Ink made of air pollution | Anirudh Sharma

132,081 views ・ 2019-02-08

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Translator: Maricene Crus Reviewer: Cihan Ekmekçi
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Prevodilac: Darija Stojanović Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
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Every year, more than four to five million people die
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Svake godine, između četiri i pet miliona ljudi umre
00:15
due to exposure to outdoor air pollution
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usled izloženosti zagađenom vazduhu
00:18
around the world.
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u celom svetu.
00:20
This petri dish that you are looking at
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Ova Petrijeva šolja koju trenutno vidite
00:23
contains approximately 20 minutes' worth of pollution
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sadrži dvedesetominutno zagađenje iz vazduha
00:26
captured off a pyrolysis plant.
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iz postrojenja za pirolizu.
00:29
This is PM 2.5.
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Ovo je PM 2,5.
00:31
These particles -- you can see it right now,
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Ove čestice sada možete da vidite,
00:33
but when they're out there in the air, you won't see them.
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ali kada su u vazduhu, nevidljive su.
00:36
These are so tiny that our lungs --
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Toliko su sitne da naša pluća
00:38
our bodies cannot filter them, and they end up in our bodies --
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ne mogu da ih filtriraju, i one završavaju u našim telima,
00:43
give us asthma and lung cancer if not treated in the right time.
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pa tako dobijamo astmu ili rak pluća ukoliko se ne lečimo na vreme.
00:47
On a trip back to India, when I was a student in 2012,
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Na putovanju u Indiji 2012. godine, kada sam još bio student,
00:50
I took this picture.
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uslikao sam ovo.
00:51
This picture stuck in my head.
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Ovu sliku nikada nisam zaboravio.
00:53
On one side, you see this exhaust of a diesel generator,
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Sa jedne strane vidite izduvni gas dizel-motora,
00:57
the same generator which is a sign of human progress,
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istоg motora koji je obeležio ljudski napredak,
01:00
which is a sign of rapid industrialization
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koji je znak ubrzane industrijalizacije
01:03
and what we have become as a society in the last 100 years,
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i onoga što smo postali kao društvo u poslednjih 100 godina,
01:06
generating energy.
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proizvođači energije.
01:08
But on the other side,
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Ali sa druge strane,
01:09
you see this very interesting triangular, black-colored swatch,
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vidite ovaj zanimljivi trouglasti crni uzorak,
01:12
that is produced by the same residual particulate waste
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nastao od istih otpadnih čestica,
01:16
created by the emissions of the generator.
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koje su stvorile emisije motora.
01:20
Now, this picture gave me an idea
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Ova slika me je inspirisala
01:22
and got me thinking about rethinking both pollution and inks,
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i naterala da ponovo razmislim o zagađenju i mastilu,
01:27
because it was making that black-colored mark.
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jer je stvarala te crne fleke.
01:29
Now, the reality is that most of the black ink that we use conventionally
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Ali, u stvarnosti, većina mastila koje koristimo
01:33
is traditionally produced
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se obično proizvodi
01:34
by conventionally burning fossil fuels in factories.
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konvencionalnim sagorevanjem fosilnih goriva u fabrikama.
01:38
There are factories around the world that are burning fossil fuels
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Po celom svetu postoje fabrike koje sagorevaju fosilna goriva
01:41
to produce carbon black,
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radi stvaranja čađi
od koje se pravi crno mastilo za svakodnevnu upotrebu.
01:43
to make black inks that we use on an everyday basis.
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01:46
But given that millions of liters of fossil fuels
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Ali imajući u vidu da se milioni litara fosilnih goriva već sagorevaju
01:49
are already being burned out there
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01:51
by our cars, our engines and our exhaust out there,
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iz naših automobila, motora i auspuha,
01:54
what if you could capture that pollution
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šta ako bismo mogli da uhvatimo tu zagađenost
01:57
and use it to recycle and make those inks?
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i da je recikliramo kako bismo napravili mastilo?
02:00
I decided to give this experiment a shot.
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Probao sam da ispitam ovu teoriju.
02:03
I went back to my lab back in Boston and conducted a small experiment.
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Otišao sam u svoju kancelariju u Bostonu i sproveo mali eksperiment.
02:07
In Boston, I couldn't find much pollution to play with,
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U Bostonu nisam našao zagađenje da se igram,
pa sam stoga koristio sveću.
02:10
so I resorted to using a candle.
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02:12
This was an experiment.
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U ovome se sastojao eksperiment.
02:14
I burnt a candle,
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Izgoreo sam sveću,
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built this contraption that would suck in that candle soot,
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stvorio ovu čudnu mašinu koja je usisavala čađ iz sveće,
02:19
mixed it with some vegetable oil and vodka,
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izmešao ga sa biljnim uljem i vodkom,
02:21
because to a DIY hacker, these were really easily available.
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jer su za hakera „uradi sam“ ove stvari vrlo lako dostupne.
02:25
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:26
And after mixing them,
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Nakon što sam ih pomešao,
02:27
you could churn out a very rudimentary form of ink
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dobio sam osnovni oblik mastila
02:30
that would go into a cartridge,
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koji sam stavio u ketridž
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and now you could print with it.
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i koristio za štampanje.
02:34
This was my "Hello, World!" of experimenting
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Ovo je bio moj prvi eksperiment
02:37
with printing with pollution.
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štampanja zagađenjem.
02:41
This is the same pollution that I showed you in the petri dish,
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Ovo je isto zagađenje koje sam vam pokazao u Petrijevoj šolji
02:44
which is the result of any fossil fuel that is being burned out there.
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koje nastaje kao rezultat bilo kog sagorenog fosilnog goriva.
02:49
In 2015, I decided to take this experimentation forward
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Odlučio sam da 2015. godine nastavim sa ovim eksperimentom
02:52
and set up a lab in India
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i osnovao sam laboratoriju u Indiji
02:54
to work on the capture and recycling of air pollution.
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za rad na hvatanju i recikliranju vazdušnog zagađenja.
02:57
In the good times, the lab used to look something like this.
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U dobrim vremenima, laboratorija je izgledala ovako.
03:00
But experimentations were not always controlled,
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Ali eksperimenti su nekada izmicali kontroli
03:02
and disasters happened.
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i desile bi se katastrofe.
03:04
And while experimentation would happen,
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Za vreme trajanja eksperimenata,
03:06
the lab would end up looking something like this.
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laboratorija bi na kraju izgledala ovako.
03:09
Well, we knew where we wanted to go,
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Pa, znali smo kuda želimo da idemo,
03:11
but we were not sure how exactly to reach there.
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ali nismo bili sigurni kako da tamo stignemo.
03:14
The passersby who used to go by that lab through that building
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Prolaznici koji bi slučajno prolazili pored naše laboratorije
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used to, at times, think, "These guys are making bombs in there,"
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s vremena na vreme bi pomislili: „Ovi ljudi ovde prave bombe,“
03:20
because there was too much fire, wires and smoke in the same vicinity.
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zbog toga što je bilo previše vatre, žice i dima u istom prostoru.
03:25
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:27
We decided, let's move to a garage and take experiments forward.
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Odlučili smo da eksperimente preselimo u garažu.
Obezbedili smo garažu, i u početku
03:30
We took a garage, and during the early stages,
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smo se vozili po Bangaloru sa ovim čudnim napravama.
03:32
we were driving around Bangalore with contraptions like these.
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03:35
This is an early-stage prototype.
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Ovo je prototip iz početne faze.
03:37
Imagine the looks people gave us,
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Zamislite poglede tih ljudi: „Šta rade ovi ljudi vozeći ova kola?“
03:38
"What are these cars driving around doing?"
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Ovo je prototip našeg početnog sistema koji hvata zagađenje
03:41
This is an early-stage prototype of our system that would capture pollution
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03:44
that is being released from a conventional diesel-based car.
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koje dolazi iz konvencionalnih dizel-automobila.
03:48
This is an early stage of the technology.
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Ovo je početna faza naše tehnologije.
03:50
We advanced the technology and created this into this version
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Napredovali smo i stvorili ovu verziju
03:55
that would capture pollution from static sources of pollution,
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koja hvata zagađenje iz statičkih izvora kao što je dizel-motor.
03:58
like a diesel generator.
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03:59
If you see, all the fumes disappear as soon as you turn this machine on.
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Ako vidite, sav dim nestaje čim se mašina uključi.
04:04
Without affecting the performance of the engine,
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Bez ikakvog uticaja na rad motora,
04:08
we are able to capture 95 percent worth of pollution
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možemo da uhvatimo 95% zagađenja
04:11
released from the diesel generator.
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iz dizel-motora.
04:13
This is the particulate matter that we are talking about that we capture,
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Ovo je čestična materija o kojoj govorimo i koju hvatamo,
04:17
in this case, within three to four hours of operation of a generator.
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u ovom slučaju, za tri do četiri časa rada generatora.
04:22
And while our experiments and our research was advancing,
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I kako su naši eksperimenti i istraživanje napredovali,
04:26
a very big company, a very big brand, approached us and said,
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veoma velika kompanija, velika marka, nam se obratila, rekavši:
04:29
"We want to take this idea further with you guys,
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„Želimo da dalje razvijamo ovu ideju sa vama,
04:32
and take this further in a very big celebrated form."
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i dovedemo je do vrhunca.“
Rekli su: „Hajde da napravimo globalnu umetničku kampanju
04:36
They said, "Let's do a global art campaign
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04:38
with the inks that you are making off this pollution."
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sa mastilom koje pravite od ovog zagađenja.“
04:41
I'll show you what the ink looks like.
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Pokazaću vam kako izgleda mastilo.
04:43
So, this pen is made by recycling 40 to 50 minutes of that car pollution
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Ovu olovku smo napravili reciklažom
tih zagađivača iz automobila tokom 40 do 50 minuta,
04:49
that we are talking about,
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istog zagađenja kao iz Petrijeve šolje.
04:51
the same pollution that is in the petri dish.
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To je veoma oštra crna boja kojom možete pisati.
04:53
And it's a very sharp black that you can write with.
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04:55
So I'm going to write ...
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Stoga ću napisati...
05:00
PM 2.5, that's incorrect.
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PM 2,5, netačno.
05:03
So this is a very sharp black that is generated by the same pollution.
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Ovo je vrlo oštra crna boja stvorena iz istog zagađenja.
05:08
After much work on the lab-level research,
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Nakon mnogo rada u laboratoriji,
05:10
we got an offer from a big corporation to do a very big trial of this idea.
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dobili smo ponudu velike korporacije za isprobavanje ove ideje.
05:14
And it happened to be a brand, and we didn't think twice.
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Desilo se da je u pitanju bila marka, i nismo oklevali.
05:17
We said, "Let's go ahead."
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Rekli smo: „Idemo!“
05:19
Inventing in the lab is one thing
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Pronalaženje u laboratoriji je jedno,
05:21
and taking ideas and deploying them in the real world is completely another.
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a pretvaranje ideje u stvarnost je nešto sasvim drugo.
05:26
During early stages,
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Na početku,
05:27
we had to resort to using our own houses and own kitchens
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morali smo da koristimo naše domove i kuhinje
05:31
as our ink-making factories,
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kao fabrike mastila,
05:33
and our own bedrooms and living rooms
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a naše spavaće i dnevne sobe
05:35
as the first assembly line for making these inks.
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kao montažnu traku za pravljenje mastila.
05:38
This is my cofounder Nikhil's own bedroom,
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Ovo je spavaća soba suosnivača Nikhila,
05:41
that is being used to supply inks to artists all around the world,
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koju koristimo za snabdevanje umetnika koji bi slikali ovim mastilom
05:45
who would paint with AIR-INK.
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po celom svetu.
05:46
And that's him, delivering AIR-INKs to the ports
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A ovo je on, isporučuje mastilo lukama
05:49
so that the artists around the world can use it.
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kako bi ono stiglo do umetnika širom sveta.
05:52
Soon, we started seeing
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Ubrzo smo počeli sretati
05:53
that thousands of artists around the world started using AIR-INK,
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hiljade umetnika širom sveta koji koriste vazdušno mastilo,
05:56
and artworks started emerging like this.
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i nastajala su umetnička dela.
05:59
Soon, thousands of black-and-white, pollution-made artworks
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Ubrzo, hiljade crno-belih dela napravljenih od zagađenja
06:02
started emerging on a global scale.
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se pojavilo na globalnom nivou.
06:04
And believe me, for a group of scientists and engineers and inventors,
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A verujte mi, za grupu naučnika, inženjera i pronalazača,
06:08
there was nothing more satisfying than that the product of their work
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nema ničeg boljeg nego da proizvod njihovog rada
06:11
is now being used by some of the finest artists around the world.
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koriste neki od najuticajnijih umetnika širom sveta.
06:14
This is the cover of "Contagious" magazine last year,
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Ovo je prošlogodišnja naslovnica časopisa „Contagious“
06:17
that was done by using the same ink that we made back in our labs.
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koja je urađena od mastila iz naše laboratorije.
06:22
This is a famous painting by the British artist, Christian Furr,
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Ovo je poznata slika britanskog umetnika, Kristijana Fura,
06:25
who painted it for the song "Paint It Black" by The Rolling Stones.
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koju je naslikao za pesmu „Paint It Black“ od Roling stounsa.
06:30
Now, there's more to this pen and this ink
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Ovo mastilo i ova olovka su više
06:33
than just the popular and pop-culture artworks.
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od popularnih dela iz pop kulture.
06:36
And now our goal is to create a company
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Sada je naš cilj osnivanje kompanije
06:38
that can actually make some black money -- I mean, just money --
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koja bi pravila crni novac - mislim, samo novac -
06:42
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:43
and high-quality printing processes and inks
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i kvalitetna mastila i procese štampanja
06:45
that can replace the conventional black inks
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koji bi zamenili konvencionalna crna mastila
06:48
that have been produced for the last thousands of years around the world.
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koja koristimo u svetu već hiljadama godina.
06:52
Soon after our growing popularity and artworks around the world,
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Ubrzo nakon što je naša popularnost u svetu počela da raste,
06:56
we started facing a very different kind of a problem.
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počeli smo se suočavati sa novom vrstom problema.
06:59
We started getting spammed by polluters,
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Počeli smo dobijati neočekivanu poštu od zagađivača,
07:02
who would send us bags full of pollution to our office address,
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koji bi nam slali pune džakove zagađenja na našu adresu,
07:05
asking us, "What can we do with this pollution?"
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i pitali: „Šta možemo uraditi sa ovim zagađenjem?“
07:08
Our lab back in Bombay right now has pollution samples
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U laboratoriji u Bombaju trenutno imamo uzorke zagađenja
07:11
that have come from London, from India, from China, you name it.
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iz Londona, Indije, Kine, itd.
07:15
And this is just the beginning.
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A ovo je samo početak.
07:17
This polluter sent us this specific image, asking us
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Ovaj zagađivač nam je poslao ovu sliku i kazao nam
07:21
that these are all bags filled with PM 2.5,
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da su ovo džakovi puni čestica PM 2,5,
07:24
and can we recycle it for him if we paid him some money.
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i da ih možemo reciklirati ukoliko mu platimo.
07:28
Well, what would he have done if we did not take that pollution?
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A šta bi on uradio da nismo uzeli te džakove?
07:32
He would probably find a nearby river or a landfill and dump it over there.
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Verovatno bi ih bacio u obližnju reku ili deponiju.
07:36
But now, because we had the economics of AIR-INK figured out on the other side,
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Ali sada kada imamo razrađenu ekonomiju vazdušnog mastila,
07:39
we could incentivize him to give us this pollution and make inks from it,
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podstakli smo ga da nam preda to zagađenje i da od njega napravimo mastilo,
07:45
and turn it into even more valuable products.
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i da ga pretvorimo u vredniji proizvod.
07:49
Now, pollution, as we all know, is a global killer.
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Zagađenje je, kao što znamo, globalni ubica.
07:52
We can't claim that our ink will solve the world's pollution problem.
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Ne možemo tvrditi da će naše mastilo rešiti problem zagađenja u svetu.
07:56
But it does show what can be done
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Ali pokazuje šta se može uraditi
07:57
if you look at this problem slightly differently.
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ukoliko se ovaj problem posmatra malo drugačije.
08:00
Look at this T-shirt I'm holding right now.
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Pogledajte majicu koju trenutno držim.
08:04
This is made from the same AIR-INK I'm talking about.
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Napravljena je od istog vazdušnog mastila o kome govorim.
08:08
It's made from the same pollution that is inside this petri dish.
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Od istog zagađenja koje je u ovoj Petrijevoj šolji.
08:11
And the same pollution we are all breathing in when we are walking outdoors.
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I to je isto zagađenje koje udišemo dok šetamo napolju.
08:15
And we are on our way to do better than this.
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Ali stvari su krenule nabolje.
08:17
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
08:19
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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