How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | Simon Berrow

48,444 views ใƒป 2012-02-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Benny Bechor ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Basking sharks are awesome creatures.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื,ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
00:17
They are just magnificent.
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ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 10 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:19
They grow 10 meters long; some say bigger.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:22
They might weigh up to two tons.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืขื“ 2 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:24
Some say up to five tons.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ 5 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:26
They're the second-largest fish in the world.
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ื”ื ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:28
They're also harmless plankton-feeding animals.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:31
And they are thought to be able to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour
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ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
ืœืกื ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืงื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื”
00:36
and can feed on 30 kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive.
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ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื› 30 ืงื™ืœื• ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
00:41
They're fantastic creatures.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’
00:42
We're very lucky in Ireland,
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00:44
we have plenty of basking sharks and plenty of opportunities to study them.
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ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื
00:47
They were very important to coastal communities,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
00:50
going back hundreds of years,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงืืœืื“ืš, ื“ืืฃ ื•ืงื•ื ื™ืžืจื”
00:51
especially around the Claddaghduff, Connemara region
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื™ื˜
00:54
where subsistence farmers used to sail out on their hookers and open boats,
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ืขื ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช
00:57
sometimes way offshore to a place called the Sunfish Bank,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื“ืช ื“ื’ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืื™ ืื›ื™ืœ,
01:00
about 30 miles west of Achill Island,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
01:02
to kill the basking sharks.
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01:03
This is a woodcut from about the 1800s.
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ื–ื” ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ืขืฅ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”17, ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 1800.
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื ืœืงื— ืžื”ื›ื‘ื“.
01:06
They were very important, for the oil out of their liver.
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01:08
A third of the basking shark's size is their liver,
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ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ.
ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ืžื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:11
and it's full of oil, gallons of oil.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืชืื•ืจื”,
01:13
That oil was used especially for lighting,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืฉืช ืคืฆืขื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:15
but also for dressing wounds and other things.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืื•ืจืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ 1742
01:17
In fact, the streetlights in 1742,
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ื‘ื’ืืœืื•ื™, ื“ืื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื˜ืจืคื•ืจื“
01:19
of Galway, Dublin and Waterford,
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01:20
were lit with sunfish oil.
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:22
"Sunfish" is one of the words for basking sharks.
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ื•ื“ื’ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’.
01:24
So they were incredibly important animals.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:26
They've been around a long time, very important to coastal communities.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:30
Probably the best-documented basking shark fishery in the world
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืื™ ืื›ื™ืœ.
01:33
is that from Achill Island.
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01:34
This is Keem Bay up in Achill Island.
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ื–ื” ืžืคืจืฅ ืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ ืื›ื™ืœ.
ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืคืจืฅ.
01:37
Sharks used to come into the bay,
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01:39
and the fishermen would tie a net off the headland,
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืงืฉืจื• ืจืฉืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืฃ,
01:42
string it out, an old Manila net,
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ื•ืงืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฉืช ืื—ืจืช.
01:44
and as the shark came round, it would hit the net,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื• ืงืจืกื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
01:46
the net would collapse on it.
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื—ื ืง ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืข.
01:48
It would often drown and suffocate.
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01:49
Or at times, they would row out in their small curraghs
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ืื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ืชืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:52
and kill it with a lance through the back of the neck.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืœืฆืœ ืฉืชืงืขื• ืžืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ.
ื•ืื– ื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ืžืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:55
And then they'd tow the sharks back to Purteen Harbour,
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01:57
boil them up, use the oil.
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ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:59
They also used the flesh as well, for fertilizer
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ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืฉืŸ
ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจ.
02:03
and also would fin the sharks.
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02:06
This is probably the biggest threat to sharks worldwide --
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
02:09
the finning of sharks.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœ"ืžืœืชืขื•ืช".
02:11
We're often frightened of sharks, thanks to "Jaws."
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•
02:13
Maybe five or six people get killed by sharks every year.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืœื ื›ืš? ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:17
There was someone recently, wasn't there? Just a couple weeks ago.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:20
We kill about 100 million sharks a year.
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02:22
So I don't know what the balance is,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื• ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
02:24
but I think sharks have more right to be fearful of us than we have of them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืžื”ื.
ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
02:28
It was a well-documented fishery.
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02:29
As you can see here, it peaked in the '50s,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื’ื• 1500 ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:32
where they were killing 1,500 sharks a year.
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ื“ืจื“ืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ -- ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืœืืกื™,
02:34
And it declined very fast -- a classic boom-and-bust fishery,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืื™ ืžื•ืฆื” ืขื“ ืชื•ื
02:37
which suggests that a stock has been depleted
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02:39
or there's low reproductive rates.
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ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ื™ืจื“ื”.
02:41
They killed about 12,000 sharks within this period,
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ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ 12000 ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช,
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœื™ืช ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžื ื™ืœื”
02:44
literally just by stringing a Manila rope
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ืžืงืฆื” ืžืคืจืฅ ืงื™ื
02:47
off the tip of Keem Bay up in Achill Island.
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ื‘ืื™ ืื›ื™ืœ.
02:50
Sharks were still killed up into the mid-80s,
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
02:52
especially out of places like Dunmore East in County Waterford.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื•ื– "ื•ื•ื˜ืจืคื•ืจื“", ื•ืžื–ืจื— ื“ื•ื ืžื•ืจ.
02:55
About two and a half, 3,000 sharks were killed up till '85,
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช, 3000 ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 85,
02:58
mainly by Norwegian vessels.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
03:00
You can't really see,
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ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
03:01
but these are Norwegian basking shark hunting vessels.
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ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ (ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžื”ืกื™ืจื”)
03:04
The black line in the crow's nest signifies this is a shark vessel,
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ืžืกืžืœ ืฉื–ื• ืกืคื™ื ืช ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
03:07
rather than a whaling vessel.
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ื•ืœื ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ ืœื™ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื.
03:09
The importance of basking sharks to the coast communities
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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
03:12
is recognized through the language.
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ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืคื”.
03:14
I don't pretend to [know many Irish words],
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืชื™ืžืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืจื™ืช,
03:16
but in Kerry they were often known as "ainmhide Na seolta,"
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืืจื™ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›"ืื ื™ืžื“ื” ื ื ืกื™ืื•ืœื˜ื”",
ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืขื ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื.
03:20
"the monster with the sails."
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ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื " ืœื™ืืค ืืŸ ื“ื” ืœืืคื”",
03:22
Another title would be "liop an dรก lapa,"
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื.
03:25
"the unwieldy beast with two fins."
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" ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ืžื•ืจ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
03:28
"Liabhรกn mรณr," suggesting a big animal.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœื™, "ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ืงื•ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื”",
03:31
Or my favorite, "liabhรกn chor grรฉine," "the great fish of the sun."
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ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:34
That's a lovely, evocative name.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืคืœื, ืฉื ืžืจื•ืžื.
03:36
On Tory Island -- a strange place anyway -- they were known as "muldoons."
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ื‘ืื™ ื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื ื™ื,
03:39
(Laughter)
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื”.
03:40
No one seems to know why.
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ืžืงื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ืืŸ, ืžืงื•ื ื ื—ืžื“.
03:42
Hope there's no one from Tory here. Lovely place.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™,
03:44
But more commonly all around the island, they were known as the sunfish.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื’ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:48
And this represents their habit of basking on the surface
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช.
03:51
when the sun is out.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’ ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•
03:52
There's great concern that basking sharks are depleted
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03:54
all throughout the world.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:56
Some say it's not population decline,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
03:58
it might be a change in the distribution of plankton.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:00
It's been suggested
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆืข ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืฉ
04:02
that these sharks would make fantastic indicators of climate change,
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ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืชืขื“ื™ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช
04:05
as they're basically continuous plankton recorders,
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ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืคื” ืคืชื•ื—.
04:07
swimming around with their mouth open.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืชื—ืช IUCN. (ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™)
04:09
They're now listed as vulnerable under the IUCN.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื“,
04:12
There's movements in Europe to try and stop catching them.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฃ
04:15
There's now a ban on catching and even landing them,
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04:17
even landing ones caught accidentally.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
04:19
They're not protected in Ireland;
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“.
04:21
in fact, they have no legislative status in Ireland whatsoever,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืก ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื”,
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืŸ
04:24
despite our importance for the species
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ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
04:26
and also the historical context within which basking sharks reside.
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04:29
We know very little about them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:31
And most of what we do know
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:33
is based on their habit of coming to the surface --
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:36
we try and guess what they're doing from their behavior on the surface.
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ืžื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
04:39
I only found out last year, at a conference on the Isle of Man,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื ืก ื‘ืื™ ืžืŸ,
04:42
just how unusual it is to live somewhere
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
04:45
where basking sharks regularly, frequently and predictably
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ืฉื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืชื“ื™ืจ
ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžื.
04:49
come to the surface to "bask."
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ืข
04:51
It's a fantastic opportunity for a scientist
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:54
to see and experience basking sharks.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื.
04:55
They are awesome creatures.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:57
It gives us a fantastic opportunity to study them, to get access to them.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื -- ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” --
05:00
What we've been doing for a couple years -- last year was a big year --
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
05:04
is we started tagging sharks,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’
05:06
so we could try to get some idea of sight fidelity and movement
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ืื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื™ื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
05:09
and things like that.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื ื•
05:10
So we concentrated mainly in North Donegal and West Kerry
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื’ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืงืืจื™
05:13
as the two areas where I was mainly active.
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ื›ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืคืขืœืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ.
05:16
And we tagged them very simply, not very high-tech,
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ื•ืกื™ืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžืื“ ืœื ื”ื™ ื˜ืงื™ืช,
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืš.
05:20
with a big, long pole.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜
05:21
This is a beachcaster rod with a tag on the end.
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ืขื ืชื’ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื•.
05:24
You go up in your boat and tag the shark.
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš ื•ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
05:27
And we were very effective.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
05:29
We tagged 105 sharks last summer.
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ืกื™ืžื ื• 105 ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœ50 ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื
05:32
We got 50 in three days off Inishowen Peninsula.
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ืœื™ื“ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื•ืŸ.
05:35
Half the challenge to get access
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืฉืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:37
is to be in the right place at the right time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืงืœื”.
05:39
But it's a very simple, easy technique; I'll show you what it looks like.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžืช ืžื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืจื”
05:43
We use a pole camera on the boat to actually film the shark.
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ืœืฆืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
05:46
One, it's to try and work out the gender of the shark.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
05:48
We also deployed some satellite tags, so we did use high-tech stuff as well.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืคืจืกื ื• ื–ื•ื’ ืชื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ ื˜ืง.
ืืœื• ืชื’ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ,
05:52
These are archival tags.
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05:53
What they do is store the data.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืื›ืกืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข.
05:55
A satellite tag only works when the air is clear of the water
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ืชื’ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืง ื›ื”ื ืฆืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
05:58
and can send a signal to the satellite.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:00
And sharks and fish are underwater most of the time,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
06:03
so this tag actually works out the locations of shark,
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06:05
depending on the timing and the setting of the sun,
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ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืžืง.
06:09
plus water temperature and depth.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
06:11
And you have to kind of reconstruct the path.
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06:13
What happens is,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ ื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช,
06:14
you set the tag to detach from the shark after a fixed period --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
06:17
in this case, eight months --
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ื”ืชื’ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
06:19
and literally to the day, the tag popped off,
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06:21
drifted up, said hello to the satellite
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื ื•.
06:23
and sent, not all the data, but enough data for us to use.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
06:26
This is the only way to really work out their behavior and movements
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
06:29
when they're underwater.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•.
06:31
And here's a couple of maps that we've done.
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06:33
In that one, you can see that we tagged both off Kerry.
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ื‘ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืจื™.
06:36
Basically, it spent all its time, the last eight months, in Irish waters.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืžื ื•, ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื™.
ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืžื“ืฃ.
06:40
On Christmas, it was out on the shelf edge.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืื™ืžืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
06:42
Here's one we haven't ground-truthed yet
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ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื™ื,
06:44
with sea-surface temperature and water depth,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื•
06:46
but again, the second shark spent most of its time
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื™.
06:48
in and around the Irish Sea.
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืžื”ืื™ ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
06:50
Colleagues from the Isle of Man last year actually tagged one shark
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ืชื™ื™ื’ื• ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืื—ื“
06:53
that went from the Isle of Man to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.
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ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื”ืื™ ืžืŸ ืขื“ ื ื•ื‘ื” ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื” (ื—ื•ืฃ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”) ื‘ 90 ื™ื•ื.
06:56
Nine and a half thousand kilometers -- we never thought that happened.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 9500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•.
ืขืžื™ืช ืื—ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
07:00
Another colleague in the States tagged about 20 sharks off Massachusetts.
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ืชื™ื™ื’ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกืืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ ื•ื”ืชื’ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื‘ื“ื•.
07:03
His tags didn't really work.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื
07:05
All he knows is where he tagged them,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื™ื ืฆืฆื•.
07:07
and where they popped off.
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07:08
His tags popped off in the Caribbean,
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
07:11
and even in Brazil.
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07:12
We thought basking sharks were temperate animals
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื
07:14
and lived in our latitudes,
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:16
but in actual fact, they're obviously crossing the equator as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”.
07:19
So very simple things like that,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
07:21
we're trying to learn about basking sharks.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
07:24
One thing that I think is a very surprising and strange thing
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืคืชื™ืข
07:28
is just how low the genetic diversity of sharks is.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ืžื•ืš.
07:31
I'm not a geneticist, so I won't pretend to understand the genetics.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื’ื ื˜ืงืื™, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
07:35
And that's why it's great to have collaboration.
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07:37
Whereas I'm a field person,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—,
07:39
I get panic attacks
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืชืงืฃ ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืช
07:40
if I have to spend too many hours in a lab with a white coat on.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื—ืœื•ืง ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ -- ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžื›ืืŸ.
07:43
Take me away.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช.
07:45
So we can work with geneticists who understand that.
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07:47
So when they looked at the genetics of basking sharks,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื”.
07:50
they found that the diversity was incredibly low.
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ื‘ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
07:53
If you look at the first line, really,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
07:55
you can see that all these different shark species are all quite similar.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
07:58
I think this means they're all sharks
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
08:00
and they've come from a common ancestry.
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื,
08:02
But if you look at nucleotide diversity,
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08:04
which is more genetics that are passed on through the parents,
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
08:07
you see that basking sharks, if you look at the first study,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
08:10
was order of magnitude less diverse even than other shark species.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
08:14
You can see this work was only done in 2006.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ 2006.
08:16
Before 2006, we had no idea of the genetic variability of basking sharks.
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ืœืคื ื™ 2006 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’, ื”ืื ื”ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
08:20
We had no idea: Did they distinguish into different populations?
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ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”?
08:23
Were there subpopulations?
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08:24
And that's very important if you want to know
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช
ืžื”ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
08:27
what the population size is, and the status of the animals.
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08:29
So, Les Noble in Aberdeen kind of found this a bit unbelievable, really.
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ืื– ืœืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืžืื‘ืจื“ื™ืŸ
ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช.
08:33
So he did another study using microsatellites,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ
ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘"ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืื˜ืœื™ื˜" (ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช),
ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:40
which is much more expensive, much more time-consuming,
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08:42
and to his surprise, came up with almost identical results.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜.
08:45
So it does seem to be that basking sharks, for some reason,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืจืื”
ืฉืœื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
08:48
have incredibly low diversity.
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08:50
And it's thought maybe it was a genetic bottleneck,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง, ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื’ื ื˜ื™
ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ 12000 ืฉื ื”,
08:53
thought to have been 12,000 years ago,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื“.
08:55
and this has caused a very low diversity.
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08:57
And yet, if you look at the whale shark,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ,
08:59
which is the other plankton-eating large shark,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืคืœื ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ,
09:02
its diversity is much greater.
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:04
So it doesn't really make sense at all.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
09:06
They found that there was no genetic differentiation
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:09
between any of the world's oceans of basking sharks:
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09:11
even though they're found throughout the world,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
09:13
you couldn't tell the difference, genetically,
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
09:15
from one from the Pacific, Atlantic, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง, ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืื• ืžืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
09:19
They all basically seem the same.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
09:21
Which, again, is kind of surprising; you wouldn't expect that.
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09:23
I don't understand or pretend to understand this;
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช. ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
09:26
I suspect most geneticists don't either,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
09:28
but they produce the numbers.
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09:29
So you can actually estimate the population size
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:32
based on the diversity of the genetics.
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ื•ืจื•ืก ื”ื•ืœืฆืœ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”:
09:34
And Rus Hoelzel came up with an effective population size:
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8200 ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:37
8,200 animals.
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
09:39
That's it -- 8,000 animals in the world.
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8000 ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:42
You're thinking, "That's ridiculous. No way."
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช".
09:44
So Les did a finer study,
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ืื– ืœืก ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:46
and he found out it came out about 9,000.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ 9000.
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื˜ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
09:49
Using different microsatellites gave the different results,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื --
09:52
but the mean of all these studies is about 5,000,
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ืฉื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 5000.
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœื•,
09:57
which I personally don't believe.
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09:58
But then, I am a skeptic.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืกืคืงืŸ.
10:00
But even if you toss a few numbers around,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
10:02
you're probably talking an effective population of about 20,000 animals.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ 20000 ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœ
10:06
Do you remember how many they killed off Achill in the 70s and the 50s?
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”70 ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”50?
10:10
So what it tells us, actually,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
10:12
is that there's actually a risk of extinction of this species
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
10:15
because its population is so small.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื”.
10:17
In fact, of those 20,000,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื›ืœ ื”20000, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉ8000 ื”ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
10:19
8,000 were thought to be females.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง 8000 ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:21
There's only 8,000 basking shark females in the world?
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื”.
10:24
I don't know. I don't believe it.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
10:26
The problem with this is they were constrained with samples.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช.
ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช
10:30
They didn't get enough samples
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10:31
to really explore the genetics in enough detail.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืคืง.
10:35
So, where do you get samples from for your genetic analysis?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช?
10:40
Well, one obvious source is dead sharks --
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
10:43
dead sharks, washed up.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืกื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
10:45
We might get two or three dead sharks washed up in Ireland a year,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ.
10:48
if we're kind of lucky.
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10:49
Another source would be fisheries' bycatch.
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
10:52
We were getting quite a few caught in surface drift nets.
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ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข, ื•ืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
10:55
That's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks.
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ื›ืžื” ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืžื•ืจืช.
10:58
And some are caught in nets, in trawls.
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10:59
This is a shark that was actually landed in Howth just before Christmas --
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ื–ื” ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื—ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืช' ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“,
ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ EU,
11:03
illegally, because you're not allowed to do that under EU law --
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ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื™ืจื• ืœืงื™ืœื• ื›ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
11:06
and was actually sold for eight euros a kilo as shark steak.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืžืจืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™.
11:09
They even put a recipe up on the wall,
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11:11
until they were told it was illegal.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืงื ืก ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:13
They actually did get a fine for that.
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ืื– ืื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื,
11:15
So if you look at all those studies I showed you,
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:17
the total number of samples worldwide
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ื”ื•ื 86 ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
11:20
is 86, at present.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
11:22
So it's very important work,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
11:24
and they can ask some really good questions,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
11:26
and tell us about population size and subpopulations and structure,
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ื•ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
11:30
but they're constrained by lack of samples.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช.
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื™ื•ื’ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื,
11:34
When we were out tagging our sharks --
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11:35
this is how we tagged them on the front of a RIB, get in there fast --
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ื›ืš ืชื™ื™ื’ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืžื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืจื” -- ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืžื”ืจ --
ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื.
11:39
occasionally, the sharks do react.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื“ื•ื ื’ืœ,
11:41
On one occasion, when we were up in Malin Head in Donegal,
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ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืคืœื™ืง ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ื–ื ื‘,
11:44
the shark smacked the side of the boat with his tail,
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11:46
more, I think, in startle to the fact that a boat came near it,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื”ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืืœื™ื•,
11:49
rather than the tag going in.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ืขืฆืžื•.
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจื˜ื‘ื ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
11:52
And that was fine. We got wet. No problem.
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืžื˜
11:55
And then when myself and Emmett got back to Malin Head, to the pier,
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ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ื“, ืœืžื–ื—,
ื”ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืจื”.
11:59
I noticed some black slime on the front of the boat.
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12:01
I used to spend a lot of time on commercial fishing boats,
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ื•ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ -- ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช --
ื•ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื’ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
12:04
and I remember fishermen saying
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12:05
they can tell when a basking shark has been caught in a net,
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ืฉื›ืจื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืจืฉืช
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืจื™ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•.
12:08
because it leaves a black slime behind.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
12:10
So that must have come from the shark.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ
12:12
Now, we had an interest in getting tissue samples for genetics
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืงืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
12:15
because we knew they were very valuable.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื.
12:17
We would use conventional methods;
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื --
12:19
I have a crossbow -- you see it in my hand there,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงืฉืช, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืฉื,
12:21
which we use to sample whales and dolphins for genetic studies as well.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื“ื’ื•ื ื’ื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช.
12:25
So I tried that, I tried many techniques.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื™
12:27
All it was doing was breaking my arrows,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง..
12:29
because the shark's skin is just so strong.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
12:31
There was no way we were going to get a sample from that.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“.
12:34
That wasn't going to work.
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12:35
So when I saw the black slime on the bow of the boat,
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืกื™ืจื”,
12:38
I thought, "If you take what you're given in this world ..."
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™. "ืื ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.."
12:41
So I scraped it off.
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ืื– ื’ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
12:42
I had a little tube with alcohol in it to send to the geneticists.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
ืื– ื’ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื‘ืจื“ื™ืŸ.
12:47
So I scraped the slime off and sent it to Aberdeen,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ "ืชื ืกื• ืืช ื–ื”."
12:50
and said, "You might try that."
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
12:51
And they sat on it for months.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ื ืก ื‘ืื™ ืžืŸ.
12:53
It was only because we had a conference on the Isle of Man.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ,
12:56
But I kept emailing Les, saying,
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ?
12:57
"Have you had a chance to look at my slime?"
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•, "ื™ื”, ื™ื”, ื™ื”, ื™ื”, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,"
12:59
And he was like, "Yeah, yeah. Later."
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
13:01
He thought he'd better do it because I never met him before;
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
13:04
he might lose face if he hadn't done the thing I sent him.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืืœื™ื•.
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืชืข ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• DNA ืžื”ืจื™ืจ.
13:07
And he was amazed that they actually got DNA from the slime.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื•
13:10
They amplified it and they tested it,
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ื•ืžืฆืื•, ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” DNA ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ,
13:12
and they found, yes, this was actually basking shark DNA,
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ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ืชื ื”ืจื™ืจ.
13:14
which was got from the slime.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื ืœื”ื‘.
13:17
So he was very excited.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืจื™ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ.
13:19
It became known as "Simon's shark slime."
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ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™. "ื”ื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”".
13:22
And I thought, "Hey, you know, I can build on this."
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”
13:25
So we thought, OK, we're going to try to get out and get some slime.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืจื™ืจ.
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื‘ื–ืชื™ 3500 ืขืœ ืชื’ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
13:29
So having spent three-and-a-half thousand on satellite tags ...
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืงื™ืข 7.95 -- ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• --
13:35
I then thought I'd invest 7.95 -- the price is still on it --
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ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืœืจื•ืฉ
13:38
in my local hardware store in Kilrush
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13:40
for a mop handle,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงืœ ืœืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืจืฆืคื•ืช
13:42
and even less money on some oven cleaners.
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ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื™.
13:45
And I wrapped the oven cleaner around the edge of the mop handle
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ื›ืจื›ืชื™ ืžื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืงืœ
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืืฉ, ื ื•ืืฉ
13:49
and ...
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13:50
(Laughter)
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
13:52
I was desperate to have an opportunity to get some sharks.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
13:55
And this was into August now, and normally sharks peak in June, July,
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜,
ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ืœื™.
ื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื.
14:00
and you rarely see them, or rarely can be in the right place
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ื ื“ื™ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜.
14:03
to find sharks into August.
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14:04
We were desperate, so we rushed out to the Blaskets
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืืฉื™ื.
ืžื™ื”ืจื ื• ืœื‘ืœืืกืงื˜ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื
14:07
as soon as we heard there were sharks there,
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14:09
and managed to find some sharks.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
14:10
So by just rubbing the mop handle down the shark
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ
ื›ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื™ืจื” --
14:14
as it swam under the boat --
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14:15
you see a shark running under the boat here --
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื•ื—ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื™ืจื” ื›ืืŸ --
ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืจื™ืจ.
14:18
we managed to collect slime.
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14:19
And here it is.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
14:21
Look at that lovely black shark slime.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืจื™ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
14:24
And in about half an hour, we got five samples.
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ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”,
ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื—ืžืฉ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
14:29
Five individual sharks were sampled
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ืฉื ื™ื“ื’ืžื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ.
14:31
using Simon's Shark Slime Sampling System.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:34
(Laughter)
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14:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื, ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”,
14:41
I've been working on whales and dolphins in Ireland for 20 years now,
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ื•ื”ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
14:44
and they're a bit more dramatic.
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืชืŸ
14:46
You probably saw the humpback whale footage
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฆืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
14:48
we got a month or two ago off County Wexford.
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ื•ืืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืœืš ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:50
And you always think you might have some legacy
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14:52
you can leave the world behind,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื ืช ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื
14:54
and I was thinking of humpback whales breaching and dolphins.
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ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืืœื™ืš
14:57
But hey -- sometimes these things are sent to you
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ื•ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
14:59
and you just have to take them when they come.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื™ --
15:01
So this is possibly going to be my legacy --
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ืจื™ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ.
15:03
Simon's Shark Slime.
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ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”
15:05
We got more money this year
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช.
15:07
to carry on collecting more and more samples.
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15:09
One thing that is very useful is that we use a pole camera --
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ -- ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื’'ื•ื ื” ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” --
15:12
this is my colleague, Joanne, with a pole camera --
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืจื™ืฉ.
15:15
where you can look underneath the shark.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงืœืกืคืจ (ืื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื”),
15:17
What you're trying to look at is, the males have claspers,
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ืฉืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
15:20
which kind of dangle out behind the back of the shark.
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15:22
So you can quite easily tell the gender of the shark.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืœื” ืžืื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ.
ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ
15:25
If we can tell the gender of the shark before we sample it,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ืžื–ื›ืจ ืื• ื ืงื‘ื”.
15:29
we can tell the geneticist this was taken from a male or a female.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
15:32
Because in the moment, they have no way, genetically,
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ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื”ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื”,
15:34
of telling the difference between a male and a female,
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ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืื“ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
15:37
which I find staggering,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ.
15:38
because they don't know what primers to look for.
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ื•ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ
15:41
Being able to tell the gender of a shark
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ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
15:43
is very important for things like policing the trade
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ
15:47
in basking shark and other species through the sightings,
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ื‘ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
15:52
because it is illegal to trade in these sharks.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง.
15:54
And they are caught and are on the market.
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ืื– ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื˜ื—,
15:56
So as a field biologist,
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15:57
you just want to get encounters with these animals,
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ืืชื” ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
16:00
and learn as much as you can.
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16:01
They're often quite brief, they're often very seasonally constrained.
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ื–ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื“ ืงืฆืจ, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”.
ื•ืืชื” ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ืžืชื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
16:05
You just want to learn as much as you can as soon as you can.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™
16:08
But isn't it fantastic
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16:09
that you can then offer these samples and opportunities
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
16:13
to other disciplines, such as the geneticists,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื”.
16:16
who can gain so much more from that.
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16:18
So as I said, these things are sent to you in strange ways.
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืืœื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
16:22
Grab them while you can.
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16:23
I'll take that as my scientific legacy.
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ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
16:25
Hopefully, I might get something a bit more dramatic and romantic
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื™.
16:28
before I die.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
16:30
But for the time being, thank you for that.
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
16:32
And keep an eye out for sharks.
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16:33
If you're more interested, we have a basking shark website now set up.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืืชื ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืงืžื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืืกืงื™ื ื’.
ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืื–ื ื”.
16:37
So thank you and thank you for listening.
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997719
1970
16:39
(Applause)
389
999713
1947
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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