Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33

12. lipnja 2014. godine, točno u 3:33

in a balmy winter afternoon in São Paulo, Brazil,

tijekom smirujućeg zimskog popodneva u Sao Paulu, Brazil,

a typical South American winter afternoon,

tipično zimsko južnoameričko poslijepodne,

this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here

ovaj klinac, ovaj mladi čovjek, kojeg vidite da ovdje slavi

like he had scored a goal,

kao da je zabio gol,

Juliano Pinto, 29 years old, accomplished a magnificent deed.

Juliano Pinto, star 29 godina, postigao je izvanredno djelo.

Despite being paralyzed

Unatoč paralizi,

and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes

i tome što nema nikakvog osjeta od sredine prsa do vrha nožnog palca

as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother

što je posljedica prometne nesreće od prije šest godina koja mu je ubila brata

and produced a complete spinal cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair,

te prouzročila potpunu povredu kralježnice koja je prikovala Juliana za kolica,

Juliano rose to the occasion, and on this day did something

Juliano je uspio prohodati, i na današnji dan je učinio nešto

that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible.

Što su više-manje svi koji su ga vidjeli tijekom šest godina smatrali nemogućim.

Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick

Juliano Pinto uputio je početni udarac

of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here

Brazilskog svjetskog nogometnog prvenstva 2014 ovdje

just by thinking.

samo misleći.

He could not move his body,

On nije mogao micati svoje tijelo,

but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball.

ali je mogao zamisliti pokrete potrebne da udari loptu.

He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now.

On je bio sportaš prije povrede. Sada je para-olimpijac.

He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years.

Nastupit će na paraolimpijskim igrama, nadam se, za nekoliko godina.

But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano

Ali što povreda kralježnice nije uspjela uzeti Julianu

was his ability to dream.

jest njegovu sposobnost da sanja.

And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people

I bome je sanjao to poslijepodne, za stadion od 75,000 ljudi

and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV.

i publiku od skoro milijardu koji su gledali TV.

And that kick crowned, basically, 30 years of basic research

A taj je udarac okrunio, u osnovi, 30 godina temeljnog istraživanja

studying how the brain,

proučavanja kako mozak,

how this amazing universe that we have between our ears

kako taj nevjerojatan svemir koji postoji među našim ušima

that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head

koji je jedino usporediv sa svemirom iznad naših glava

because it has about 100 billion elements

jer ima oko 100 milijardi elemenata

talking to each other through electrical brainstorms,

koji pričaju jedni s drugima putem električnih oluja,

what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories

ono što je Juliano postigao trebalo je 30 godina zamišljati u labosu

and about 15 years to plan.

te 15 godina planirati.

When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper

Kada smo John Chapin i ja, prije 15 godina predložili rad

that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface,

da ćemo izgraditi nešto što smo zvali sučelje mozak-stroj

meaning connecting a brain to devices

što bi značilo povezivanje mozga s uređajima

so that animals and humans could just move these devices,

kako bi životinje i ljudi mogli pomicati te uređaje

no matter how far they are from their own bodies,

bez obzira koliko su daleko od njihovih vlastitih tijela,

just by imagining what they want to do,

jednostavno zamišljajući što žele činiti,

our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help,

naši kolege su nam rekli da mi zapravo trebamo profesionalnu,

of the psychiatry variety.

psihijatrijsku pomoć.

And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,

I unatoč tome, Škot i Brazilac su opstali,

because that's how we were raised in our respective countries,

jer smo tako odgojani, u našim zemljama,

and for 12, 15 years,

i za 12,15 godina,

we made demonstration after demonstration suggesting that this was possible.

napravili smo demonstraciju za demonstracijom sugerirajući da je to bilo moguće.

And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science,

a sučelje mozak-stroj nije znanstvena fantastika,

it's just brain research.

to je jednostavno istraživanje o mozgu.

It's nothing but using sensors

Nije ništa doli upotrebljavanje senzora

to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing

kako bi se čitali električni impulsi koje mozak proizvodi

to generate the motor commands

kako bi generirao motorne komande

that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord,

koje trebaju biti prenesene u kralježnicu,

so we projected sensors that can read

stoga smo projicirali senozore koji mogu čitati

hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously,

stotine i sada tisuće tih mozgovnih stanica simultano,

and extract from these electrical signals

i estrahirati iz tih električnih signala

the motor planning that the brain is generating

motoričko planiranje koje mozak stvara

to actually make us move into space.

kako bismo se zapravo pomicali u prostoru.

And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands

I čineći to, mi pretvaramo te signale u naše digitalne komande

that any mechanical, electronic, or even a virtual device can understand

koje bilo kakav mehanički, elektronički, ili čak i virutalni uređaj može razumjeti

so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move,

kako bi subjekt mogao zamisliti koji pokret se želi napraviti,

and the device obeys that brain command.

I uređaj se pokorava komandi mozga.

By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors,

Detektirajući te uređaje s mnogo različitih tipova senzora,

as you are going to see in a moment,

kao što ćete vidjeti za koji trenutak,

we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm

mi smo zapravo poslali poruke nazad mozgu da potvrdi

that that voluntary motor will was being enacted, no matter where --

da ta dobrovoljna motorička volja biva donesena, bez obzira gdje -

next to the subject, next door, or across the planet.

pored subjekta, u blizini ili na drugom kraju planete.

And as this message gave feedback back to the brain,

i ta je poruka dala povratnu informaciju nazad mozgu,

the brain realized its goal: to make us move.

mozak je shvatio svoj cilj: da nas pomakne.

So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago,

Stoga je ovo samo jedan eksperiment koji smo objavili prije nekoliko godina,

where a monkey, without moving its body,

gdje je majmun, bez pomicanja svog tijela,

learned to control the movements of an avatar arm,

naučio kontrolirati pokrete ruke avatara,

a virtual arm that doesn't exist.

virtualne ruke koja ne postoji.

What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey

Ono što sad čujete je zvuk mozga ovog majmuna

as it explores three different visually identical spheres

dok otkriva tri različite vizualno identične sfere

in virtual space.

u virtualnom prostoru.

And to get a reward, a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,

i kako bi dobio nagradu, kapljicu narančina soka koju majmun voli,

this animal has to detect, select one of these objects

ova životinja mora opaziti, izabrati jedan od ovih objekata

by touching,

dodirom

not by seeing it, by touching it,

ne gledanjem, već dodirom

because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects,

jer svaki put kad virtualna ruka dodirne neki od objekata

an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal

električni se impuls vraća u mozak životinje

describing the fine texture of the surface of this object,

opisujući finu teksturu površine tog objekta

so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab,

stoga životinja može prosuditi koji je to objekt koji mora zgrabiti

and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle.

i ako to napravi, dobije nagradu bez pomicanja mišića.

The perfect Brazilian lunch:

Savršen brazilski ručak:

not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice.

bez pomicanja mišića dobiješ sok od naranče.

So as we saw this happening,

I dok smo promatrali kako se to odvija,

we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago.

zapravo smo se sjetili i predložili ideju koju smo objavili prije 15 godina.

We reenacted this paper.

Ponovili smo rad.

We got it out of the drawers,

Izvukli smo ga iz ladica,

and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed

i dali smo prijedlog da možda možemo čovjeku koji je paraliziran

to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility.

omogućiti da koristi mozak-stroj sučelje kako bi se povratila mobilnost

The idea was that if you suffered --

Ideja je bila da ako ste imali nesreću --

and that can happen to any one of us.

a to se može dogoditi bilo kome od nas.

Let me tell you, it's very sudden.

Dopustite mi reći – to se naglo dogodi.

It's a millisecond of a collision,

Milisekunda sraza.

a car accident that transforms your life completely.

Automobilska nesreća koja vam u potpunosti promijeni život.

If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord,

Ako ostanete s kompletnom povredom kralježnice,

you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles.

ne možete se pomicati jer vaši moždani impulsi ne mogu doseći vaše mišiće.

However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head.

Ipak, vaši moždani impulsi i dalje se stvaraju u vašoj glavi.

Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night.

Paraplegičari, kvadriplegičari sanjaju svaki dan da se ponovno pomaknu.

They have that inside their head.

Oni to imaju u glavi.

The problem is how to get that code out of it

Problem je kako doći do tog koda

and make the movement be created again.

i učiniti ga opet pokretom.

So what we proposed was, let's create a new body.

Ono što mi predlažemo jest, da se napravi novo tijelo.

Let's create a robotic vest.

Napravimo robotsko odijelo.

And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking,

I upravo je zbog tog odjela Juliano uspio udariti loptu zamišljajući da to čini,

because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest

jer je nosio prvo odijelo koje je kontrolirano od strane mozga

that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move

koje mogu koristiti praplegičari, i kvadriplegirači kako bi se pomicali,

and to regain feedback.

i ponovno dobili povratnu informaicju.

That was the original idea, 15 years ago.

To je bila originalna ideja, prije 15 godina.

What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries

A ono što ću vam sad pokazati jest kako je 156 ljudi iz 25 zemalja

all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth,

sa svih 5 kontinenata ove predivne Zemlje

dropped their lives, dropped their patents,

stavilo po strani svoje živote, patente,

dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs,

pse, žene, djecu, školu, posao,

and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done.

i okupili se kako bi došli u Brazil na 18 mjeseci kako bi se ovo rješilo.

Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup,

Jer nakon par godina što je Brazil odabran za domaćina svjetskog prvenstva,

we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful

čuli smo da brazilska vlada želi učiniti nešto značajno

in the opening ceremony

na ceremoniji otvorenja.

in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer

u zemlji koja je ponovno izumila i usavršila nogomet

until we met the Germans, of course.

Dok nismo sreli Nijemce, naravno.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But that's a different talk,

Al' to je druga tema,

and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that.

i drugi neuroznanstvenici trebaju razgovarati o tome.

But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase

Ali ono što je Brazil htio učiniti jest pokazati

a completely different country,

totalno drugačiju zemlju,

a country that values science and technology,

zemlju koja cijeni znanosti i tehnologiju,

and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world

i može darivati milijune, 25 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta

that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury.

koji se više ne mogu micati jer imaju ozlijedu kralježnice.

Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed,

Pa, otišli smo do brazilske vlade i FIFA nam je predložila,

well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup

da prvi udarac na prvenstvu 2014.

be given by a Brazilian paraplegic

bude od brazilskog paraplegičara

using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball

koji koristi egzoskeleton kontroliran od strane mozga koji mu omogućava da udari loptu

and to feel the contact of the ball.

I osjeti kontakt s loptom.

They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts,

Pogledali su nas, misleći da smo potpuno poludjeli,

and said, "Okay, let's try."

I rekli „U redu, hajmo pokušati.“

We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch.

Imali smo 18 mjeseci da sve napravimo. Od nule. Od početka.

We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,

Nismo imali niti egzoskeleton, niti pacijenata,

we had nothing done.

ništa nije bilo gotovo.

These people came all together

Ovi ljudi su se okupili

and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training

i u roku od 18 mjeseci, dobili smo 8 pacijenata u rutinskim treninzima

and basically built from nothing this guy,

i zapravo sagradili od ničega – ovo,

that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.

što zovemo Bra-Santos Dumont 1.

The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built

Prvi egzoskeleton kontroliran od strane mozge ikad napravljen

was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever,

nazvali smo ga po najslavnijem brazilskom znanstveniku svih vremena,

Alberto Santos Dumont,

Albertu Santosu Dumontu,

who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself

Koji je 19.10.1901. napravio a zatim se njime odvezao

the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see.

u prvom kontroliranom zrakoplovu u Parizu, pred milijunima ljudi

Sorry, my American friends,

Oprostite, moji američki prijatelji,

I live in North Carolina,

ja živim u Sjevernoj Karolini,

but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew

ali prošlo je dvije godine prije nego su braća Wright doletjela

on the coast of North Carolina.

na obalu Sjeverne Karoline.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Flight control is Brazilian. (Laughter)

Kontrola leta je brazilska. (Smijeh)

So we went together with these guys

Stoga smo otišli zajedno s tim ljudima

and we basically put this exoskeleton together,

i zapravo sklopili egzoskeleton.

15 degrees of freedom, hydraulic machine

15 stupnjeva slobode, hidraulični stroj

that can be commanded by brain signals

koji može biti kontroliran od strane moždanih signala

recorded by a non-invasive technology called electroencephalography

zabilježeno neinvanzivnom tehnologijom zvanom elektroencefalografija.

that can basically allow the patient to imagine the movements

koja u biti dozvoljava pacijentu da zamisli pokrete

and send his commands to the controls, the motors,

i pošalje komande kontroli i motoru,

and get it done.

da ih obavi.

This exoskeleton was covered with an artificial skin

Egzoskeleton je bio prekriven umjetnom kožom

invented by Gordon Cheng, one of my greatest friends, in Munich,

koju je napravio Gordon Cheng, jedan od mojih najboljih prijatelja, u Munchenu,

to allow sensation from the joints moving and the foot touching the ground

kako bi se osjetili podražaji zlgobova koji se kreću i nogu koje dodiruju pod

to be delivered back to the patient through a vest, a shirt.

te se vrate nazad pacijentu kroz odijelo, majicu.

It is a smart shirt with micro-vibrating elements

To je pametna majica s mikro-vibrirajućim elementima

that basically delivers the feedback and fools the patient's brain

koja zapravo donosi povratnu informaciju i vara mozak pacijenta

by creating a sensation that it is not a machine that is carrying him,

stvarajući osjećaj da nije stroj taj koji ga nosi,

but it is he who is walking again.

već on sam hoda ponovno.

So we got this going, and what you'll see here

Uspjeli smo u tome, i ovdje možete vidjeti

is the first time one of our patients, Bruno, actually walked.

po prvi put jedan od naših pacijenata, Bruno, zapravo je hodao.

And he takes a few seconds because we are setting everything,

Treba mu nekoliko sekundi jer pripremamo sve

and you are going to see a blue light cutting in front of the helmet

i vidjet ćete plavo svjetlo kako se urezuje u prednji dio kacige

because Bruno is going to imagine the movement that needs to be performed,

jer će Bruno zamisliti pokrete koji se trebaju obaviti,

the computer is going to analyze it, Bruno is going to certify it,

računalo će ih analizirati, Bruno će ih potvrditi,

and when it is certified,

i kada su potvrđeni,

the device starts moving under the command of Bruno's brain.

uređaj će krenuti s pokretima upravljanim Bruninim mozgom.

And he just got it right, and now he starts walking.

Sve je dobro prošlo, i on sada može početi hodati.

After nine years without being able to move,

Nakon što se devet godina nije uspio niti pokrenuti,

he is walking by himself.

ponovno samostalno hoda.

And more than that --

I više od toga –-

(Applause) --

(Pljesak) --

more than just walking,

više od samog hoda,

he is feeling the ground,

on osjeća tlo,

and if the speed of the exo goes up,

i ako se brzina egzoa poveća,

he tells us that he is walking again on the sand of Santos,

govori nam da opet hoda na pijesku Santosa,

the beach resort where he used to go before he had the accident.

plaže gdje je običavao ići prije nesreće.

That's why the brain is creating a new sensation in Bruno's head.

Zato mozak stvara novi osjećaj u Bruninoj glavi.

So he walks, and at the end of the walk -- I am running out of time already --

On hoda, i na kraju toga -- već mi ističe vrijeme --

he says, "You know, guys,

kaže „Znate, ljudi,

I need to borrow this thing from you when I get married,

moram ovo čudo posuditi od vas kad se budem ženio

because I wanted to walk to the priest

jer sam htio došetati do svećenika

and see my bride and actually be there by myself.

i zapravo vidjeti mladu, biti tamo sam.

Of course, he will have it whenever he wants.

Naravno da će ga dobiti kad god zaželi.

And this is what we wanted to show during the World Cup, and couldn't,

i to je ono što smo željeli pokazati tijekom svjetskog prvenstva, a nismo mogli

because for some mysterious reason, FIFA cut its broadcast in half.

jer je iz nekog misterioznog razloga, FIFA odrezala dio prijenosa.

What you are going to see very quickly is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick

Ono što ćete sad na brzinu vidjeti je Juliano Pinto u svom egzo-udarcu

a few minutes before we went to the pitch

par minuta prije nego smo otišli na teren

and did the real thing in front of the entire crowd,

i napravili pravu stvar pred cijelom publikom,

and the lights you are going to see just describe the operation.

i svjetla koja ćete vidjeti samo opisuju operaciju.

Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go.

U biti, plavo pulsirajuće svjetlo ukazuje na to da je egzo spreman.

It can receive thoughts and it can deliver feedback,

Može primati misli i uzvratiti povratnu informaciju,

and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball,

i kada je Juliano odlučio udariti loptu,

you are going to see two streams of green and yellow light

vidjet ćete dva slijeda zelenog i žutog svjetla

coming from the helmet and going to the legs,

kako izlaze iz kacige i idu prema nogama

representing the mental commands that were taken by the exo

predstavljajući mentalne naredbe koje je napravio egzo

to actually make that happen.

kako bi se one zaista dogodile.

And in basically 13 seconds,

I u svega 13 sekundi,

Juliano actually did.

Juliano je zapravo uspio.

You can see the commands.

Možete vidjeti naredbe.

He gets ready, the ball is set, and he kicks.

Priprema se, lopta se namješta, i on udara.

And the most amazing thing is,

A najnevjerojatnije od svega je,

10 seconds after he did that, and looked at us on the pitch,

10 sekundi nakon što je to napravio, i pogledao nas na terenu,

he told us, celebrating as you saw,

rekao nam je, slaveći, kao što ste vidjeli,

"I felt the ball."

„Osjetio sam loptu.“

And that's priceless.

A to je neprocjenjivo.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

So where is this going to go?

I gdje ćemo odavdje?

I have two minutes to tell you

Imam dvije minute da vam kažem

that it's going to the limits of your imagination.

da to ide do granica vaše mašte.

Brain-actuating technology is here.

Tehnologija pokretana mozgom je pred nama.

This is the latest: We just published this a year ago,

Ovo je posljednje: to smo objavili tek prije godinu dana

the first brain-to-brain interface

prvo mozak-mozak sučelje

that allows two animals to exchange mental messages

koji omogućava dvjema životinjama da razmjene mentalne poruke

so that one animal that sees something coming from the environment

tako da jedna životinja koja vidi nešto što dolazi iz okoliša

can send a mental SMS, a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,

može poslati mentalni „sms“ torpedo, neurofiziološki torpedo,

to the second animal,

drugoj životinji,

and the second animal performs the act that he needed to perform

a druga će životinja reagirati na način na koji treba reagirati

without ever knowing what the environment was sending as a message,

bez da ikad sazna što je okoliš poslao kao poruku,

because the message came from the first animal's brain.

jer je poruka došla od mozga prve životinje.

So this is the first demo.

Evo prvi demo.

I'm going to be very quick because I want to show you the latest.

Bit ću veoma brz jer vam želim pokazati najnovije.

But what you see here is the first rat getting informed

Ali ono što vidite ovdje jest prvi štakor biva informiran

by a light that is going to show up on the left of the cage

svjetlom koje će se pojaviti na lijevoj strani kaveza

that he has to press the left cage to basically get a reward.

da mora pritisnuti lijevi kavez kako bi u biti dobio nagradu.

He goes there and does it.

On ide tamo i napravi to.

And the same time, he is sending a mental message

U isto vrijeme šalje mentalnu poruku

to the second rat that didn't see any light,

drugom štakoru koji nije vidio nikavo svjetlo,

and the second rat, in 70 percent of the times

i drugi štakor, u 70 posto slučajeva

is going to press the left lever and get a reward

će također pritisnuti lijevu polugu i dobiti nagradu

without ever experiencing the light in the retina.

bez da je ikad iskusio svjetlo na mrežnici.

Well, we took this to a little higher limit

Prenijeli smo ovo na malo veću skalu

by getting monkeys to collaborate mentally in a brain net,

uzevši majmune da surađuju mentalno u moždanoj mreži,

basically to donate their brain activity

u biti da doniraju svoju moždanu aktivnost

and combine them to move the virtual arm that I showed you before,

i kombiniraju je s pokretom vritualne ruke koju sam pokazao ranije,

and what you see here is the first time the two monkeys combine their brains,

i ono što ovdje vidite je prvi put dva majmuna kombiniraju svoje mozgove,

synchronize their brains perfectly to get this virtual arm to move.

savršeno sinkronizirajući njihove mozgove kako bi se ova virtualna ruka pomakla.

One monkey is controlling the x dimension,

Jedan majmun kontrolira x dimenziju,

the other monkey is controlling the y dimension.

a drugi majmun kontrolira y dimenziju.

But it gets a little more interesting when you get three monkeys in there

Ali postaje malo zanimljivije kad dodate još jednog majmuna ovdje

and you ask one monkey to control x and y,

pa zatražite da jedan upravlja x i y,

the other monkey to control y and z,

drugi s y i z,

and the third one to control x and z,

a treći s x i z,

and you make them all play the game together,

i napravite da se igraju svi zajedno

moving the arm in 3D into a target to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.

pokrećući 3D ruku u metu kako bi se dobio slavni brazilski sok od naranče.

And they actually do.

I zapravo uspijevaju.

The black dot is the average of all these brains working

Crna točka je prosjek svog moždanog rada

in parallel, in real time.

paralelno, u realnom vremenu.

That is the definition of a biological computer,

To je definicija biološkog računala,

interacting by brain activity and achieving a motor goal.

koji je u interakciji s moždanom aktivnošću I ispunjava motoričke ciljeve.

Where is this going?

Gdje ovo sve vodi?

We have no idea.

Nemamo pojma.

We're just scientists.

Mi smo samo znanstvenici.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We are paid to be children,

Mi smo plaćeni da budemo djeca,

to basically go to the edge and discover what is out there.

da zapravo idemo do ruba i otkrivamo što je tamo.

But one thing I know:

Ali jednu stvar znam:

One day, in a few decades,

jednog dana, za nekoliko desetljeća,

when our grandchildren surf the Net just by thinking,

kad naši unuci budu surfali netom samo zamišljajući

or a mother donates her eyesight to an autistic kid who cannot see,

ili majka bude donirala svoj vid autističnom djetetu koje ne može vidjeti,

or somebody speaks because of a brain-to-brain bypass,

ili netko progovori zbog premosnice s mozga na mozak

some of you will remember that it all started on a winter afternoon

neki od vas će se sjetiti da je sve počelo jednog zimskog popodneva

in a Brazilian soccer field with an impossible kick.

na brazilskom nogometnom terenu s nemogućim udarcem.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you.

Hvala

Bruno Giussani: Miguel, thank you for sticking to your time.

Bruno Giussani: Miguel, hvala što si se držao zadanog vremena.

I actually would have given you a couple more minutes,

Zapravo bih ti bio dao još par minuta

because there are a couple of points we want to develop, and, of course,

jer postoji još par pojedinosti koje smo htjeli razviti, i, naravno

clearly it seems that we need connected brains to figure out where this is going.

izgleda da trebamo spojene mozgove kako bismo skužili gdje ovo vodi.

So let's connect all this together.

Stoga hajmo spojiti sve skupa.

So if I'm understanding correctly,

Ako sam dobro razumio,

one of the monkeys is actually getting a signal

jedan od majmuna zapravo dobiva signal

and the other monkey is reacting to that signal

a drugi majmun reagira na taj signal

just because the first one is receiving it and transmitting the neurological impulse.

samo zato jer ga je prvi majmun primio i prenio neurološki impuls.

Miguel Nicolelis: No, it's a little different.

Miguel Nicolelis: Ne, malo je drugačije.

No monkey knows of the existence of the other two monkeys.

Majmun nije svjestan postojanja ostala dva majmuna.

They are getting a visual feedback in 2D,

Oni dobivaju povratnu informaciju u 2D-u,

but the task they have to accomplish is 3D.

ali zatadak koji trebaju obaviti je u 3D-u.

They have to move an arm in three dimensions.

Moraju pomicati ruku u tri dimenzije.

But each monkey is only getting the two dimensions on the video screen

Ali svaki majmun dobiva samo video ekran s dvije dimenzije

that the monkey controls.

koje on kontrolira.

And to get that thing done,

I kako bi se to napravilo,

you need at least two monkeys to synchronize their brains,

trebamo najmanje dva majmuna koji bi sinkronizirali svoje mozgove,

but the ideal is three.

ali idealno je troje.

So what we found out is that when one monkey starts slacking down,

Ono što smo saznali jest da kad jedan majmun krene usporavati,

the other two monkeys enhance their performance

druga dvojica poboljašaju učinkovitost

to get the guy to come back,

kako bi „povratili“ trećega

so this adjusts dynamically,

stoga se ovo dinamički prilagođava,

but the global synchrony remains the same.

dok globalni sinkronicitet ostaje isti.

Now, if you flip without telling the monkey

E sad, ako prebaciš bez da kažeš majmunima

the dimensions that each brain has to control,

dimenziju koju svaki mozak treba kontrolirati,

like this guy is controlling x and y,

kao što ovaj kontrolira x i y,

but he should be controlling now y and z,

a trebao bi kontrolirati x i z.

instantaneously, that animal's brain forgets about the old dimensions

mozak životinje instantno zaboravlja stare dimenzije

and it starts concentrating on the new dimensions.

i počne se koncentrirati na nove dimenzije.

So what I need to say is that no Turing machine,

Stoga moram reći da nijedan Turingov stroj,

no computer can predict what a brain net will do.

nijedno računalo predvidjeti što će moždana mreža učiniti.

So we will absorb technology as part of us.

Stoga ćemo apsorbirati tehnologiju kao da je dio nas.

Technology will never absorb us.

Tehnologija nikad neće apsorbirati nas.

It's simply impossible.

Jednostavno je nemoguće.

BG: How many times have you tested this?

BG: Koliko puta ste testirali ovo?

And how many times have you succeeded versus failed?

I koliko puta ste uspjeli, napsram koliko puta niste uspjeli?

MN: Oh, tens of times.

MN: Na desetke puta.

With the three monkeys? Oh, several times.

S tri majmuna? Nekoliko puta.

I wouldn't be able to talk about this here unless I had done it a few times.

Ne bih bio u stanju pričati o tome ovdje bez da sam to napravio već nekoliko puta.

And I forgot to mention, because of time,

Zbog stiske s vremenom, zaboravio sam spomenuti,

that just three weeks ago, a European group

da je prije samo tri tjedna, europska grupa

just demonstrated the first man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.

demonstrirala prvu mozak-mozak vezu između dva čovjeka.

BG: And how does that play?

BG: I kako to radi?

MN: There was one bit of information -- big ideas start in a humble way --

MN: Postoji jedna sitnica -- velike ideje kreću vrlo skromno --

but basically the brain activity of one subject

ali zapravo moždana aktivnost jednog subjekta

was transmitted to a second object, all non-invasive technology.

prebačena je na drugi subjekt a sve neinvanzivnom tehnologijom.

So the first subject got a message, like our rats, a visual message,

Stoga je prvi subjekt dobio poruku, kao naši štakori, vizualnu poruku,

and transmitted it to the second subject.

i prenio je drugom subjektu.

The second subject received a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,

Drugi je subjekt primio magnetski impuls u vidnom korteksu

or a different pulse, two different pulses.

ili drugačiji impuls, dva drugačija impulsa.

In one pulse, the subject saw something.

U jednom impulsu subjekt je nešto vidio.

On the other pulse, he saw something different.

A u drugom je vidio nešto drugo.

And he was able to verbally indicate

I bio je sposoban verbalno naznačiti

what was the message the first subject was sending

kakva je poruka koju je prvi subjekt poslao

through the Internet across continents.

kroz Internet diljem kontinenata.

Moderator: Wow. Okay, that's where we are going.

Moderator: Wow. Okej, tamo idemo.

That's the next TED Talk at the next conference.

To je sljedeći TED govor na sljedećoj konferenciji.

Miguel Nicolelis, thank you. MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.

Miguel Nicolelis, hvala ti. MN: Hvala tebi, Bruno. Hvala.