How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | Simon Berrow

Translator: Linda Magáthová Reviewer: Peter Vyparina

Basking sharks are awesome creatures.

Žraloky obrovské sú úžasné tvory. Sú prosto nádherné.

They are just magnificent.

Môžu dorásť do dĺžky až 10 metrov. Možno aj viac.

They grow 10 meters long; some say bigger.

They might weigh up to two tons.

Môžu vážiť až dve tony.

Some say up to five tons.

Možno aj až päť ton.

They're the second-largest fish in the world.

Sú druhým najväčším druhom ryby na svete.

They're also harmless plankton-feeding animals.

Sú tiež neškodnými zvieratami, ktoré sa živia planktónom.

And they are thought to be able to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour

A myslíme si o nich, že sú schopné

vyfiltrovať až kilometer kubický vody každú hodinu

and can feed on 30 kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive.

a dokážu zjesť až 30 kg zooplanktónu za deň, aby prežili. Sú fantastické.

They're fantastic creatures.

A máme šťastie, že v Írsku ich máme veľa

We're very lucky in Ireland,

we have plenty of basking sharks and plenty of opportunities to study them.

a máme mnoho príležitostí ich skúmať.

Boli veľmi dôležité aj pre ľudí, ktorí

They were very important to coastal communities,

žili na pobreží pred stovkami rokov,

going back hundreds of years,

hlavne v okolí regiónov Claddagh, Duff, Connemara,

especially around the Claddaghduff, Connemara region

kde farmári zvykli vyplávať

where subsistence farmers used to sail out on their hookers and open boats,

na svojich lodiach a člnoch

sometimes way offshore to a place called the Sunfish Bank,

aj ďaleko od pobrežia, niekedy na miesto Sunfish Bank,

čo je asi 15 km na západ od ostrova Acaill,

about 30 miles west of Achill Island,

a tam lovili žraloky obrovské.

to kill the basking sharks.

This is a woodcut from about the 1800s.

Toto je starý drevoryt z 18.-19. storočia.

Takže boli veľmi dôležité, hlavne vďaka oleju z ich pečene.

They were very important, for the oil out of their liver.

A third of the basking shark's size is their liver,

Tretina veľkosti tohto žraloka je pečeň plná oleja.

Z ich pečene máme litre oleja.

and it's full of oil, gallons of oil.

Tento olej sa používal hlavne na svietenie,

That oil was used especially for lighting,

ale aj na ošetrovanie rán a iné veci.

but also for dressing wounds and other things.

Začiatky verejného osvetlenia v roku 1742

In fact, the streetlights in 1742,

v Galway, Dubline a Waterforde

of Galway, Dublin and Waterford,

were lit with sunfish oil.

sú spojené s olejom z ryby "slnečnice".

"Sunfish" is one of the words for basking sharks.

A "slnečnica" je jeden z názvov žraloka obrovského.

So they were incredibly important animals.

Takže boli vždy veľmi dôležité zvieratá.

They've been around a long time, very important to coastal communities.

Už nejaký čas ich poznáme, boli vždy potrebné pre ľudí na pobreží.

Zrejme najlepšie zdokumentovaný lov tohto žraloka na svete

Probably the best-documented basking shark fishery in the world

pochádza z ostrova Acaill.

is that from Achill Island.

This is Keem Bay up in Achill Island.

Toto je zátoka Keem na ostrove Acaill.

Sharks used to come into the bay,

Žraloky priplávali do zálivu,

and the fishermen would tie a net off the headland,

rybári priviazali siete k výbežku zálivu,

string it out, an old Manila net,

natiahli ich a spojili s ďalšími sieťami.

and as the shark came round, it would hit the net,

Žralok priplával, narazil do siete a zamotal sa do nej.

the net would collapse on it.

Často sa ponoril a zadusil.

It would often drown and suffocate.

Or at times, they would row out in their small curraghs

Niekedy sa zoradili vo svojich loďkách

and kill it with a lance through the back of the neck.

a zabili žraloka vrhom harpúny do zátylku.

And then they'd tow the sharks back to Purteen Harbour,

Žraloka odtiahli do prístavu Purteen,

boil them up, use the oil.

uvarili ho a použili olej.

They also used the flesh as well, for fertilizer

Používalo sa aj mäso ako hnojivo.

Odrezávali im aj plutvy,

and also would fin the sharks.

This is probably the biggest threat to sharks worldwide --

asi najväčšia hrozba pre žraloky na celom svete --

the finning of sharks.

odrezávanie plutiev.

Vďaka filmom ako "Čeľuste" sa ich často bojíme.

We're often frightened of sharks, thanks to "Jaws."

Maybe five or six people get killed by sharks every year.

Ľudí zabitých žralokom je 5-6 za rok.

There was someone recently, wasn't there? Just a couple weeks ago.

Nedávno tu bol taký prípad, že? Pred pár týždňami.

My ročne zabijeme asi 100 miliónov žralokov.

We kill about 100 million sharks a year.

So I don't know what the balance is,

Neviem presné počty,

but I think sharks have more right to be fearful of us than we have of them.

ale myslím, že žraloky sa skôr môžu báť nás než my ich.

Bol to veľmi dobre zdokumentovaný rybolov

It was a well-documented fishery.

As you can see here, it peaked in the '50s,

a ako vidíme, vrcholil v 50. rokoch,

keď bolo ročne zabitých 1 500 žralokov.

where they were killing 1,500 sharks a year.

Potom to veľmi rýchlo kleslo - klasický rozmach a krach rybolovu

And it declined very fast -- a classic boom-and-bust fishery,

svedčiaci o tom, že zásoby sa zmenšovali

which suggests that a stock has been depleted

or there's low reproductive rates.

alebo že sa žraloky málo rozmnožovali.

They killed about 12,000 sharks within this period,

V tom čase sa zabilo 12000 žralokov,

doslova len natiahnutím konopného povrazu

literally just by stringing a Manila rope

z výbežku v zátoke Keem

off the tip of Keem Bay up in Achill Island.

na ostrove Acaill.

Sharks were still killed up into the mid-80s,

Žraloky sa zabíjali do polovice 80.rokov,

especially out of places like Dunmore East in County Waterford.

hlavne na miestach ako je Dunmore v grófstve Waterford.

About two and a half, 3,000 sharks were killed up till '85,

Asi 2 500 až 3 000 žralokov bolo zabitých do roku 1985

mainly by Norwegian vessels.

mnoho z nich nórskymi loďami.

You can't really see,

Nie je to dobre vidieť, ale to čierne sú nórske lode loviace žraloky

but these are Norwegian basking shark hunting vessels.

a tá čierna línia na vyhliadkovom koši

The black line in the crow's nest signifies this is a shark vessel,

ukazuje, že to je loď loviaca žraloky

rather than a whaling vessel.

a nie veľrybárska loď.

The importance of basking sharks to the coast communities

Dôležitosť žralokov pre ľudí na pobreží

is recognized through the language.

môžeme nájsť aj v jazyku.

I don't pretend to [know many Irish words],

Nebudem predstierať, že viem po írsky,

but in Kerry they were often known as "ainmhide Na seolta,"

ale v Kerry sa im hovorí "Ainmhide na seolta,"

"the monster with the sails."

- monštrum s plachtami.

Another title would be "liop an dá lapa,"

Ďalšie ich meno je "Liop an da lapa,"

ťažkopádna beštia s dvoma plutvami.

"the unwieldy beast with two fins."

"Liabhan mor," hovorí o veľkom zvierati.

"Liabhán mór," suggesting a big animal.

Alebo moje obľúbené "Liabhan chor greine,"

Or my favorite, "liabhán chor gréine," "the great fish of the sun."

veľká ryba slnka.

That's a lovely, evocative name.

Je to pekné a výstižné meno.

On Tory Island -- a strange place anyway -- they were known as "muldoons."

Na ostrove Tory, čo je aj tak čudné miesto, sa volali "muldoons"

(Laughter)

a nikto nevie prečo.

No one seems to know why.

Dúfam, že tu nie je nikto z Tory; krásne miesto.

Hope there's no one from Tory here. Lovely place.

Ale po celom Írsku

But more commonly all around the island, they were known as the sunfish.

boli bežne známe ako slnečnice,

And this represents their habit of basking on the surface

čo vystihuje ich zvyk vyhrievať sa na hladine, keď svieti slnko.

when the sun is out.

Sú obavy, že po celom svete klesá

There's great concern that basking sharks are depleted

all throughout the world.

počet týchto žralokov.

Some say it's not population decline,

Niektorí tvrdia, že nejde o úbytok populácie.

it might be a change in the distribution of plankton.

Môže ísť iba o zmenu v rozložení planktónu.

It's been suggested

Myslíme si, že tieto žraloky sú

that these sharks would make fantastic indicators of climate change,

skvelými indikátormi klimatickej zmeny,

pretože neustále zaznamenávajú planktón,

as they're basically continuous plankton recorders,

keďže plávajú s otvorenými ústami.

swimming around with their mouth open.

Dnes sú uvedené v UICN ako ohrozené.

They're now listed as vulnerable under the IUCN.

V Európe sú aj hnutia proti ich lovu.

There's movements in Europe to try and stop catching them.

Teraz je zakázané aj loviť a ťahať ich z vody

There's now a ban on catching and even landing them,

even landing ones caught accidentally.

aj v prípade, že ich chytíte omylom.

They're not protected in Ireland;

V Írsku nie sú chránené.

in fact, they have no legislative status in Ireland whatsoever,

V Írsku nie sú pre legislatívu dôležité,

napriek tomu že pre nás sú,

despite our importance for the species

a napriek svojmu historickému kontextu, v ktorom sa pohybujú.

and also the historical context within which basking sharks reside.

We know very little about them.

Vieme o nich veľmi málo.

And most of what we do know

A väčšina z toho, čo vieme,

is based on their habit of coming to the surface --

je založená na ich zvyku plávať na hladinu.

Snažíme sa hádať, čo robia,

we try and guess what they're doing from their behavior on the surface.

podľa ich správania sa na hladine.

I only found out last year, at a conference on the Isle of Man,

Len minulý rok som zistil, na konferencii na ostrove Man,

just how unusual it is to live somewhere

aké je nezvyčajné žiť niekde,

where basking sharks regularly, frequently and predictably

kde tieto žraloky často a predvídateľne

chodia na hladinu "slniť sa".

come to the surface to "bask."

Vo vede je to skvelá príležitosť

It's a fantastic opportunity for a scientist

vidieť a zažiť žraloky obrovské,

to see and experience basking sharks.

a oni sú skvelé tvory.

They are awesome creatures.

Dáva nám to fantastickú príležitosť k ich štúdiu a prístupu k nim.

It gives us a fantastic opportunity to study them, to get access to them.

Posledných pár rokov sme - minulý rok bol veľmi úspešný -

What we've been doing for a couple years -- last year was a big year --

začali značkovať žraloky,

is we started tagging sharks,

aby sme mohli napríklad pochopiť

so we could try to get some idea of sight fidelity and movement

ich pohybu, vracaniu sa na rovnaké miesta ap.

and things like that.

Hlavne sme sa sústredili

So we concentrated mainly in North Donegal and West Kerry

na sever Donegal a západ Kerry,

as the two areas where I was mainly active.

lebo tu som aktívne pôsobil.

And we tagged them very simply, not very high-tech,

Značili sme ich jednoducho, bez modernej techniky,

a síce veľkou dlhou tyčou.

with a big, long pole.

Toto je rybársky prút

This is a beachcaster rod with a tag on the end.

so štítkom na konci.

You go up in your boat and tag the shark.

Stačí vstať na lodi a označiť žraloka.

And we were very effective.

Bolo to veľmi efektívne.

We tagged 105 sharks last summer.

Minulé leto sme označili 105 žralokov.

Dostali sme ich 50 za 3 dni

We got 50 in three days off Inishowen Peninsula.

pri polostrove Inishowen.

Half the challenge to get access

Pol výzvy je dostať sa k nim, byť v správnom čase na správnom mieste.

is to be in the right place at the right time.

Ale technika je veľmi jednoduchá.

But it's a very simple, easy technique; I'll show you what it looks like.

Ukážem vám, ako vyzerajú.

Na lodi používame kameru na tyči

We use a pole camera on the boat to actually film the shark.

na filmovanie žralokov.

One, it's to try and work out the gender of the shark.

Chceme zistiť pohlavie žraloka.

We also deployed some satellite tags, so we did use high-tech stuff as well.

Rozmiestnili sme tiež pár satelitných štítkov, čiže sme použili aj high-tech.

These are archival tags.

Toto sú archívne štítky.

What they do is store the data.

Uchovávajú údaje.

A satellite tag only works when the air is clear of the water

Satelitný štítok funguje iba keď vo vzduchu nie je voda

a keď môže vyslať signál satelitu.

and can send a signal to the satellite.

And sharks and fish are underwater most of the time,

Áno, žraloky, ryby, sú väčšinou pod vodou.

Tento štítok určí polohu žraloka

so this tag actually works out the locations of shark,

depending on the timing and the setting of the sun,

v závislosti od času a polohy slnka,

plus water temperature and depth.

teploty vody a hĺbky.

And you have to kind of reconstruct the path.

My musíme tak trochu zrekonštruovať cestu.

What happens is,

Nastavíme štítok, aby sa od žraloka po istom čase oddelil,

you set the tag to detach from the shark after a fixed period --

v tomto prípade 8 mesiacov,

in this case, eight months --

a doslova v deň, keď sa štítok oddelil, pozdravil satelit,

and literally to the day, the tag popped off,

drifted up, said hello to the satellite

a poslal údaje, nie všetky, ale pre nás dosť.

and sent, not all the data, but enough data for us to use.

To je jediný spôsob, ako zistiť niečo

This is the only way to really work out their behavior and movements

o ich správaní a pohybe, keď sú pod vodou.

when they're underwater.

And here's a couple of maps that we've done.

Tu je pár máp, ktoré sme vytvorili.

In that one, you can see that we tagged both off Kerry.

Tu sme označili dvoch blízko Kerry.

Basically, it spent all its time, the last eight months, in Irish waters.

V podstate trávi celý čas za tých 8 mesiacov v írskych vodách.

Na Vianoce bol preč na okraji útesu.

On Christmas, it was out on the shelf edge.

Toto sme ešte nepotvrdili pomocou

Here's one we haven't ground-truthed yet

teploty morskej hladiny a hĺbky vody,

with sea-surface temperature and water depth,

ale znovu, druhý žralok trávi väčšinu času

but again, the second shark spent most of its time

v Írskom mori a okolí.

in and around the Irish Sea.

Minulý rok kolegovia z Ostrovu Man

Colleagues from the Isle of Man last year actually tagged one shark

označili žraloka, ktorý za 90 dní prešiel

that went from the Isle of Man to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.

z Ostrovu Man do Nového Škótska v Kanade.

Nine and a half thousand kilometers -- we never thought that happened.

To je 9 500 kilometrov. Nevedeli sme, že to je možné.

Ďalší kolega v USA označil

Another colleague in the States tagged about 20 sharks off Massachusetts.

asi 20 žralokov v Massachusetts, ale jeho značky nefungovali.

His tags didn't really work.

Vie len, kde ich označil

All he knows is where he tagged them,

a kde svoje značky zhodili.

and where they popped off.

His tags popped off in the Caribbean,

Jeho značky sa stratili v Karibiku

a dokonca v Brazílii.

and even in Brazil.

We thought basking sharks were temperate animals

A my sme si mysleli, že žraloky žijú len

and lived in our latitudes,

v miernom pásme, len v našich zemepisných šírkach.

but in actual fact, they're obviously crossing the equator as well.

V skutočnosti však plávajú aj cez rovník.

So very simple things like that,

Čiže my sa snažíme zistiť o žralokoch

we're trying to learn about basking sharks.

takéto drobnosti.

Podľa mňa jedna prekvapivá

One thing that I think is a very surprising and strange thing

a zvláštna vec je veľmi

is just how low the genetic diversity of sharks is.

malá genetická diverzita žralokov.

I'm not a geneticist, so I won't pretend to understand the genetics.

Nie som genetik a ani nebudem tvrdiť, že genetike rozumiem.

And that's why it's great to have collaboration.

Preto je dobré spolupracovať.

Whereas I'm a field person,

Keďže ja pracujem v teréne, dostávam

I get panic attacks

záchvaty paniky, keď musím byť príliš

if I have to spend too many hours in a lab with a white coat on.

dlho v labáku v bielom plášti - chcem ísť von!

Take me away.

Takže spolupracujeme s genetikmi, ktorí sa rozumejú.

So we can work with geneticists who understand that.

So when they looked at the genetics of basking sharks,

Keď skúmali genetiku žralokov obrovských,

zistili, že diverzita je nesmierne malá.

they found that the diversity was incredibly low.

Keď sa pozriete na prvú líniu,

If you look at the first line, really,

vidíte, že všetky druhy žralokov sú pomerne podobné.

you can see that all these different shark species are all quite similar.

Myslím, že to v podstate znamená, že sú

I think this means they're all sharks

to žraloky a majú spoločného predka.

and they've come from a common ancestry.

Ak sa pozrieme na diverzitu nukleotidov,

But if you look at nucleotide diversity,

which is more genetics that are passed on through the parents,

čo je viac genetiky, odovzdanej od rodičov,

you see that basking sharks, if you look at the first study,

vidíme, ak sa pozrieme na prvý výskum,

was order of magnitude less diverse even than other shark species.

že rozsah diverzity týchto žralokov je

menší ako u iných druhov žralokov.

You can see this work was only done in 2006.

Táto štúdia sa spracovala v roku 2006.

Before 2006, we had no idea of the genetic variability of basking sharks.

Predtým sme netušili nič o génovej variabilite žralokov obrovských.

Netušili sme, či sa odlíšili smerom k iným populáciám.

We had no idea: Did they distinguish into different populations?

Boli tu subpopulácie?

Were there subpopulations?

And that's very important if you want to know

A áno, je to veľmi dôležité, ak chcete

vedieť veľkosť populácie a význam zvierat.

what the population size is, and the status of the animals.

So, Les Noble in Aberdeen kind of found this a bit unbelievable, really.

Les Noble v Aberdeene

vníma tieto fakty ako neuveriteľné.

So he did another study using microsatellites,

Takže vypracoval ďalšiu štúdiu,

pri ktorej použil mikrosatelity,

čo je o dosť drahšie a časovo náročnejšie,

which is much more expensive, much more time-consuming,

and to his surprise, came up with almost identical results.

a prekvapivo prišiel s takmer rovnakými výsledkami.

So it does seem to be that basking sharks, for some reason,

Takže to vyzerá tak,

že tieto žraloky z nejakého dôvodu majú veľmi nízku diverzitu.

have incredibly low diversity.

And it's thought maybe it was a genetic bottleneck,

Hovorí sa, že by mohlo ísť o genetickú prekážku,

asi pred 12 000 rokmi,

thought to have been 12,000 years ago,

čo spôsobilo túto nízku diverzitu.

and this has caused a very low diversity.

And yet, if you look at the whale shark,

Hoci, ak sa pozrieme na žraloky veľrybie,

which is the other plankton-eating large shark,

čo je ďalší obrovský žralok živiaci sa planktónom,

its diversity is much greater.

jeho diverzita je omnoho väčšia.

So it doesn't really make sense at all.

Čiže to vôbec nedáva zmysel.

They found that there was no genetic differentiation

Zistilo sa, že neexistuje žiadna genetická odlišnosť

medzi žralokmi obrovskými po celom svete.

between any of the world's oceans of basking sharks:

even though they're found throughout the world,

Aj keď sú žraloky obrovské rozšírené po celom svete,

you couldn't tell the difference, genetically,

geneticky sa nedajú rozlíšiť žraloky

from one from the Pacific, Atlantic, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa.

z Pacifiku, Atlantiku, Nového Zélandu, Írska, Južnej Afriky.

Všetky vyzerajú v podstate rovnako.

They all basically seem the same.

Ale opakujem, je to prekvapivé. Nečakali by sme to.

Which, again, is kind of surprising; you wouldn't expect that.

I don't understand or pretend to understand this;

Nerozumiem tomu, ani to nepredstieram.

A mám podozrenie, že ani väčšina genetikov tomu nerozumie,

I suspect most geneticists don't either,

ale predkladajú nám čísla.

but they produce the numbers.

So you can actually estimate the population size

Takže vlastne môžeme odhadnúť veľkosť populácie

na základe diverzity genetiky.

based on the diversity of the genetics.

Rus Hoelzel prišiel s odhadom veľkosti:

And Rus Hoelzel came up with an effective population size:

8,200 animals.

8 200 zvierat.

To je všetko.

That's it -- 8,000 animals in the world.

8 200 zvierat na celom svete.

You're thinking, "That's ridiculous. No way."

Myslíte si "To je smiešne, v žiadnom prípade."

So Les did a finer study,

Tak Les urobil lepšiu štúdiu

and he found out it came out about 9,000.

a vyšlo mu takmer 9 000.

Použitie rôznych mikrosatelitov dalo rôzne výsledky.

Using different microsatellites gave the different results,

but the mean of all these studies is about 5,000,

Zo všetkých týchto štúdií vyšiel záver -

priemer je okolo 5 000,

čomu ja osobne neverím,

which I personally don't believe.

But then, I am a skeptic.

ale na druhej strane, ja som skeptik.

But even if you toss a few numbers around,

Ale aj keď dáte niekoľko čísel,

you're probably talking an effective population of about 20,000 animals.

pravdepodobne sa bavíme o populácii asi 20 000 zvierat.

Pamätáte si, koľko sa ich zabíjalo okolo Acaill

Do you remember how many they killed off Achill in the 70s and the 50s?

v 70. a 50. rokoch?

So what it tells us, actually,

Z toho vyplýva,

is that there's actually a risk of extinction of this species

že tu je riziko vyhynutia tohto druhu,

because its population is so small.

lebo jeho populácia je príliš malá.

In fact, of those 20,000,

Z tých 20 000 by 8 000 malo byť samíc.

8,000 were thought to be females.

Máme na svete iba 8 000 samíc žraloka obrovského?

There's only 8,000 basking shark females in the world?

Neviem. Neverím tomu.

I don't know. I don't believe it.

Problém je, že vždy bolo málo vzoriek.

The problem with this is they were constrained with samples.

Nemali sme dosť vzoriek, aby

They didn't get enough samples

to really explore the genetics in enough detail.

sme poriadne skúmali genetiku

do detailov.

So, where do you get samples from for your genetic analysis?

Takže odkiaľ získate vzorky

pre vašu genetickú analýzu?

Well, one obvious source is dead sharks --

Samozrejme, jedným zo zdrojov sú mŕtve

žraloky, vyplavené na pláž.

dead sharks, washed up.

V Írsku sa takto vieme dostať k 2-3 žralokom za rok,

We might get two or three dead sharks washed up in Ireland a year,

ak máme šťastie.

if we're kind of lucky.

Another source would be fisheries' bycatch.

Ďalším zdrojom sú náhodné úlovky.

Pár sa ich už chytilo do voľne položených sietí na hladine.

We were getting quite a few caught in surface drift nets.

To je teraz zakázané, čo je dobrá správa pre žraloky.

That's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks.

Niektorí sa chytia do sietí vlečných lodí.

And some are caught in nets, in trawls.

This is a shark that was actually landed in Howth just before Christmas --

Toto je žralok, vylovený pred Vianocami v Howthe,

ilegálne, lebo podľa práva EÚ sa to nesmie,

illegally, because you're not allowed to do that under EU law --

a bol predaný na žraločie steaky po 8 eur za kilo.

and was actually sold for eight euros a kilo as shark steak.

Na stene mali aj recept, kým im nepovedali, že to je ilegálne.

They even put a recipe up on the wall,

until they were told it was illegal.

A dostali za to aj pokutu.

They actually did get a fine for that.

Keď sa pozrieme na všetky tieto štúdie, čo som vám ukázal,

So if you look at all those studies I showed you,

the total number of samples worldwide

celkový počet vzoriek z celého sveta

je momentálne 86.

is 86, at present.

Je to veľmi dôležitá práca,

So it's very important work,

môžu sa pýtať veľmi dobré otázky

and they can ask some really good questions,

a môžu nám povedať o veľkosti populácie

and tell us about population size and subpopulations and structure,

a o subpopuláciách a štruktúre,

but they're constrained by lack of samples.

len žiaľ, nemajú dosť vzoriek.

Teraz o tom, ako sme značkovali žraloky

When we were out tagging our sharks --

this is how we tagged them on the front of a RIB, get in there fast --

Takto sme ich značkovali z lode - o chvíľu sa k tomu dostanem -

Občas na to žraloky reagujú.

occasionally, the sharks do react.

On one occasion, when we were up in Malin Head in Donegal,

Raz, keď sme boli v Malin Head pri Donegale,

žralok vrazil do lode svojím chvostom,

the shark smacked the side of the boat with his tail,

more, I think, in startle to the fact that a boat came near it,

ale to bolo skôr zo strachu pred loďou

rather than the tag going in.

v jeho blízkosti než značkou.

Ale žiadny problém, len sme sa zamočili.

And that was fine. We got wet. No problem.

A potom, keď som sa s Emmettom

And then when myself and Emmett got back to Malin Head, to the pier,

vrátil do Malin Head k mólu,

všimol som si nejaký čierny sliz na prove lode.

I noticed some black slime on the front of the boat.

I used to spend a lot of time on commercial fishing boats,

Kedysi som trávil dosť času na komerčných rybárskych lodiach,

and I remember fishermen saying

a spomenul som si, ako rybári tvrdili, že vždy vedia,

they can tell when a basking shark has been caught in a net,

keď sa chytil žralok obrovský,

pretože zanecháva čierny sliz.

because it leaves a black slime behind.

Tak som vedel, že to pochádza od žraloka.

So that must have come from the shark.

Hneď sme mali záujem

Now, we had an interest in getting tissue samples for genetics

získať vzorky tkanív na genetiku,

because we knew they were very valuable.

lebo sme vedeli, že sú cenné.

We would use conventional methods;

Použili sme konvenčné metódy -

I have a crossbow -- you see it in my hand there,

držím kušu, vidíte ju v mojich rukách,

which we use to sample whales and dolphins for genetic studies as well.

a tú máme na odobratie vzoriek z veľrýb a delfínov na genetický výskum.

Tak som vyskúšal mnoho techník.

So I tried that, I tried many techniques.

Akurát som si polámal šípy,

All it was doing was breaking my arrows,

pretože žraložia koža je veľmi hrubá.

because the shark's skin is just so strong.

Nedokázali sme tak získať vzorku.

There was no way we were going to get a sample from that.

Takže to by nefungovalo.

That wasn't going to work.

So when I saw the black slime on the bow of the boat,

Tak keď som videl ten čierny sliz na prove,

I thought, "If you take what you're given in this world ..."

pomyslel som si: "Ak si vezmeš to, čo ti je dané na tomto svete ..."

So I scraped it off.

Tak som to zoškriabal.

I had a little tube with alcohol in it to send to the geneticists.

Mal som skúmavku s alkoholom, aby som to mohol poslať genetikom.

Zoškriabaný sliz som poslal do Aberdeenu.

So I scraped the slime off and sent it to Aberdeen,

Povedal som: "Mohli ste skúsiť toto."

and said, "You might try that."

Vlastne to sušili v šuflíku mesiace

And they sat on it for months.

iba preto, že sme mali konferenciu na ostrove Man.

It was only because we had a conference on the Isle of Man.

Ale stále som im písal maily v štýle:

But I kept emailing Les, saying,

"Nepozreli ste sa náhodou na môj sliz?"

"Have you had a chance to look at my slime?"

A on na to: "Jasné, jasné, potom, potom."

And he was like, "Yeah, yeah. Later."

Inak vedel, že by to mal spraviť,

He thought he'd better do it because I never met him before;

lebo sme sa predtým nikdy nestretli

he might lose face if he hadn't done the thing I sent him.

a mohol by stratiť reputáciu, ak by nespravil, čo som mu poslal.

And he was amazed that they actually got DNA from the slime.

Bol unesený, že sme získali DNA zo slizu.

Zväčšili to a otestovali

They amplified it and they tested it,

a zistili, že to je naozaj DNA zo žraloka

and they found, yes, this was actually basking shark DNA,

obrovského, získané zo slizu.

which was got from the slime.

Bol strašne nadšený.

So he was very excited.

It became known as "Simon's shark slime."

Preslávilo sa to ako Simonov žraločí sliz.

Pomyslel som si: "Hej, na tom môžeš stavať."

And I thought, "Hey, you know, I can build on this."

Tak sme si povedali, že pôjdeme von

So we thought, OK, we're going to try to get out and get some slime.

a získame nejaký sliz.

Po útrate 3 a pol tisícky na satelitné štítky,

So having spent three-and-a-half thousand on satellite tags ...

som si pomyslel, že by som mohol investovať 7?95 - stále je na tom cenovka -

I then thought I'd invest 7.95 -- the price is still on it --

in my local hardware store in Kilrush

v našom obchode v Kilrush

for a mop handle,

za rúčku mopu

and even less money on some oven cleaners.

a dokonca menej za nejaké čističe trúby.

And I wrapped the oven cleaner around the edge of the mop handle

A tak som tie čističe omotal o koniec rúčky mopu

a zúfalo, zúfalo som chcel dostať šancu

and ...

(Laughter)

I was desperate to have an opportunity to get some sharks.

dostať sa k nejakým žralokom.

And this was into August now, and normally sharks peak in June, July,

To sa stalo v auguste,

hoci zvyčajne je najviac žralokov v júni,

júli a ťažko ich stretnúť.

and you rarely see them, or rarely can be in the right place

V auguste je ťažko byť na správnom mieste a uvidieť žraloka.

to find sharks into August.

We were desperate, so we rushed out to the Blaskets

Boli sme zúfalí a ponáhľali

sme sa do Blasket, lebo sme počuli, že sú tam

as soon as we heard there were sharks there,

and managed to find some sharks.

nejaké žraloky a našli sme ich.

So by just rubbing the mop handle down the shark

Jediným otrením rúčky mopu po žralokovi,

kým preplával pod loďou -

as it swam under the boat --

you see a shark running under the boat here --

tu vidíte žraloka plávajúceho pod loďou -

sa nám podarilo pozbierať sliz.

we managed to collect slime.

And here it is.

A tu to máme.

Look at that lovely black shark slime.

Pozrite sa na ten krásny, čierny žraločí sliz.

And in about half an hour, we got five samples.

Asi za pol hodiny

sme získali 5 vzoriek, piatim žralokom

Five individual sharks were sampled

boli odobrané vzorky pomocou Simonovho systému

using Simon's Shark Slime Sampling System.

odoberania vzoriek žraločieho slizu. (smiech)

(Laughter)

(Applause)

(potlesk)

Už 20 rokov pracujem v Írsku s veľrybami a delfínmi,

I've been working on whales and dolphins in Ireland for 20 years now,

a s nimi je to o trochu dramatickejšie.

and they're a bit more dramatic.

Možno ste už videli zábery s vráskavcami,

You probably saw the humpback whale footage

ktoré sme dostali pred mesiacom či dvoma z grófstva Wexford.

we got a month or two ago off County Wexford.

Vždy si myslíte, že máte nejaký odkaz, ktorý môžete svetu zanechať.

And you always think you might have some legacy

you can leave the world behind,

A ja som premýšľal o porušovaní zákonov

and I was thinking of humpback whales breaching and dolphins.

u vráskavcov a delfínov.

Niekedy k vám tieto veci prídu

But hey -- sometimes these things are sent to you

a vy ich musíte prijať, keď prídu.

and you just have to take them when they come.

Takže toto bude asi môj odkaz -

So this is possibly going to be my legacy --

Simonov žraločí sliz.

Simon's Shark Slime.

We got more money this year

Tento rok sme dostali nejaké peniaze

to carry on collecting more and more samples.

na pokračovanie so zbieraním vzoriek.

One thing that is very useful is that we use a pole camera --

Jednou užitočnou vecou je používanie

kamier na tyčiach - toto je moja kolegyňa Joanne s takou kamerou -

this is my colleague, Joanne, with a pole camera --

lebo sa môžete pozerať pod žraloky.

where you can look underneath the shark.

Snažíme sa zachytiť samčie pohlavné orgány,

What you're trying to look at is, the males have claspers,

ktoré voľne visia za žralokom.

which kind of dangle out behind the back of the shark.

So you can quite easily tell the gender of the shark.

Preto vieme ľahko určiť jeho pohlavie.

Takže keď pohlavie určíme

If we can tell the gender of the shark before we sample it,

pred odberom vzoriek, vieme

genetikovi povedať, či sme ich brali zo samice alebo zo samca.

we can tell the geneticist this was taken from a male or a female.

Momentálne vôbec nevedia, ako

Because in the moment, they have no way, genetically,

geneticky rozoznať samca od samice,

of telling the difference between a male and a female,

čo je podľa mňa prekvapivé,

which I find staggering,

lebo potom nevedia, odkiaľ začať.

because they don't know what primers to look for.

Schopnosť rozoznať pohlavie žraloka je veľmi dôležitá

Being able to tell the gender of a shark

is very important for things like policing the trade

pre veci ako je dohľad nad obchodom

in basking shark and other species through the sightings,

s týmto žralokom a inými druhmi naprieč spoločnosťou,

pretože obchod so žralokmi je ilegálny.

because it is illegal to trade in these sharks.

Stále sa lovia a predávajú.

And they are caught and are on the market.

Ako biológ pracujúci v teréne

So as a field biologist,

you just want to get encounters with these animals,

sa len chcete stretnúť s týmito zvieratami.

Chcete zistiť čo najviac.

and learn as much as you can.

They're often quite brief, they're often very seasonally constrained.

Sú často stručné a obmedzené daným podnebím.

Takže sa chcete dozvedieť čo najviac a čo najskôr.

You just want to learn as much as you can as soon as you can.

Ale nie je to skvelé, že potom

But isn't it fantastic

that you can then offer these samples and opportunities

môžete ponúknuť tieto vzorky

a príležitosti iným disciplínam, ako je genetika,

to other disciplines, such as the geneticists,

ktoré z toho vedia zistiť ešte omnoho viac?

who can gain so much more from that.

So as I said, these things are sent to you in strange ways.

Ako som povedal, tieto veci sa k vám

dostávajú zvláštnym spôsobom, berte si ich, pokiaľ sa dá.

Grab them while you can.

I'll take that as my scientific legacy.

Beriem si to ako svoj vedecký dôkaz.

Hopefully, I might get something a bit more dramatic and romantic

Dúfam, že dostanem niečo dramatickejšie a romantickejšie než zomriem.

before I die.

Ale zatiaľ vám ďakujem.

But for the time being, thank you for that.

A majte sa na pozore pred žralokmi.

And keep an eye out for sharks.

If you're more interested, we have a basking shark website now set up.

Ak máte záujem, práve sme spojazdnili web o žralokoch obrovských.

Ďakujem vám a ďakujem, že ste ma vypočuli.

So thank you and thank you for listening.

(Applause)

(potlesk)