Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33

Na dan 12. juna 2014, tačno u 3:33h

in a balmy winter afternoon in São Paulo, Brazil,

prijatnog zimskog popodneva u Sao Paulu u Brazilu,

a typical South American winter afternoon,

tipičnog južnoameričkog zimskog popodneva,

this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here

ovo dete, ovaj mladić, koga vidite kako slavi ovde

like he had scored a goal,

kao da je postigao gol,

Juliano Pinto, 29 years old, accomplished a magnificent deed.

Žulijano Pinto, star 29 godina, ostvario je veličanstven uspeh.

Despite being paralyzed

Iako je paralizovan

and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes

i nema nikakvog osećaja od polovine grudi do vrhova prstiju na nogama,

as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother

što je posledica saobraćajne nesreće od pre šest godina,

u kojoj mu je poginuo brat

and produced a complete spinal cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair,

i koja je uzrokovala potpunu leziju kičme, ostavljajući Žulijana u kolicima.

Juliano rose to the occasion, and on this day did something

Žulijano se pokazao doraslim izazovu, i toga dana je uradio nešto

that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible.

što su svi, koji su ga gledali ovih šest godina, smatrali nemogućim.

Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick

Žulijano Pinto je zadao početni udarac

of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here

na Svetskom fudbalskom prvenstvu 2014. ovde u Brazilu,

just by thinking.

i to samo razmišljajući.

He could not move his body,

Nije mogao da pomeri telo,

but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball.

ali mogao je da zamisli pokrete neophodne za šut.

He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now.

Bio je sportista pre lezije. Sada je parasportista.

He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years.

Učestvovaće na Paraolimpijadi, nadam se, za par godina.

But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano

Ali ono što lezija kičmene moždine nije oduzela Žulijanu

was his ability to dream.

je njegova sposobnost da sanja.

And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people

A zaista je dosanjao tog popodneva, na stadionu pred 75,000 ljudi

and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV.

i pred publikom od skoro milijardu koji su gledali preko TV-a.

And that kick crowned, basically, 30 years of basic research

I taj šut je praktično krunisao 30 godina temeljnog istraživanja,

studying how the brain,

izučavanja kako mozak,

how this amazing universe that we have between our ears

kako ovaj neverovatni univerzum između naših ušiju,

that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head

koji je jedino uporediv s univerzumom nad nama

because it has about 100 billion elements

jer ima oko 100 milijardi elemenata

talking to each other through electrical brainstorms,

koji razgovaraju međusobno preko električnih talasa.

what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories

Žulijanovo dostignuće je 30 godina osmišljavano u laboratorijama

and about 15 years to plan.

i trebalo je 15 godina da se isplanira.

When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper

Kada smo Džon Čapin i ja, pre 15 godina, u naučnom radu izjavili

that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface,

da ćemo da sagradimo nešto što smo zvali interfejs za um i mašinu,

meaning connecting a brain to devices

što je podrazumevalo povezivanje mozga i uređaja,

so that animals and humans could just move these devices,

kako bi životinje i ljudi mogli da pomeraju te uređaje,

no matter how far they are from their own bodies,

ma koliko bili daleko od svojih tela,

just by imagining what they want to do,

samo zamišljajući šta žele da urade.

our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help,

Kolege su nam rekle da nam je zapravo potrebna stručna pomoć,

of the psychiatry variety.

psihijatrijske struke.

And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,

I uprkos tome, Škot i Brazilac su bili istrajni

because that's how we were raised in our respective countries,

jer su nas tako vaspitali u našim cenjenim zemljama,

and for 12, 15 years,

i između 12 i 15 godina,

we made demonstration after demonstration suggesting that this was possible.

radili smo probu za probom, nagoveštavajući da je ovo moguće.

And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science,

A interfejs za um i mašinu nije naučna fantastika,

it's just brain research.

to je prosto izučavanje mozga.

It's nothing but using sensors

To je prosto korišćenje senzora

to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing

koji čitaju električne moždane talase proizvedene u mozgu

to generate the motor commands

kako bi proizveli motorne komande

that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord,

koje moraju da se očitaju u kičmenoj moždini.

so we projected sensors that can read

Pa smo projektovali senzore koji mogu da čitaju

hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously,

na stotine, a sada na hiljade, ovih moždanih ćelija istovremeno

and extract from these electrical signals

i da izdvoje iz ovih električnih signala

the motor planning that the brain is generating

motorno planiranje koje se dešava u mozgu

to actually make us move into space.

zbog koga se zapravo pomeramo u prostoru.

And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands

Tim smo postupkom pretvorili ove signale u digitalne komande

that any mechanical, electronic, or even a virtual device can understand

koje bilo koji mehanički, elektronski ili pak virtuelni uređaj može razumeti.

so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move,

Tako subjekat može da zamisli šta on, ona ili ono želi da pomeri,

and the device obeys that brain command.

i uređaj se povinuje toj komandi.

By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors,

Opskrbljavajući ove uređaje s mnogo različitih tipova senzora,

as you are going to see in a moment,

kao što ćete uskoro i da vidite,

we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm

zapravo smo poslali poruke nazad u mozak da bismo potvrdili

that that voluntary motor will was being enacted, no matter where --

da se odigrava slobodna motorna volja, bez obzira na to gde ste -

next to the subject, next door, or across the planet.

pored subjekta, u komšiluku ili na drugoj strani sveta.

And as this message gave feedback back to the brain,

I kada ova poruka pošalje povratnu informaciju mozgu,

the brain realized its goal: to make us move.

mozak postaje svestan svog cilja: pokretanje tela.

So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago,

Ovo je samo jedan eksperiment koji smo objavili pre nekoliko godina,

where a monkey, without moving its body,

u kome je majmun, bez pokretanja tela,

learned to control the movements of an avatar arm,

naučio da kontroliše pokrete avatarske ruke,

a virtual arm that doesn't exist.

virtuelne ruke koja ne postoji.

What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey

Ono što čujete je zvuk mozga ovog majmuna

as it explores three different visually identical spheres

dok istražuje tri različite, mada vizuelno identične sfere

in virtual space.

u virtuelnom prostoru.

And to get a reward, a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,

A da bi dobio nagradu, kap soka od pomorandže, koga majmuni obožavaju,

this animal has to detect, select one of these objects

ova životinja mora da otkrije, da izabere jedan od ovih objekata

by touching,

dodirivanjem,

not by seeing it, by touching it,

ne gledanjem, već dodirivanjem,

because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects,

jer svaki put kada ova virtuelna ruka dodirne jedan od objekata,

an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal

električni impuls se vraća u mozak životinje

describing the fine texture of the surface of this object,

opisujući finu teksturu površine ovog objekta,

so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab,

te životinja može da proceni koji je pravi objekat koji mora da zgrabi,

and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle.

a ako tako postupi, dobija nagradu, ne pomerivši ni jedan mišić.

The perfect Brazilian lunch:

Savršen brazilski ručak:

not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice.

ne pomeriš ni jedan mišić, a dobiješ sok od pomorandže.

So as we saw this happening,

Kako smo videli da ovo deluje,

we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago.

zapravo smo se vratili i predložili ideju koju smo objavili pre 15 godina.

We reenacted this paper.

Ova studija je ponovo stupila na snagu.

We got it out of the drawers,

Izvadili smo je iz fioke,

and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed

i predložili smo da bismo možda mogli da navedemo paralisano ljudsko biće

to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility.

da koristi interfejs za um i mašinu kako bi povratilo pokretljivost.

The idea was that if you suffered --

Zamisao je da, ako ste pretrpeli -

and that can happen to any one of us.

a to se može desiti svakome od nas.

Let me tell you, it's very sudden.

Da vam kažem, to se iznenada desi.

It's a millisecond of a collision,

To je sudar u milisekundi,

a car accident that transforms your life completely.

automobilska nesreća koja vam u potpunosti promeni život.

If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord,

Ako imate potpunu leziju kičmene moždine,

you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles.

ne možete da se pomerate jer moždani talasi ne stižu do vaših mišića.

However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head.

Ipak, vaši moždani talasi nastavljaju da se stvaraju u vašoj glavi.

Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night.

Pacijenti paraplegičari, kvadriplegičari svake noći sanjaju da se pokreću.

They have that inside their head.

To im je u glavi.

The problem is how to get that code out of it

Problem je kako preneti taj kod napolje

and make the movement be created again.

i učiniti da se taj pokret ponovo izvede.

So what we proposed was, let's create a new body.

Pa smo predložili da napravimo novo telo.

Let's create a robotic vest.

Hajde da napravimo robotski prsluk.

And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking,

I baš zbog toga je Žulijano mogao da šutne loptu, samo razmišljajući,

because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest

jer je nosio prvi robotski prsluk koga kontroliše mozak,

that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move

a koji mogu da koriste paraplegičari, kvadriplegičari da bi se kretali

and to regain feedback.

i da bi povratili osećaj dodira.

That was the original idea, 15 years ago.

To je bila osnovna zamisao pre 15 godina.

What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries

Sada ću vam pokazati kako je 156 ljudi iz 25 država

all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth,

sa svih pet kontinenata ove divne Zemlje,

dropped their lives, dropped their patents,

napustilo svoje svakodnevene živote, napustilo svoje patente,

dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs,

napustilo svoje pse, supruge, decu, školu, posao

and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done.

i kako su se okupili u Brazilu na 18 meseci kako bismo ovo ostvarili.

Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup,

Jer smo, nekoliko godina nakon što je Brazilu dodeljeno Svetsko prvenstvo,

we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful

čuli da brazilska vlada želi da učini nešto značajno

in the opening ceremony

na ceremoniji otvaranja,

in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer

u zemlji koja je nanovo izmislila i usavršila fudbal,

until we met the Germans, of course.

sve dok nismo sreli Nemce, naravno.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But that's a different talk,

No to je druga tema,

and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that.

i drugačiji neuronaučnik bi trebalo da govori o tome.

But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase

Ali Brazil je želeo da se pokaže

a completely different country,

u potpuno novom svetlu,

a country that values science and technology,

kao država koja ceni nauku i tehnologiju

and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world

i da može da ponudi poklon milionima, za 25 miliona ljudi širom sveta,

that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury.

koji se više ne mogu pokretati zbog povrede kičmene moždine.

Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed,

Otišli smo u brazilsku vladu i u FIFA-u i predložili,

well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup

hajde da početni udarac Svetskog kupa 2014.

be given by a Brazilian paraplegic

zada brazilski paraplegičar,

using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball

koristeći umom kontrolisan egzoskelet koji mu omogućuje da šutira loptu

and to feel the contact of the ball.

i da oseti kontakt s loptom.

They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts,

Pogledali su nas, pomislili su da smo načisto poludeli

and said, "Okay, let's try."

i rekli: "Važi, pokušajmo to."

We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch.

Imali smo 18 meseci da sve uradimo od nule, od početka.

We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,

Nismo imali egzoskelet, nismo imali pacijente,

we had nothing done.

nismo imali ništa gotovo.

These people came all together

Ovi su se ljudi okupili

and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training

i za 18 meseci, imali smo osam pacijenata koji su vežbali

and basically built from nothing this guy,

i praktično smo iz ničega sagradili ovog momka,

that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.

koga smo nazvali Bra-Santos Dumon 1.

The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built

Prvi ikada napravljeni egzoskelet koga kontroliše um

was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever,

je nazvan po najpoznatijem brazilskom naučniku,

Alberto Santos Dumont,

Albertu Santosu Dumonu,

who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself

koji je 19. oktobra 1901. napravio i sam upravljao

the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see.

prvim pilotnim avionom, u vazduhu u Parizu na očigled milion ljudi.

Sorry, my American friends,

Izvinjavam se, moji američki prijatelji,

I live in North Carolina,

živim u Severnoj Karolini,

but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew

ali ovo je bilo dve godine pre nego što su braća Rajt letela

on the coast of North Carolina.

obalom Severne Karoline.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Flight control is Brazilian. (Laughter)

Brazilci su gospodari letenja. (Smeh)

So we went together with these guys

Sastali smo se sa ovim momcima

and we basically put this exoskeleton together,

i u suštini smo sastavili ovaj egzoskelet

15 degrees of freedom, hydraulic machine

ovih 15 stepeni slobode, hidrauličnu mašinu

that can be commanded by brain signals

kojom upravljaju moždani signali

recorded by a non-invasive technology called electroencephalography

snimljeni neinvazivnom tehnologijom, koja se zove elektroencefalografija

that can basically allow the patient to imagine the movements

koja u suštini omogućuje pacijentu da zamisli pokrete

and send his commands to the controls, the motors,

i pošalje svoje komande upravljačima, motorima

and get it done.

i da to i obavi.

This exoskeleton was covered with an artificial skin

Ovaj egzoskelet je prekriven veštačkom kožom

invented by Gordon Cheng, one of my greatest friends, in Munich,

koju je izumeo Gordon Čeng iz Minhena, jedan od mojih najboljih prijatelja,

to allow sensation from the joints moving and the foot touching the ground

kako bi omogućio da osećaj pokretanja zglobova i dodirivanja tla

to be delivered back to the patient through a vest, a shirt.

bude vraćen pacijentu preko prsluka, košulje.

It is a smart shirt with micro-vibrating elements

To je pametna košulja sa mikrovibrirajućim elementima

that basically delivers the feedback and fools the patient's brain

koja u suštini dostavlja povratnu informaciju i obmanjuje mozak pacijenta

by creating a sensation that it is not a machine that is carrying him,

tako što stvara osećaj da ga ne nosi mašina,

but it is he who is walking again.

već da on sam hoda ponovo.

So we got this going, and what you'll see here

Tako smo ovo pokrenuli i ono što ćete ovde da vidite

is the first time one of our patients, Bruno, actually walked.

je prvi put da je jedan od naših pacijenata, Bruno, zapravo hodao.

And he takes a few seconds because we are setting everything,

Potrebno mu je nekoliko sekundi jer moramo sve da podesimo,

and you are going to see a blue light cutting in front of the helmet

i videćete plavo svetlo kako blešti ispred šlema

jer Bruno mora da zamisli pokret koji bi trebalo izvesti,

because Bruno is going to imagine the movement that needs to be performed,

the computer is going to analyze it, Bruno is going to certify it,

kompjuter će to da analizira, Bruno će da potvrdi,

and when it is certified,

i nakon potvrde,

the device starts moving under the command of Bruno's brain.

uređaj počinje da se kreće pod komandom Brunovog uma.

And he just got it right, and now he starts walking.

Upravo je uspeo i sada počinje da se kreće.

After nine years without being able to move,

Posle devet godina nepokretnosti,

he is walking by himself.

sada sam može da hoda.

And more than that --

I više od toga -

(Applause) --

(Aplauz) -

more than just walking,

ne samo da hoda,

he is feeling the ground,

on oseća tlo pod nogama,

and if the speed of the exo goes up,

a ako egzoskelet ubrza,

he tells us that he is walking again on the sand of Santos,

kaže nam kako ponovo hoda po pesku Santosa,

the beach resort where he used to go before he had the accident.

odmarališta na plaži gde je išao pre nesreće.

That's why the brain is creating a new sensation in Bruno's head.

To je zato što mozak stvara novi osećaj u Brunovoj glavi.

So he walks, and at the end of the walk -- I am running out of time already --

Dakle, on hoda, a pred kraj šetnje - već mi ističe vreme -

he says, "You know, guys,

kaže: "Znate, ljudi,

I need to borrow this thing from you when I get married,

moraću da pozajmim od vas ovu stvar kad se budem ženio,

because I wanted to walk to the priest

jer želim da odšetam do sveštenika

and see my bride and actually be there by myself.

i da vidim svoju nevestu i zapravo da sam stojim tamo."

Of course, he will have it whenever he wants.

Naravno da može da ga koristi, kad god poželi.

And this is what we wanted to show during the World Cup, and couldn't,

Ovo smo želeli da pokažemo za vreme Svetskog prvenstva, ali nismo mogli,

because for some mysterious reason, FIFA cut its broadcast in half.

jer je FIFA, iz tajanstvenih razloga, skratila prenos na pola.

What you are going to see very quickly is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick

Na brzinu ćete da vidite kako Žulijano Pinto u egzoskeletu izvodi šut,

a few minutes before we went to the pitch

nekoliko minuta pre nego što smo izašli na teren

and did the real thing in front of the entire crowd,

i to zvanično odradili pred celokupnom publikom,

and the lights you are going to see just describe the operation.

a svetla koja ćete da vidite samo ilustruju proces.

Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go.

U suštini, plava pulsirajuća svetla signaliziraju da je egzoskelet spreman.

It can receive thoughts and it can deliver feedback,

Može da prima misli i da dostavi povratnu informaciju,

and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball,

pa kada Žulijano odluči da šutira loptu,

you are going to see two streams of green and yellow light

videćete dva snopa zelene i žute svetlosti

coming from the helmet and going to the legs,

koji se kreću od šlema do nogu,

representing the mental commands that were taken by the exo

a koji predstavljaju mentalne komande koje je preuzeo egzoskelet

to actually make that happen.

kako bi ih realizovao.

And in basically 13 seconds,

I za 13 sekundi,

Juliano actually did.

Žulijano ih jeste realizovao.

You can see the commands.

Vidite komande.

He gets ready, the ball is set, and he kicks.

On se priprema, lopta je spremna i on šutira.

And the most amazing thing is,

A najneverovatnije je

10 seconds after he did that, and looked at us on the pitch,

da je 10 sekundi kasnije, pogledao u nas na terenu,

he told us, celebrating as you saw,

rekao nam, slaveći, kao što ste videli:

"I felt the ball."

"Osetio sam loptu."

And that's priceless.

A to je neprocenjivo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So where is this going to go?

Kuda sve ovo vodi?

I have two minutes to tell you

Imam dva minuta da vam kažem

that it's going to the limits of your imagination.

da nas vodi do krajnjih granica naše mašte.

Brain-actuating technology is here.

Tehnologija upravljanja uz pomoć uma je tu.

This is the latest: We just published this a year ago,

Ovo je najsvežije: objavljeno je pre samo godinu dana,

the first brain-to-brain interface

prvi interfejs za dva mozga

that allows two animals to exchange mental messages

koji omogućuje dvema životinjama da razmenjuju mentalne poruke

so that one animal that sees something coming from the environment

tako da životinja koja nešto vidi u okolini

can send a mental SMS, a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,

može da pošalje mentalni SMS, torpedo, neurofiziološki torpedo,

to the second animal,

drugoj životinji,

and the second animal performs the act that he needed to perform

a druga životinja uradi ono što je neophodno da uradi,

without ever knowing what the environment was sending as a message,

a da ni ne zna kakvu joj poruku okolina šalje,

because the message came from the first animal's brain.

jer je poruka stigla iz mozga prve životinje.

So this is the first demo.

Ovo je prvi demo snimak.

I'm going to be very quick because I want to show you the latest.

Biću veoma brz jer želim da vam prikažem najnoviji.

But what you see here is the first rat getting informed

Ovde vidite kako prvi pacov dobija informaciju,

by a light that is going to show up on the left of the cage

uz pomoć svetla koje se vidi na levoj strani kaveza,

that he has to press the left cage to basically get a reward.

da mora da pritisne levu polugu da bi dobio nagradu.

He goes there and does it.

On odlazi i tako i radi.

And the same time, he is sending a mental message

Istovremeno šalje mentalnu poruku

to the second rat that didn't see any light,

drugom pacovu koji nije video nikakvo svetlo,

and the second rat, in 70 percent of the times

i drugi pacov će, u 70 posto slučajeva,

is going to press the left lever and get a reward

da pritisne levu polugu i da dobije nagradu,

without ever experiencing the light in the retina.

a da njegova mrežnjača nikada nije osetila svetlo.

Well, we took this to a little higher limit

Otišli smo korak dalje

by getting monkeys to collaborate mentally in a brain net,

tako što smo naveli majmune da sarađuju, umreživši njihove mozgove,

basically to donate their brain activity

da u suštini predaju svoju moždanu aktivnost

and combine them to move the virtual arm that I showed you before,

i da je kombinuju da bi pokrenuli virtuelnu ruku koju sam pokazao malopre,

and what you see here is the first time the two monkeys combine their brains,

i ovde vidite kako majmuni prvi put udružuju svoje mozgove,

synchronize their brains perfectly to get this virtual arm to move.

savršeno usklađuju svoje mozgove da bi pokrenuli ovu virtuelnu ruku.

One monkey is controlling the x dimension,

Jedan majmun kontroliše x dimenziju,

the other monkey is controlling the y dimension.

drugi kontroliše y dimenziju.

But it gets a little more interesting when you get three monkeys in there

Ali postaje još zanimljivije kada ubacite tri majmuna

and you ask one monkey to control x and y,

i zatražite od jednog da kontroliše x i y,

the other monkey to control y and z,

od drugog da kontroliše y i z

and the third one to control x and z,

i od trećeg da kontroliše x i z,

and you make them all play the game together,

i navedete sve njih da zajedno igraju igru,

moving the arm in 3D into a target to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.

da pomeraju ruku u 3D-u do mete kako bi dobili čuveni brazilski sok od pomorandže.

And they actually do.

I zapravo su uspeli.

The black dot is the average of all these brains working

Crna tačka je presek svih ovih mozgova koji rade

in parallel, in real time.

paralelno, u realnom vremenu.

That is the definition of a biological computer,

To je definicija biološkog kompjutera,

interacting by brain activity and achieving a motor goal.

saradnja uz pomoć moždane aktivnosti i postizanje motornog cilja.

Where is this going?

Kuda sve ovo vodi?

We have no idea.

Pojma nemamo.

We're just scientists.

Mi smo samo naučnici.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We are paid to be children,

Plaćaju nas da budemo deca,

to basically go to the edge and discover what is out there.

da prosto zavirimo u nepoznato i otkrijemo šta se tamo nalazi.

But one thing I know:

Ali jedno znam:

One day, in a few decades,

jednog dana, za nekoliko decenija,

when our grandchildren surf the Net just by thinking,

kada naša deca budu surfovala netom pukim razmišljanjem,

or a mother donates her eyesight to an autistic kid who cannot see,

ili kada majka donira svoj vid autističnom slepom detetu

or somebody speaks because of a brain-to-brain bypass,

ili kada neko progovori zahvaljujući bajpasu između dva mozga,

some of you will remember that it all started on a winter afternoon

neki od vas će se setiti da je sve počelo jednog zimskog popodneva

in a Brazilian soccer field with an impossible kick.

na fudbalskom stadionu u Brazilu, s nemogućim šutom.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

Bruno Giussani: Miguel, thank you for sticking to your time.

Bruno Đusani: Hvala što si ispoštovao vreme.

I actually would have given you a couple more minutes,

Zapravo bih ti dao još par minuta,

because there are a couple of points we want to develop, and, of course,

jer ima još nekoliko tačaka koje želimo da obrazložimo i,

očigledno su nam potrebni umreženi mozgovi da bismo shvatili kuda ovo vodi.

clearly it seems that we need connected brains to figure out where this is going.

Pa, hajde da sve ovo povežemo.

So let's connect all this together.

So if I'm understanding correctly,

Ako sam dobro shvatio,

one of the monkeys is actually getting a signal

jedan od majmuna dobija signal,

and the other monkey is reacting to that signal

a drugi majmun reaguje na taj signal,

just because the first one is receiving it and transmitting the neurological impulse.

samo zato što ga prvi dobija i prenosi neurološki impuls.

Miguel Nicolelis: No, it's a little different.

Migel Nikolelis: Nije baš tako.

No monkey knows of the existence of the other two monkeys.

Nijedan majmun ne zna da postoje druga dva majmuna.

They are getting a visual feedback in 2D,

Dobijaju vizuelnu informaciju u 2D-u,

but the task they have to accomplish is 3D.

ali je zadatak koji moraju da obave u 3D-u.

They have to move an arm in three dimensions.

Moraju da pomeraju ruku u tri dimenzije.

But each monkey is only getting the two dimensions on the video screen

Ali svaki majmun jedino dobija dve dimenzije na ekranu

that the monkey controls.

koje kontroliše.

And to get that thing done,

I kako biste uspeli,

you need at least two monkeys to synchronize their brains,

potrebno vam je da dva majmuna sinhronizuju svoje mozgove,

but the ideal is three.

ali idealno bi bilo tri.

So what we found out is that when one monkey starts slacking down,

Otkrili smo da kada jedan majmun počne da otaljava,

the other two monkeys enhance their performance

druga dva pojačaju svoj učinak

to get the guy to come back,

kako bi se treći vratio,

so this adjusts dynamically,

tako se ovo dinamično podešava,

but the global synchrony remains the same.

ali sinhronicitet u globalu ostaje isti.

Now, if you flip without telling the monkey

Sad, ako preokrenete, a da ne saopštite majmunu,

the dimensions that each brain has to control,

dimenzije koje svaki mozak mora da kontroliše,

like this guy is controlling x and y,

na primer, ovaj momak kontroliše x i y,

but he should be controlling now y and z,

ali sad bi trebalo da kontroliše y i z,

instantaneously, that animal's brain forgets about the old dimensions

istog momenta, mozak ove životinje zaboravlja stare dimenzije

and it starts concentrating on the new dimensions.

i počinje da se usredsređuje na nove.

So what I need to say is that no Turing machine,

Ono što želim reći je da nijedna Tjuringova mašina,

no computer can predict what a brain net will do.

nijedan kompjuter ne može da predvidi šta će umreženi mozgovi da urade.

So we will absorb technology as part of us.

Tako ćemo upijati tehnologiju kao deo nas.

Technology will never absorb us.

Tehnologija nikada neće upiti nas.

It's simply impossible.

To je prosto nemoguće.

BG: How many times have you tested this?

BĐ: Koliko ste puta ovo testirali?

And how many times have you succeeded versus failed?

I koliko ste puta bili uspešni, a koliko ne?

MN: Oh, tens of times.

MN: Oh, na desetine puta.

With the three monkeys? Oh, several times.

Sa tri majmuna? Nekoliko puta.

I wouldn't be able to talk about this here unless I had done it a few times.

Ne bih mogao ovde da govorim o tome da nisam to uradio nekoliko puta.

And I forgot to mention, because of time,

I zaboravio sam da pomenem, zbog vremena,

that just three weeks ago, a European group

da je pre samo tri nedelje, grupa iz Evrope

just demonstrated the first man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.

demonstrirala prvu direktnu vezu između dva ljudska mozga.

BG: And how does that play?

BĐ: I kako to izgleda?

MN: There was one bit of information -- big ideas start in a humble way --

MN: Imali su bit informacije - velike ideje nastaju na skroman način -

but basically the brain activity of one subject

ali u suštini, moždana aktivnost jednog subjekta

was transmitted to a second object, all non-invasive technology.

prenesena je do drugog objekta, sve to neinvazivnom tehnologijom.

So the first subject got a message, like our rats, a visual message,

Tako je prvi subjekt primio poruku, poput pacova, vizuelnu poruku,

and transmitted it to the second subject.

i preneo je drugom subjektu.

The second subject received a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,

Drugi subjekt je primio magnetni impuls u vizuelnom korteksu,

or a different pulse, two different pulses.

iliti različit impuls, dva različita impulsa.

In one pulse, the subject saw something.

Jednim impulsom, subjekat je video nešto.

On the other pulse, he saw something different.

Drugim impulsom, video je nešto drugo.

And he was able to verbally indicate

I mogao je rečima da iskaže

what was the message the first subject was sending

poruku koju je prvi subjekat poslao

through the Internet across continents.

preko interneta sa drugog kontinenta.

Moderator: Wow. Okay, that's where we are going.

BĐ: Opa. U redu, znači na tom smo putu.

That's the next TED Talk at the next conference.

To je naredni TED govor na narednoj konferenciji.

Miguel Nicolelis, thank you. MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.

Migele Nikolelisu, hvala ti. MN: Hvala tebi, Bruno. Hvala.