markera,

tako da smo ipak upotrebili po koja visoko tehnološka sredstva.

These are archival tags.

What they do is store the data.

Ovo su markeri koji ujedno i snimaju.

A satellite tag only works when the air is clear of the water

Oni i arhiviraju informacije.

Satelitski marker funkcioniše samo kada je izvan vode,

and can send a signal to the satellite.

i tada šalje signal satelitu.

And sharks and fish are underwater most of the time,

Međutim, ajkule i ostale ribe su uglavnom ispod vode.

so this tag actually works out the locations of shark,

Ovaj marker nam omogućava da lokalizujemo ajkule

depending on the timing and the setting of the sun,

na osnovu vremenskog intervala i položaja sunca,

plus water temperature and depth.

kao i temperature vode i dubine.

And you have to kind of reconstruct the path.

A onda je na nama da rekonstruišemo njihovu putanju.

What happens is,

Marker je podešen da se posle izvesnog vremena otkači sa ajkule,

you set the tag to detach from the shark after a fixed period --

u ovom slučaju je to bilo osam meseci,

in this case, eight months --

i on se zaista otkačio u pravom trenutku, izronio je na površinu,

and literally to the day, the tag popped off,

drifted up, said hello to the satellite

pozdravio se sa satelitom

and sent, not all the data, but enough data for us to use.

i poslao mu, ne sve podatke, ali dovoljno da bismo mogli

This is the only way to really work out their behavior and movements

da izvučemo nešto iz tih informacija.

I to je jedini načini da otkrijemo

when they're underwater.

ponašanje i pokrete ajkula kada su ispod vode.

And here's a couple of maps that we've done.

Ovo su karte koje smo izradili.

In that one, you can see that we tagged both off Kerry.

Ovde se vidi da smo obeležili obe ajkule koje su plivale u blizini Kerija.

Basically, it spent all its time, the last eight months, in Irish waters.

Jedna je provela svo vreme, tačnije poslednjih osam meseci,

On Christmas, it was out on the shelf edge.

u irskim vodama.

Na dan Božića bila je u blizini kontinentalnog platoa.

Here's one we haven't ground-truthed yet

with sea-surface temperature and water depth,

A ovo je ajkula za koju još uvek nemamo precizne podatke,

but again, the second shark spent most of its time

na osnovu temperature i dubine mora,

in and around the Irish Sea.

ali znamo da je druga provela većinu svog vremena

Colleagues from the Isle of Man last year actually tagged one shark

u, ili u blizini, Irskog mora.

that went from the Isle of Man to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.

Prošle godine, moje kolege sa ostrva Man,

markirali su jednu ajkulu

Nine and a half thousand kilometers -- we never thought that happened.

koja je, za 90 dana, prešla put od ostrva Man do Nove Škotske.

Another colleague in the States tagged about 20 sharks off Massachusetts.

To je 9 500 kilometara.

Nismo mislili da to može da se desi.

His tags didn't really work.

Drugi kolega iz SAD

je obeležio dvadesetak ajkula u masačusetskom zalivu,

All he knows is where he tagged them,

and where they popped off.

ali markiranje nije baš uspelo.

His tags popped off in the Caribbean,

Jedino što zna to je gde ih je markirao

i gde su se tagovi otkačili.

and even in Brazil.

We thought basking sharks were temperate animals

A to je u Karipskom moru i u blizini Brazila.

and lived in our latitudes,

Mislili smo da goleme ajkule radije žive u područjima

but in actual fact, they're obviously crossing the equator as well.

umerene klime, kao što je naše.

Ali one zapravo prelaze ekvator.

So very simple things like that,

Pokušavamo da otkrijemo veoma jednostavne

we're trying to learn about basking sharks.

stvari o golemim ajkulama.

One thing that I think is a very surprising and strange thing

Ono što je za mene

veoma čudno i iznenađujuće

is just how low the genetic diversity of sharks is.

to je koliko je ograničena genetska raznolikost ajkula.

I'm not a geneticist, so I won't pretend to understand the genetics.

Ja nisam genetičar i ne umišljam da se razumem u genetiku.

I zato je sjajno sarađivati sa različitim stručnjacima.

And that's why it's great to have collaboration.

Whereas I'm a field person,

Ja sam čovek sa terena.

I get panic attacks

Obuzme me panika ako treba da provedem čitave sate

if I have to spend too many hours in a lab with a white coat on.

u laboratoriji sa belim mantilom.

Take me away.

Nisam ja za to.

Dobro je što možemo da radimo sa genetičarima koji se u to razumeju.

So we can work with geneticists who understand that.

So when they looked at the genetics of basking sharks,

Izučavajući genetske karakteristike golemih ajkula,

they found that the diversity was incredibly low.

otkrili su da je njihova raznovrsnost veoma ograničena.

If you look at the first line, really,

Ako pogledate prvi red,

vidite da su sve ove različite vrste zapravo veoma slične.

you can see that all these different shark species are all quite similar.

I think this means they're all sharks

Mislim da to znači da sve pripadaju rodu ajkula

and they've come from a common ancestry.

i da potiču od istog pretka.

But if you look at nucleotide diversity,

Ako uzmete nukleotidnu raznovrsnost,

which is more genetics that are passed on through the parents,

što je genetska karakteristika koja se nasleđuje od roditelja,

you see that basking sharks, if you look at the first study,

možete videti da goleme ajkule, ako pogledale prve rezultate,

was order of magnitude less diverse even than other shark species.

imaju niži stepen raznovrsnosti

od ostalih vrsta ajkula.

You can see this work was only done in 2006.

I vidite da je ovo istraživanje urađeno 2006. godine.

Before 2006, we had no idea of the genetic variability of basking sharks.

Pre 2006, nismo ništa znali o genetičkoj varijabilnosti ovih ajkula.

We had no idea: Did they distinguish into different populations?

Nismo znali da li se dele u različite populacije

Were there subpopulations?

i da li postoje subpopulacije.

And that's very important if you want to know

I naravno to je veoma bitno ukoliko želite da utvrdite

what the population size is, and the status of the animals.

tačnu veličinu populacije i ugroženost vrste.

So, Les Noble in Aberdeen kind of found this a bit unbelievable, really.

Les Nobl iz Aberdina

je posumnjao u ove rezultate

So he did another study using microsatellites,

i odlučio da uradi drugo istraživanje

koristeći mikro-satelite,

koji su mnogo skuplji, oduzimaju mnogo više vremena,

which is much more expensive, much more time-consuming,

and to his surprise, came up with almost identical results.

i koji su, na njegovo veliko iznenađenje, dali skoro identične rezultate.

So it does seem to be that basking sharks, for some reason,

Dakle, ispostavilo se da goleme ajkule,

iz nekog nepoznatog razloga, imaju veoma ograničenu raznovrsnost.

have incredibly low diversity.

And it's thought maybe it was a genetic bottleneck,

Smatra se da je možda genetički drift,

thought to have been 12,000 years ago,

nastao pre 12 000 godina,

and this has caused a very low diversity.

odgovoran za ovako ograničenu raznovrsnost.

And yet, if you look at the whale shark,

Međutim, raznovrsnost kit-ajkula,

which is the other plankton-eating large shark,

druge velike vrste ajkula koje se hrane planktonom,

its diversity is much greater.

je mnogo veća.

So it doesn't really make sense at all.

Vidimo da tu zapravo nema nikakve logike.

They found that there was no genetic differentiation

Dokazano je da ne postoji genetska diferencijacija

između golemih ajkula koje nastanjuju različite okeane.

between any of the world's oceans of basking sharks:

even though they're found throughout the world,

To znači da, iako se goleme ajkule mogu naći svuda u svetu,

you couldn't tell the difference, genetically,

genetički se ne mogu razlikovati

from one from the Pacific, Atlantic, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa.

one iz Pacifičkog ili Atlantskog okeana, od onih sa Novog Zelanda

They all basically seem the same.

ili iz Irske ili Južne Afrike.

Sve one izgledaju isto.

Which, again, is kind of surprising; you wouldn't expect that.

Međutim, i to je iznenađujuće. Donekle neočekivano.

I don't understand or pretend to understand this;

Ja to naprosto ne razumem i ne trudim se da razumem.

I suspect most geneticists don't either,

I čisto sumnjam da većina genetičara to razume,

but they produce the numbers.

So you can actually estimate the population size

ali to ih ne sprečava da objavljuju brojke.

Može se proceniti veličina stanovništva

based on the diversity of the genetics.

na osnovu genetičke raznovrsnosti.

And Rus Hoelzel came up with an effective population size:

Rus Helzel uspeo je da utvrdi tačan broj jedinki:

8,200 animals.

8 200 golemih ajkula.

That's it -- 8,000 animals in the world.

To je to.

8 000 golemih ajkula na svetu.

You're thinking, "That's ridiculous. No way."

Pomislićete: "Ma, to je smešno. Nema teorije."

So Les did a finer study,

Les je uradio preciznije istraživanje

and he found out it came out about 9,000.

i zaključio da ih ima oko 9 000.

Using different microsatellites gave the different results,

Različiti rezultati se mogu pripisati upotrebi različitih mikro-satelita.

but the mean of all these studies is about 5,000,

Ali na osnovu svih tih istraživanja došli smo do proseka,

a prosek je oko 5 000,

u šta ja lično ne verujem,

which I personally don't believe.

But then, I am a skeptic.

ali ja sam inače skeptik.

But even if you toss a few numbers around,

Ali čak i u slučaju blagog odstupanja u brojkama,

you're probably talking an effective population of about 20,000 animals.

efektivna populacija verovatno broji oko 20 000 jedinki.

Da li se sećate koliko ih je samo ubijeno kod ostrva Akil

Do you remember how many they killed off Achill in the 70s and the 50s?

'70-ih i '50-ih godina prošlog veka?

So what it tells us, actually,

Sve ovo ukazuje na činjenicu

is that there's actually a risk of extinction of this species

da postoji rizik od izumiranja ove vrste

because its population is so small.

zbog ograničene veličine populacije.

In fact, of those 20,000,

Od ukupno 20 000 ajkula, procenjuje se da su 8 000 ženke.

8,000 were thought to be females.

There's only 8,000 basking shark females in the world?

To znači da postoji samo 8 000 ženki golemih ajkula na svetu?

I don't know. I don't believe it.

Ne znam. Ne verujem u to.

The problem with this is they were constrained with samples.

Problem sa ovim istraživanjima

jeste ograničen broj uzoraka.

Nisu dobili dovoljno uzoraka kako bi

They didn't get enough samples

to really explore the genetics in enough detail.

zaista detaljno izučili sve genetske karakteristike.

So, where do you get samples from for your genetic analysis?

Odakle potiču uzorci

koji se koriste za genetska istraživanja?

Well, one obvious source is dead sharks --

Pa jedan od očiglednih izvora jesu mrtve ajkule.

dead sharks, washed up.

Mrtve ajkule nađene na plaži.

We might get two or three dead sharks washed up in Ireland a year,

U Irskoj godišnje nađemo dve ili tri mrtve ajkule na kopnu,

if we're kind of lucky.

uz malo sreće.

Another source would be fisheries' bycatch.

Drugi izvor jeste prilov kao posledica ribolovnih aktivnosti.

We were getting quite a few caught in surface drift nets.

Tako su do nas dospevale ajkule koje su se upetljale u mrežu na površini vode.

That's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks.

To je sada zabranjeno, što je dobra vest za ajkule.

And some are caught in nets, in trawls.

This is a shark that was actually landed in Howth just before Christmas --

Neke se upetljaju u mreže, u alov.

Ovo je ajkula koja je izneta na kopno malo pre Božića,

illegally, because you're not allowed to do that under EU law --

nezakonito jer je to zabranjeno po evropskom zakonu.

and was actually sold for eight euros a kilo as shark steak.

Prodavali su je po ceni od osam evra po kilogramu kao stek od ajkule.

They even put a recipe up on the wall,

Čak su okačili recept na zid dok im nije naznačeno da je to zabranjeno.

until they were told it was illegal.

They actually did get a fine for that.

Na kraju su zaista dobili kaznu.

So if you look at all those studies I showed you,

Za sva istraživanja koja sam vam pokazao,

the total number of samples worldwide

do sada je upotrebljeno ukupno 86 uzoraka

is 86, at present.

u svetu.

So it's very important work,

U pitanju je izuzetno ozbiljan posao,

and they can ask some really good questions,

sva ta istraživanja pokreću veoma bitna pitanja,

and tell us about population size and subpopulations and structure,

i govore nam dosta toga o veličini populacije,

kao i o subpopulacijama i strukturi stanovništva,

but they're constrained by lack of samples.

ali su ona ograničena zbog nedostatka uzoraka.

Za markiranje ajkula,

When we were out tagging our sharks --

this is how we tagged them on the front of a RIB, get in there fast --

postavljali smo se na prednju stranu gumenog čamca,

bilo je potrebno povući se brzo unazad

occasionally, the sharks do react.

jer ajkule ponekad mogu da reaguju.

On one occasion, when we were up in Malin Head in Donegal,

Jednom prilikom, kada smo bili na severu, u Malin Hedu u oblasti Donegal,

the shark smacked the side of the boat with his tail,

ajkula je repom udarila čamac

more, I think, in startle to the fact that a boat came near it,

jer ju je iznenadila blizina čamca više nego postavljanje markera,

rather than the tag going in.

ja barem tako mislim.

Prošlo je ok. Bili smo mokri. Nikakav problem.

And that was fine. We got wet. No problem.

Kasnije, kada smo se Emet i ja

And then when myself and Emmett got back to Malin Head, to the pier,

vratili u luku Malin Hed,

video sam da su na prednjoj strani broda ostali tamni viskozni tragovi.

I noticed some black slime on the front of the boat.

I used to spend a lot of time on commercial fishing boats,

I onda sam se setio - nekada sam provodio dosta vremena

and I remember fishermen saying

na komercijalnim ribarskim brodovima -

they can tell when a basking shark has been caught in a net,

ribari su govorili da uvek znaju

because it leaves a black slime behind.

kada im se golema ajkula upetljala u mrežu

So that must have come from the shark.

na osnovu tragova koje ostavlja za sobom.

Now, we had an interest in getting tissue samples for genetics

Pomislio sam da je verovatno ajkula ostavila te tragove.

Zanimalo nas je

because we knew they were very valuable.

da dođemo do uzoraka tkiva za genetska istraživanja

We would use conventional methods;

jer smo znali da su dragocena.

I have a crossbow -- you see it in my hand there,

I koristili smo konvencionalne metode -

which we use to sample whales and dolphins for genetic studies as well.

samostrel, vidite da ga držim u ruci -

koristimo za uzimanje uzoraka sa kitova i delfina za genetska istraživanja takođe.

So I tried that, I tried many techniques.

All it was doing was breaking my arrows,

Probao sam i razne druge metode.

because the shark's skin is just so strong.

Međutim, strele su se stalno lomile

There was no way we were going to get a sample from that.

jer je ajkulina koža izuzetno tvrda.

Nema šanse doći do uzorka na taj način.

That wasn't going to work.

Znali smo da to neće uspeti.

So when I saw the black slime on the bow of the boat,

Kada sam video crni trag na prednjoj strani broda,

I thought, "If you take what you're given in this world ..."

pomislio sam, treba iskoristiti ono što ti je dato na ovom svetu.

So I scraped it off.

I had a little tube with alcohol in it to send to the geneticists.

I tako sam skinuo crnu sluz sa broda.

Imao sam malu epruvetu sa alkoholom,

sve što je potrebno da pošaljem uzorak genetičarima.

So I scraped the slime off and sent it to Aberdeen,

Prikupio sam supstancu i poslao uzorak u Aberdin,

and said, "You might try that."

And they sat on it for months.

sa napomenom "Proverite ovo".

Mesecima nisu ništa preduzeli po tom pitanju.

It was only because we had a conference on the Isle of Man.

Samo kada smo imali konferenciju na ostrvu Man,

But I kept emailing Les, saying,

"Have you had a chance to look at my slime?"

ja sam mu redovno slao mejlove pitajući:

And he was like, "Yeah, yeah. Later."

"Da li ste slučajno pogledali moji uzorak?"

He thought he'd better do it because I never met him before;

On je odgovarao: "Ma da. Kasnije, kasnije."

Na kraju je zaključio da je bolje da to stvarno uradi

he might lose face if he hadn't done the thing I sent him.

jer se do tada nikada nismo sreli

And he was amazed that they actually got DNA from the slime.

i mogao bi da se osramoti što nije uradio.

I na njegovo veliko iznenađenje, našli su DNK u sluzi.

They amplified it and they tested it,

and they found, yes, this was actually basking shark DNA,

Uvećali su ga i testirali

i otkrili su da se radi o DNK goleme ajkule,

which was got from the slime.

dobijenom iz sluzi.

So he was very excited.

Bio je veoma uzbuđen zbog tog otkrića.

It became known as "Simon's shark slime."

Od tada sluz nosi naziv "sluz Simonove ajkule".

And I thought, "Hey, you know, I can build on this."

I pomislio sam: "Hej, znate šta, ja ovo mogu dodatno da produbim".

So we thought, OK, we're going to try to get out and get some slime.

Odlučili smo da pokušamo da nađemo još

sluzi u moru.

So having spent three-and-a-half thousand on satellite tags ...

Pošto smo već potrošili tri i po hiljade za satelitske markere,

I then thought I'd invest 7.95 -- the price is still on it --

odlučio sam da uložim još 7,95 - cena je još uvek okačena -

in my local hardware store in Kilrush

i kupim u maloj lokalnoj prodavnici u Kilrušu

for a mop handle,

dršku za podni brisač

and even less money on some oven cleaners.

i nekoliko sunđera za čišćenje rerne za još manje novca.

And I wrapped the oven cleaner around the edge of the mop handle

Umotao sam sunđer oko držača

and ...

i očajnički sam priželjkivao da mi se ukaže prilika

(Laughter)

I was desperate to have an opportunity to get some sharks.

da dođem u kontakt sa ajkulama.

And this was into August now, and normally sharks peak in June, July,

Sve ovo se desilo u avgustu,

a ajkule se uglavnom mogu videti u junu ili julu.

and you rarely see them, or rarely can be in the right place

U avgustu retko kad se vide.

Veoma je mala verovatnoća da budete na pravom mestu

to find sharks into August.

We were desperate, so we rushed out to the Blaskets

i naiđete na ajkule u avgustu.

Bili smo očajni.

Pohrlili smo ka ostrvima Blasket čim smo čuli da tamo ima ajkula

as soon as we heard there were sharks there,

and managed to find some sharks.

i naišli smo na nekoliko njih.

So by just rubbing the mop handle down the shark

Dovoljno je bilo da držačem pređemo preko ajkulinih leđa,

as it swam under the boat --

dok prolazi ispod čamca -

you see a shark running under the boat here --

ovde možete videti kako ajkula prolazi ispod čamca -

we managed to collect slime.

kako bismo prikupili sluz.

And here it is.

I evo kako ona izgleda.

Look at that lovely black shark slime.

Pogledajte tu predivnu, crnu ajkulinu sluz.

And in about half an hour, we got five samples.

U roku od pola sata,

prikupili smo pet uzoraka od pet različitih ajkula,

Five individual sharks were sampled

zahvaljujući metodi uzorkovanja na osnovu sluzi Simonove ajkule.

using Simon's Shark Slime Sampling System.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I've been working on whales and dolphins in Ireland for 20 years now,

Izučavam kitove i delfine u Irskoj već 20 godina,

and they're a bit more dramatic.

i oni su u neku ruku spektakularniji.

You probably saw the humpback whale footage

Verovatno ste videli flim o grbavom kitu

we got a month or two ago off County Wexford.

koji smo snimili pre mesec ili dva u oblasti Veksford.

And you always think you might have some legacy

Uvek imamo na umu nasleđe koje želimo da ostavimo za sobom.

you can leave the world behind,

Ja sam mislio da će to biti grbavi kit koji iskače iz vode

and I was thinking of humpback whales breaching and dolphins.

ili delfini.

But hey -- sometimes these things are sent to you

Ali ponekad takve stvari same dolaze do nas

and you just have to take them when they come.

i treba znati iskoristiti takvu priliku.

So this is possibly going to be my legacy --

Moguće je da će ovo biti moja zaostavština -

Simon's Shark Slime.

Simonova ajkulina sluz.

We got more money this year

Ove godine smo dobili novac

to carry on collecting more and more samples.

da nastavimo da prikupljamo uzorke.

One thing that is very useful is that we use a pole camera --

I ono što je veoma korisno

to su teleskopske kamere - ovo je moja koleginica Džoan

this is my colleague, Joanne, with a pole camera --

sa teleskopskom kamerom -

where you can look underneath the shark.

koje vam omogućuju da gledate ispod ajkule.

What you're trying to look at is, the males have claspers,

Pokušavamo da vidimo da li mužjaci imaju bodlje,

which kind of dangle out behind the back of the shark.

koje kao da vise iza njihovih leđa.

So you can quite easily tell the gender of the shark.

Dakle, lako je utvrditi pol ajkule.

To znači da, ako smo u mogućnosti da odredimo ajkulin pol

If we can tell the gender of the shark before we sample it,

pre nego što uzmemo uzorak,

we can tell the geneticist this was taken from a male or a female.

onda možemo reći genetičaru da li je uzorak uzet sa ženke ili mužjaka.

Because in the moment, they have no way, genetically,

To je veoma bitno jer trenutno ne postoji mogućnost

of telling the difference between a male and a female,

da se genetski napravi razlika između mužjaka i ženke,

which I find staggering,

što je meni delovalo zaista neverovatno,

because they don't know what primers to look for.

jer jednostavno ne znaju odakle da počnu.

Being able to tell the gender of a shark

Međutim, određivanje ajkulinog pola

is very important for things like policing the trade

veoma je značajno

zbog, na primer, kontrolisanja trgovine

in basking shark and other species through the sightings,

golemim ajkulama i drugim vrstama

jer je zabranjeno baviti se trgovinom ajkulama bilo koje vrste.

because it is illegal to trade in these sharks.

One se i dalje love i mogu se naći na tržištu.

And they are caught and are on the market.

So as a field biologist,

Kao biolog sa terena,

you just want to get encounters with these animals,

jedino što želim jeste da upoznam te životinje.

and learn as much as you can.

Želim da naučim što više o njima.

They're often quite brief, they're often very seasonally constrained.

Prilike su retke.

Sezona kada se ajkule mogu videti često je veoma kratka.

You just want to learn as much as you can as soon as you can.

Mi jednostavno želimo da naučimo što je više moguće za što kraće vreme.

But isn't it fantastic

that you can then offer these samples and opportunities

Zar nije fantastično

što možemo te uzorke nekome da damo

i da na taj način otvorimo nova polja istraživanja

to other disciplines, such as the geneticists,

u drugim oblastima, u genetici na primer,

who can gain so much more from that.

koja može toliko toga da izvuče iz ovoga.

So as I said, these things are sent to you in strange ways.

Dakle, kao što sam rekao,

čudno je kako neke stvari dospevaju do nas.

Grab them while you can.

Iskoristite priliku.

I'll take that as my scientific legacy.

Mislim da će ovo biti moje nasleđe u oblasti nauke.

Hopefully, I might get something a bit more dramatic and romantic

Nadam se da će mi stići nešto spektakularnije i romantičnije

before I die.

pre nego što umrem.

But for the time being, thank you for that.

Ali za sada, hvala vam za ovo.

And keep an eye out for sharks.

Pripazite na ajkule.

If you're more interested, we have a basking shark website now set up.

Ako želite da saznate nešto više, posetite sajt o golemim ajkulama

koji smo nedavno napravili.

So thank you and thank you for listening.

Hvala na pažnji.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)