Miguel Nicolelis: Brain-to-brain communication has arrived. How we did it

翻译人员: Jack Qiu 校对人员: Xiaoou Chen

On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33

2014年6月12日 下午3:33分那一刻

in a balmy winter afternoon in São Paulo, Brazil,

在巴西圣保罗的一个 温暖的冬日下午

a typical South American winter afternoon,

一个寻常的南美冬日午后

this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here

这个孩子 你们看到正在庆祝的年轻人

like he had scored a goal,

就像他进了球一样

Juliano Pinto, 29 years old, accomplished a magnificent deed.

Juliano Pinto，29岁 完成了一个壮举

Despite being paralyzed

尽管全身瘫痪

and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes

并且从胸中部到脚趾头没有任何知觉

as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother

六年前夺去他弟弟生命的车祸

and produced a complete spinal cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair,

同时导致Juliano脊髓完全损伤 让他坐在了轮椅上

Juliano rose to the occasion, and on this day did something

Juliano面对挑战 而在这一天，他做了一件

that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible.

几乎在六年内见过他的人认为不可能的事

Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick

Juliano Pinto通过他的想象

of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here

为2014年这里（巴西）举行的世界杯

just by thinking.

进行开球

He could not move his body,

他无法移动他的身体

but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball.

但他能够想像踢球所需要的动作

He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now.

脊髓损伤前他是一名运动员 现在他是一名残疾运动员

He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years.

我想他将会参加几年后的残奥会

But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano

但是脊髓损伤没有夺去的

was his ability to dream.

是Juliano去梦想的能力

And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people

而在那个下午他梦想成真 在一个75000人的体育场

and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV.

以及电视机前的亿万观众

And that kick crowned, basically, 30 years of basic research

他的一脚开球，基本上 赞许了30多年来

studying how the brain,

对脑部的基础研究

how this amazing universe that we have between our ears

这个在我们两耳之间的神奇宇宙

that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head

这个唯一能与我们 头顶的宇宙相媲美的东西

because it has about 100 billion elements

因为我们的大脑约有千亿个元素

talking to each other through electrical brainstorms,

通过脑电风暴相互交流

what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories

Juliano所完成的 花了30年时间在实验室里想象

and about 15 years to plan.

和大约15年的时间来策划

When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper

当John Chapin 和我 在15年前在一篇文章上提出

that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface,

我们能够造一个我们称之为 脑机接口的机器

meaning connecting a brain to devices

意思是能够把人脑连接到一个机器上

so that animals and humans could just move these devices,

那么人和动物能够通过控制这个设备

no matter how far they are from their own bodies,

无论他们和自己的身体相距多远

just by imagining what they want to do,

只要通过你的想象就能让身体做任何事情

our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help,

我们的同事告诉我们 我们需要专业帮助

of the psychiatry variety.

心理上的那种

And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered,

尽管如此 一个苏格兰人和巴西人坚持了下来

because that's how we were raised in our respective countries,

因为我们就是这样在 各自国家成长起来的

and for 12, 15 years,

而在12至15年间

we made demonstration after demonstration suggesting that this was possible.

我们做了一次又一次展示 证明这是可行的

And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science,

而且脑机接口设备并非高深莫测

it's just brain research.

这只是脑部研究

It's nothing but using sensors

只是运用传感器

to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing

来接收大脑发出的脑电风暴

to generate the motor commands

去运行要下载到脊髓的

that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord,

运动指令

so we projected sensors that can read

我们预测感应器能够同时接收

hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously,

成百上千的脑细胞

and extract from these electrical signals

并且从这些信号中得到

the motor planning that the brain is generating

大脑来运作的运动策划

to actually make us move into space.

去让我们在空间中移动

And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands

这么做我们转化了这些信号成为数字口令

that any mechanical, electronic, or even a virtual device can understand

能够让任何一种机械， 电子甚至虚拟设备接收

so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move,

因此能让物体想象他， 她或它想做的动作

and the device obeys that brain command.

而那个设备遵循大脑的命令

By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors,

通过把这些设备和许多感应器匹配

as you are going to see in a moment,

正如你将会看到的

we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm

我们能发信息回大脑去确认

that that voluntary motor will was being enacted, no matter where --

潜意识运动系统将会被设定 无论感应器在哪

next to the subject, next door, or across the planet.

在物体旁边，在对面房间 或者是在另外一个星球

And as this message gave feedback back to the brain,

当这个信息给予反馈给大脑是

the brain realized its goal: to make us move.

大脑接收它的目的： 让我们移动

So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago,

那么这只是我们几年前发表的一个实验

where a monkey, without moving its body,

一只猴子，无需动自己的身体

learned to control the movements of an avatar arm,

学会控制一个机械手臂

a virtual arm that doesn't exist.

一个不存在的虚拟的手臂

What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey

你们听到的是这只猴子脑部的声音

as it explores three different visually identical spheres

在虚拟空间里边

in virtual space.

探索三个视觉上相同的球体

And to get a reward, a drop of orange juice that monkeys love,

奖励就是给猴子一滴它喜欢的橙汁

this animal has to detect, select one of these objects

这只猴子需要通过触摸

by touching,

来探测和选取其中一个物品

not by seeing it, by touching it,

不是通过观察，而是通过触摸

because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects,

因为每当虚拟手臂触摸一个物体时

an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal

一个电子脉冲就会传到猴子的脑部

describing the fine texture of the surface of this object,

给这个动物描述物体表面的质地

so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab,

猴子就能够判断它需要选哪个物体

and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle.

如果它找到正确的物体， 他将无需动一块肌肉而得到奖赏

The perfect Brazilian lunch:

完美的巴西式午餐

not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice.

无需劳动而获得奖励

So as we saw this happening,

当我们发现这个之后

we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago.

我们得出了15年前提出的观点

We reenacted this paper.

我们重新起草了文章

We got it out of the drawers,

我们从箱子里找回这篇文章

and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed

并提出或许我们可以让一个瘫痪的人

to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility.

运用脑机接口重新获得运动能力

The idea was that if you suffered --

大意就是如果你患有瘫痪

and that can happen to any one of us.

（瘫痪）它很有可能发生到任何人身上

Let me tell you, it's very sudden.

我和你们说，世事无常

It's a millisecond of a collision,

这是毫秒之差的一个事故

a car accident that transforms your life completely.

一次车祸就改变了你的一生

If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord,

如果你的脊髓完全损伤

you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles.

你无法运动因为你的脑电风暴无法 将信号发送到你的肌肉中

However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head.

然而，你的脑电风暴不断在脑部产生

Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night.

截瘫，全身瘫痪的患者 每天都梦到自己又能运动四肢

They have that inside their head.

他们在脑子里有这样的感觉

The problem is how to get that code out of it

问题就是我们怎么把它转码

and make the movement be created again.

变成动作

So what we proposed was, let's create a new body.

所以我们提出的是 建造一个新的肢体

Let's create a robotic vest.

创造一个机器背心

And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking,

这就是为什么Juliano能够通过想象来踢球

because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest

因为他穿着第一件脑控机器背心

that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move

能够帮助截瘫，全身瘫痪的患者重新运动

and to regain feedback.

并且重新得到运动反馈

That was the original idea, 15 years ago.

这就是15年前的想法

What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries

我要给你们展示的是从25个国家

all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth,

来自这个美丽星球的五大洲的156人

dropped their lives, dropped their patents,

放下他们的生活 离开他们的父母

dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs,

宠物、妻子、儿女、功课、工作

and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done.

聚集到巴西度过18个月来完成这个项目

Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup,

因为在几年后巴西成功申请举办世界杯

we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful

我们听说巴西政府想在开幕式上

in the opening ceremony

做一些意义非凡的事情

in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer

在这个重塑并完善足球的国家

until we met the Germans, of course.

当然，那是在我们碰到德国人之前

(Laughter)

（笑）

But that's a different talk,

但那又是另一个话题了

and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that.

这是另一类神经学家该讨论的问题

But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase

但巴西想要做的是展现

a completely different country,

一个完全不一样的国家

a country that values science and technology,

一个重视科学和技术的国家

and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world

能够为全球2500万因为脊髓受伤

that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury.

而无法行动的人一个礼物

Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed,

我们向巴西政府和国际足联提出建议

well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup

让我们邀请一个巴西截瘫患者

be given by a Brazilian paraplegic

使用一个大脑控制的骨骼康复机器人

using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball

让他能接触并感受到球

and to feel the contact of the ball.

来为2014世界杯开球

They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts,

他们像看到一群疯子一样地看着我们

and said, "Okay, let's try."

然后说：“好吧，我们来试一下”

We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch.

我们有18个月的时间从零开始

We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients,

我们没有机器人，没有患者

we had nothing done.

我们什么都没有

These people came all together

这些人聚集在一起

and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training

并且在18个月的时间里 我们有8位患者进行日常训练

and basically built from nothing this guy,

基本上是从零开始，这个家伙

that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1.

我们称它为Bra-Santos Dumont一号

The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built

第一个脑控骨骼康复机器人

was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever,

是以巴西最著名的科学家

Alberto Santos Dumont,

阿尔贝托 桑托斯 杜蒙来命名

who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself

他在1901年10月19号 发明并自行飞行了

the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see.

第一架驾驶飞艇 在巴黎上空在百万人们的注视下飞行

Sorry, my American friends,

对不起，我的美国朋友们

I live in North Carolina,

我住在北卡罗纳

but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew

但莱特兄弟是在两年后

on the coast of North Carolina.

才在北卡的岸边成功试飞的

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Flight control is Brazilian. (Laughter)

飞行管制是巴西人发明的 （笑）

So we went together with these guys

那么我们和这些患者一起

and we basically put this exoskeleton together,

我们把骨骼机器人组装好

15 degrees of freedom, hydraulic machine

15个自由度 液压器

that can be commanded by brain signals

能够用脑信号控制

recorded by a non-invasive technology called electroencephalography

并被一种非侵入式脑电图记录下来

that can basically allow the patient to imagine the movements

能够让病人想象他的动作

and send his commands to the controls, the motors,

把他的动作发送到遥控上

and get it done.

来完成他想做的动作

This exoskeleton was covered with an artificial skin

这个脑控机器人被人造皮肤覆盖

invented by Gordon Cheng, one of my greatest friends, in Munich,

人造皮肤是我最好的朋友之一 Gordon Cheng在慕尼黑发明的

to allow sensation from the joints moving and the foot touching the ground

能让移动的关节以及脚触地的感觉

to be delivered back to the patient through a vest, a shirt.

通过一件背心传递给患者

It is a smart shirt with micro-vibrating elements

是一件有微震元素的智能恤衫

that basically delivers the feedback and fools the patient's brain

能够反馈并通过创造一种感觉 给患者的大脑产生一种假象

by creating a sensation that it is not a machine that is carrying him,

让患者感觉不到 是机器人在带动他在行走

but it is he who is walking again.

而是他自己能够重新行走

So we got this going, and what you'll see here

那么我们把这个弄好了 而你们在这看到的

is the first time one of our patients, Bruno, actually walked.

这是我们的患者之一，Bruno 第一次下地行走

And he takes a few seconds because we are setting everything,

他用了好几秒的时间 因为我们要把机器人设置好

and you are going to see a blue light cutting in front of the helmet

而你们将会看到从头盔前面闪着的蓝灯

because Bruno is going to imagine the movement that needs to be performed,

因为Bruno需要想象他要做的动作

the computer is going to analyze it, Bruno is going to certify it,

电脑需要分析他要做的动作 Bruno将要确定他的动作

and when it is certified,

当他定好了动作

the device starts moving under the command of Bruno's brain.

机器人就会按照Bruno大脑的指示行动

And he just got it right, and now he starts walking.

他刚定好 而现在他将开始行走

After nine years without being able to move,

在经过九年无法移动后

he is walking by himself.

他能够自己行走

And more than that --

而比这更重要的是

(Applause) --

（掌声）

more than just walking,

比行走更重要的是

he is feeling the ground,

他能感受到地面

and if the speed of the exo goes up,

如果机器人的速度加快的话

he tells us that he is walking again on the sand of Santos,

他告诉我们他在桑托斯的沙滩上再次行走

the beach resort where he used to go before he had the accident.

那是他在事故前曾去过的海滩度假胜地

That's why the brain is creating a new sensation in Bruno's head.

这就是为什么在Bruno的脑里 创造了新的知觉

So he walks, and at the end of the walk -- I am running out of time already --

那么在他行走结束的时候 --- 我快没时间了 ---

he says, "You know, guys,

他说：“你们知道吗

I need to borrow this thing from you when I get married,

当我结婚的时候我要向你们借这玩意

because I wanted to walk to the priest

因为我想亲自走向牧师

and see my bride and actually be there by myself.

并且亲临现场见我的新娘

Of course, he will have it whenever he wants.

当然了，他能随时拥有这台机器

And this is what we wanted to show during the World Cup, and couldn't,

而这是我们想在世界杯上展示给大家而无法实现的东西

because for some mysterious reason, FIFA cut its broadcast in half.

因为某些神秘的原因 国际足联把直播减半了

What you are going to see very quickly is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick

你们即将看的是 Juliano Pinto在上场前几分钟

a few minutes before we went to the pitch

穿着骨骼机器人踢球

and did the real thing in front of the entire crowd,

而他将在全场观众面前做这一动作

and the lights you are going to see just describe the operation.

你将看到的灯光描述了整个过程

Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go.

基本上，蓝灯闪就说明机器人准备好了

It can receive thoughts and it can deliver feedback,

它能接收我们的想法 并且给予反馈

and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball,

而当Juliano做出踢球的决定时

you are going to see two streams of green and yellow light

你将会看到 一串绿灯和一串黄灯

coming from the helmet and going to the legs,

从头盔出来并移动到腿上

representing the mental commands that were taken by the exo

代表着机器人接收到的头脑口令

to actually make that happen.

让口令变为动作

And in basically 13 seconds,

而在13秒内

Juliano actually did.

Juliano做到了他要做的动作

You can see the commands.

你能看到他的命令

He gets ready, the ball is set, and he kicks.

他做好准备 球已放好，而他去踢那个球

And the most amazing thing is,

而最不可思议的事情是

10 seconds after he did that, and looked at us on the pitch,

他踢球后10秒 他在场上看着我们

he told us, celebrating as you saw,

庆祝着如你所看到的 他说：

"I felt the ball."

“我感觉到球了”

And that's priceless.

那是无价的

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

So where is this going to go?

那么这个发明的未来在哪里？

I have two minutes to tell you

我有两分钟来告诉你们

that it's going to the limits of your imagination.

它的未来只会限于你们的想象力

Brain-actuating technology is here.

脑动技术就在这里

This is the latest: We just published this a year ago,

这是最新的情况： 我们在一年前刚发表的

the first brain-to-brain interface

第一个脑脑接口

that allows two animals to exchange mental messages

能够让两个动物交换神经信息

so that one animal that sees something coming from the environment

是一个动物在某环境中看见某些东西

can send a mental SMS, a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo,

能够通过发送神经信息， 鱼雷，一种神经生理学的鱼雷

to the second animal,

给第二个动物

and the second animal performs the act that he needed to perform

而第二个动物在无需 依靠环境作为信息来源

without ever knowing what the environment was sending as a message,

去执行所需要做的动作

because the message came from the first animal's brain.

因为信息是来自第一个动物的大脑

So this is the first demo.

这是第一次演示

I'm going to be very quick because I want to show you the latest.

我将会很快展示给你们看 因为我想要给你们看最新的成果

But what you see here is the first rat getting informed

但你们看到的是 第一只老鼠被

by a light that is going to show up on the left of the cage

左边笼子的灯提示后

that he has to press the left cage to basically get a reward.

它要按左边的笼子去获得奖励

He goes there and does it.

它走去并按这个笼子

And the same time, he is sending a mental message

与此同时，他发送了一条神经信息

to the second rat that didn't see any light,

给第二只看不见灯的老鼠

and the second rat, in 70 percent of the times

而第二只老鼠在70%的情况下

is going to press the left lever and get a reward

将会按左边的杠杆去得到奖励

without ever experiencing the light in the retina.

而无需肉眼感受到灯光

Well, we took this to a little higher limit

那么，我们将难度提高了一些

by getting monkeys to collaborate mentally in a brain net,

让猴子在一个大脑网络中 进行神经合作

basically to donate their brain activity

实际上就是让他们提供他们的大脑活动

and combine them to move the virtual arm that I showed you before,

并把他们结合起来去移动 我刚展示给你们看的那个虚拟手臂

and what you see here is the first time the two monkeys combine their brains,

你们看到的是 首次两只猴子连接了它们的大脑

synchronize their brains perfectly to get this virtual arm to move.

完美的同步了大脑并移动虚拟手臂

One monkey is controlling the x dimension,

一只猴子控制X维

the other monkey is controlling the y dimension.

而另一只猴子控制Y维

But it gets a little more interesting when you get three monkeys in there

但是当三只猴子在一起的时候 就变得更有意思

and you ask one monkey to control x and y,

你要求一只猴子控制X和Y

the other monkey to control y and z,

另一只控制Y和Z

and the third one to control x and z,

而第三只控制X和Z

and you make them all play the game together,

你让他们一起来

moving the arm in 3D into a target to get the famous Brazilian orange juice.

在三维空间里边移动虚拟手臂去领奖励

And they actually do.

而它们确实这么做

The black dot is the average of all these brains working

黑点是这三只猴子的大脑

in parallel, in real time.

在平行移动手臂时的平均值

That is the definition of a biological computer,

这就是生理计算器的含义

interacting by brain activity and achieving a motor goal.

被大脑活动影响并完成驱动目标

Where is this going?

这将向什么方向发展？

We have no idea.

我们并不知道

We're just scientists.

我们只是科学家而已

(Laughter)

(笑)

We are paid to be children,

我们被雇成为孩子

to basically go to the edge and discover what is out there.

去探索并发现这个世界

But one thing I know:

但是有一件事我知道

One day, in a few decades,

几十年后的某天

when our grandchildren surf the Net just by thinking,

当我们的子孙通过大脑上网冲浪

or a mother donates her eyesight to an autistic kid who cannot see,

或是一个母亲为自闭的 盲儿童捐献自己的视力

or somebody speaks because of a brain-to-brain bypass,

或者某人因为脑脑连接而会说话的时候

some of you will remember that it all started on a winter afternoon

在座中的某位将会记得这一切 都始于一个冬日午后

in a Brazilian soccer field with an impossible kick.

在巴西足球场上那一脚超越可能的开球

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Thank you.

谢谢

Bruno Giussani: Miguel, thank you for sticking to your time.

Bruno Giussani：Miguel， 感谢你遵照这时间规定

I actually would have given you a couple more minutes,

事实上我将会给多几分钟给你

because there are a couple of points we want to develop, and, of course,

因为有些观点我想再深入讨论一下

clearly it seems that we need connected brains to figure out where this is going.

显然我们需要连接大脑去发现这一切

So let's connect all this together.

那么让我们把我们的大脑都连起来

So if I'm understanding correctly,

那么，如果我理解正确的话

one of the monkeys is actually getting a signal

其中一只猴子得到信号

and the other monkey is reacting to that signal

而另一只猴子接到信号做出反应

just because the first one is receiving it and transmitting the neurological impulse.

是因为第一只猴子接收并传递神经脉冲

Miguel Nicolelis: No, it's a little different.

Miguel Nicolelis： 不，这有一些不同

No monkey knows of the existence of the other two monkeys.

没有一只猴子知道有另外两只猴子的存在

They are getting a visual feedback in 2D,

它们接收到一个二维的视觉反馈

but the task they have to accomplish is 3D.

但它们要完成的任务却是三维的

They have to move an arm in three dimensions.

他们需要在三维空间里移动胳膊

But each monkey is only getting the two dimensions on the video screen

但是每只猴子在控制时

that the monkey controls.

只有二维图像

And to get that thing done,

而要完成这个任务

you need at least two monkeys to synchronize their brains,

你需要至少两只猴子 去同步它们的大脑

but the ideal is three.

但是在理想状态下是 同时同步三只猴子的大脑

So what we found out is that when one monkey starts slacking down,

那么我们发现 当一只猴子开始松懈时

the other two monkeys enhance their performance

另外两只猴子提高他们的动作

to get the guy to come back,

让松懈的那只猴子跟上节奏

so this adjusts dynamically,

那么这个只是动态上有调整

but the global synchrony remains the same.

但是整体还是不变的

Now, if you flip without telling the monkey

现在，如果你改变每个大脑控制的维度

the dimensions that each brain has to control,

但没有事先告知那些猴子

like this guy is controlling x and y,

比如这只猴子控制X和Y

but he should be controlling now y and z,

但是它本应该控制Y和Z

instantaneously, that animal's brain forgets about the old dimensions

动物的大脑立即忘掉旧的指令

and it starts concentrating on the new dimensions.

并开始专注于新的指令

So what I need to say is that no Turing machine,

我需要说的是这里没有图灵机

no computer can predict what a brain net will do.

没有计算机可以预言大脑能做什么

So we will absorb technology as part of us.

那么我们将技术吸收成为我们的一部分

Technology will never absorb us.

科技将不会控制我们

It's simply impossible.

（科技控制我们）这是不可能的

BG: How many times have you tested this?

BG：你们测试了多少次？

And how many times have you succeeded versus failed?

而在测试中成功和失败的比率是多少？

MN: Oh, tens of times.

MN：噢，几十倍

With the three monkeys? Oh, several times.

三只猴子在一起的时候？ 哦，好几次

I wouldn't be able to talk about this here unless I had done it a few times.

我不可能站在这如果我没有至少做几次测试

And I forgot to mention, because of time,

而我忘记提了，因为时间关系

that just three weeks ago, a European group

在三周前一群欧洲人

just demonstrated the first man-to-man brain-to-brain connection.

刚演示了第一个人对人，脑对脑的连接

BG: And how does that play?

BG：而那个又是如何运作的

MN: There was one bit of information -- big ideas start in a humble way --

MN：我知道一点信息 伟大的想法，总始于藏在不起眼的地方

but basically the brain activity of one subject

但是基本上一个目标的大脑运动

was transmitted to a second object, all non-invasive technology.

通过非入侵式科技传递到第二个目标

So the first subject got a message, like our rats, a visual message,

那么第一个目标得到一个信息 比如之前说的老鼠，得到一个视觉信号

and transmitted it to the second subject.

并传递给第二个目标

The second subject received a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex,

第二个目标在其视觉皮层接收到磁脉冲

or a different pulse, two different pulses.

或是两种不同的脉冲

In one pulse, the subject saw something.

在第一个脉冲中， 目标发现某些东西

On the other pulse, he saw something different.

在另一个脉冲他发现不同的东西

And he was able to verbally indicate

而它能够在口头上通过

what was the message the first subject was sending

跨大洲的互联网

through the Internet across continents.

指出第一个物体所发出的信息是什么

Moderator: Wow. Okay, that's where we are going.

主持人：哇 那好，这就是我们的方向

That's the next TED Talk at the next conference.

这将在下一个TED Talk里为大家展示

Miguel Nicolelis, thank you. MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.

Miguel Nicolelis, 谢谢你 MN: 谢谢，Bruno。谢谢大家