Where did the Moon come from? A new theory | Sarah T. Stewart

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

Nobody likes to make a mistake.

Niko ne voli da greši.

And I made a whopping one.

A ja sam napravila ogromnu grešku.

And figuring out what I did wrong led to a discovery

A razumevanje u čemu sam pogrešila je dovelo do otkrića

that completely changes the way we think about the Earth and Moon.

koje u potpunosti menja način na koji razmišljamo o Zemlji i Mesecu.

I'm a planetary scientist,

Ja sam planetarna naučnica

and my favorite thing to do is smash planets together.

i omiljena aktivnost mi je da izazivam sudare planeta.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In my lab, I can shoot at rocks using cannons like this one.

U mojoj laboratoriji, mogu da pucam u stene pomoću ovakvih topova.

(Cannon shot)

(Pucanj topa)

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In my experiments, I can generate the extreme conditions

U mojim eksperimentima, mogu da stvorim ekstremne uslove

during planet formation.

prisutne tokom nastanka planete.

And with computer models, I can collide whole planets together

A uz pomoć kompjuterskih modela, mogu da sudaram čitave planete

to make them grow,

kako bih izazvala njihov rast

or I can destroy them.

ili mogu da ih uništim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I want to understand how to make the Earth and the Moon

Želim da razumem kako da napravim Zemlju i Mesec

and why the Earth is so different from other planets.

i zašto je Zemlja toliko različita od drugih planeta.

The leading idea for the origin of the Earth and Moon

Vodeća ideja o nastanku Zemlje i Meseca

is called the "giant impact theory."

se naziva „teorijom velikog udara”.

The theory states that a Mars-sized body struck the young Earth,

Teorija tvrdi da je telo veličine Marsa udarilo mladu Zemlju

and the Moon formed from the debris disk around the planet.

i da je Mesec nastao od diska formiranog od otpadaka oko planete.

The theory can explain so many things about the Moon,

Ova teorija može da objasni toliko toga u vezi s Mesecom,

but it has a huge flaw:

ali ima ogromni nedostatak:

it predicts that the Moon is mostly made from the Mars-sized planet,

predviđa da se Mesec uglavnom sastoji od planete veličine Marsa

that the Earth and the Moon are made from different materials.

i da su Zemlja i Mesec sačinjeni od različitih materijala.

But that's not what we see.

Međutim, to nije ono što vidimo.

The Earth and the Moon are actually like identical twins.

Zemlja i Mesec su zapravo poput identičnih blizanaca.

The genetic code of planets is written in the isotopes of the elements.

Genetski kod planeta je zapisan u izotopima elemenata.

The Earth and Moon have identical isotopes.

Zemlja i Mesec imaju identične izotope.

That means that the Earth and Moon are made from the same materials.

To znači da su Zemlja i Mesec sačinjeni od istog materijala.

It's really strange that the Earth and the Moon are twins.

Zaista je čudno da su Zemlja i Mesec blizanci.

All of the planets are made from different materials,

Sve planete su sačinjene od različitih materijala,

so they all have different isotopes,

stoga sve imaju različite izotope,

they all have their own genetic code.

sve imaju sopstvene genetske kodove.

No other planetary bodies have the same genetic relationship.

Ne postoje druga planetarna tela koja imaju istu genetsku vezu.

Only the Earth and Moon are twins.

Samo su Zemlja i Mesec blizanci.

When I started working on the origin of the Moon,

Kada sam počela da radim na poreklu Meseca,

there were scientists that wanted to reject the whole idea of the giant impact.

postojali su naučnici koju su želeli da odbace čitavu ideju velikog udara.

They didn't see any way for this theory to explain the special relationship

Nisu videli način na koji ova teorija može da objasni posebnu vezu

between the Earth and the Moon.

između Zemlje i Meseca.

We were all trying to think of new ideas.

Svi smo pokušavali da smislimo nove ideje.

The problem was, there weren't any better ideas.

Problem je bio što nije bilo boljih ideja.

All of the other ideas had even bigger flaws.

Sve druge ideje su imale čak i krupnije nedostatke.

So we were trying to rescue the giant impact theory.

Pa smo pokušavali da spasimo teoriju velikog udara.

A young scientist in my group suggested that we try changing the spin

Mladi naučnik iz moje grupe je predložio da pokušamo da izmenimo obrtanje

of the giant impact.

prilikom velikog udara.

Maybe making the Earth spin faster could mix more material

Možda je Zemljino brže okretanje moglo da izmeša više materijala

and explain the Moon.

i tako objasni Mesec.

The Mars-sized impactor had been chosen

Odabran je sudarač veličine Marsa

because it could make the Moon

jer je mogao da napravi Mesec

and make the length of Earth's day.

i da uzrokuje dužinu dana na Zemlji.

People really liked that part of the model.

Ljudima se zaista sviđao taj deo modela.

But what if something else determined the length of Earth's day?

Međutim, šta ako je nešto drugo odredilo dužinu dana na Zemlji?

Then there would be many more possible giant impacts that could make the Moon.

Onda bi postojalo mnogo više mogućih velikih udara

koji su mogli da stvore Mesec.

I was curious about what could happen,

Zanimalo me je šta bi moglo da se desi,

so I tried simulating faster-spinning giant impacts,

pa sam pokušala da simuliram velike udare brže rotacije

and I found that it is possible

i otkrila sam da je moguće

to make a disk out of the same mixture of materials as the planet.

napraviti disk od iste smeše materijala kao u slučaju planete.

We were pretty excited.

Bili smo prilično uzbuđeni.

Maybe this was the way to explain the Moon.

Možda je ovo bio način da se objasni Mesec.

The problem is, we also found that that's just not very likely.

Problem je bio što smo takođe otkrili da to nije naročito verovatno.

Most of the time, the disk is different from the planet,

Većinu vremena, disk je različit od planete

and it looked like making our Moon this way

i činilo se da bi ovakav nastanak Meseca

would be an astronomical coincidence,

bio astronomska slučajnost,

and it was just hard for everyone to accept the idea

a bilo je prosto svima teško da prihvate ovu ideju

that the Moon's special connection to Earth was an accident.

da je Mesečeva posebna veza sa Zemljom slučajna.

The giant impact theory was still in trouble,

Teorija o velikom udaru je i dalje bila u nevolji,

and we were still trying to figure out how to make the Moon.

a mi smo i dalje pokušavali da otkrijemo kako da napravimo Mesec.

Then came the day when I realized my mistake.

Onda je došao dan kad sam uvidela svoju grešku.

My student and I were looking at the data from these fast-spinning giant impacts.

Moj student i ja smo posmatrali podatke o ovim brzorotirajućim velikim udarima.

On that day, we weren't actually thinking about the Moon,

Tog dana, zapravo nismo razmišljali o Mesecu,

we were looking at the planet.

posmatrali smo planetu.

The planet gets super-hot and partially vaporized

Planeta postaje veoma vrela i delimično isparava

from the energy of the impact.

od energije udarca.

But the data didn't look like a planet.

Međutim, podaci nisu ličili na planetu.

It looked really strange.

Izgledali su veoma čudno.

The planet was weirdly connected to the disk.

Planeta je neobično bila povezana s diskom.

I got that super-excited feeling

Javio mi se onaj superuzbudljivi osećaj

when something really wrong might be something really interesting.

kada nešto krajnje pogrešno može da bude nešto krajnje zanimljivo.

In all of my calculations,

U svim mojim proračunima,

I had assumed there was a planet with a separate disk around it.

pretpostavila sam postojanje planete sa odvojenim diskovima oko sebe.

Calculating what was in the disk as how we tested

Računanjem sastava diska smo testirali

whether an impact could make the Moon.

da li je udar mogao da stvori Mesec.

But it didn't look that simple anymore.

Međutim, više se nije činilo tako prosto.

We were making the mistake

Pravili smo grešku

of thinking that a planet was always going to look like a planet.

smatrajući da će planeta uvek da izgleda kao planeta.

On that day, I knew that a giant impact was making something completely new.

Tog dana, znala sam da veliki udar stvara nešto sasvim novo.

I've had eureka moments.

Imala sam trenutke eureke.

This was not one of them.

Ovo nije bio jedan od njih.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I really didn't know what was going on.

Zaista nisam znala šta se zbivalo.

I had this strange, new object in front of me

Imala sam taj čudni, novi objekat ispred sebe,

and the challenge to try and figure it out.

kao i izazov da pokušam da ga razumem.

What do you do when faced with the unknown?

Šta radite kada se suočite sa nepoznatim?

How do you even start?

Kako uopšte da otpočnete?

We questioned everything:

Sve smo dovodili u pitanje:

What is a planet?

šta je planeta?

When is a planet no longer a planet anymore?

Kada planeta više nije planeta?

We played with new ideas.

Poigravali smo se s novim idejama.

We had to get rid of our old way of thinking,

Morali smo se otarasiti starog načina razmišljanja

and by playing, I could throw away all of the data,

i poigravajući se, mogla sam da odbacim sve podatke,

all of the rules of the real world,

sva pravila stvarnog sveta

and free my mind to explore.

i oslobodim um da istražuje.

And by making a mental space

A stvarajući mentalni prostor

where I could try out outrageous ideas

na kom sam mogla da isprobavam skandalozne ideje

and then bring them back into the real world to test them,

i da ih potom vratim u stvarni svet radi testiranja,

I could learn.

bila sam u stanju da učim.

And by playing, we learned so much.

A poigravajući se, naučili smo toliko toga.

I combined my lab experiments with computer models

Kombinovala sam eksperimente iz laboratorije sa kompjuterskim modelima

and discovered that after most giant impacts,

i otkrila sam da je nakon većine velikih udara

the Earth is so hot, there's no surface.

Zemlja toliko vrela da nema površinu.

There's just a deep layer of gas that gets denser and denser with depth.

Postoji samo duboki sloj gasa koji postaje sve gušći sa dubinom.

The Earth would have been like Jupiter.

Zemlja bi izgledala kao Jupiter.

There's nothing to stand on.

Bez ičega na šta biste stali.

And that was just part of the problem.

A to je tek bio deo problema.

I wanted to understand the whole problem.

Želela sam da razumem čitav problem.

I couldn't let go of the challenge to figure out what was really going on

Nisam mogla da odustanem od izazova razumevanja šta se zaista zbiva

in giant impacts.

tokom velikih udara.

It took almost two years

Trebalo nam je skoro dve godine

of throwing away old ideas

odbacivanja starih ideja

and building new ones

i stvaranja novih

that we understood the data

da razumemo podatke

and knew what it meant for the Moon.

i shvatimo šta to znači za Mesec.

I discovered a new type of astronomical object.

Otkrila sam novi tip astronomskog objekta.

It's not a planet.

Ne radi se o planeti.

It's made from planets.

Sačinjen je od planeta.

A planet is a body whose self-gravity

Planeta je telo čija je sopstvena gravitacija

is strong enough to give it its rounded shape.

dovoljno jaka da mu podari sferni oblik.

It spins around all together.

Vrti se u celosti oko sebe.

Make it hotter and spin it faster,

Ukoliko postane toplija i vrti se brže,

the equator gets bigger and bigger until it reaches a tipping point.

ekvator postaje sve veći dok ne dosegne prelomnu tačku.

Push past the tipping point,

Pogurajte je preko prelomne tačke

and the material at the equator spreads into a disk.

i materijal u predelu ekvatora se širi i postaje disk.

It's now broken all the rules of being a planet.

U tom trentuku krši sva pravila koja je čine planetom.

It can't spin around together anymore,

Više ne može u celosti da se obrće oko sebe,

its shape keeps changing as it gets bigger and bigger;

oblik joj se sve više menja kako postaje sve veća;

planeta je postala nešto sasvim novo.

the planet has become something new.

We gave our discovery its name:

Imenovali smo naše otkriće:

synestia.

sinestija.

We named it after the goddess Hestia,

Imenovali smo ga po boginji Hestiji,

the Greek goddess of the hearth and home,

grčkoj boginji ognjišta i doma

because we think the Earth became one.

jer smatramo da je Zemlja postala dom.

The prefix means "all together,"

Prefiks znači „sveukupno”,

to emphasize the connection between all of the material.

kako bi se naglasila veza između svih materijala.

A synestia is what a planet becomes

Sinestija je ono što planeta postaje

when heat and spin push it over the limit of a spheroidal shape.

kada je toplota i obrtanje odgurnu mimo granica sfernog oblika.

Would you like to see a synestia?

Da li biste želeli da vidite sinestiju?

(Cheers)

(Klicanje)

In this visualization of one of my simulations,

U ovoj vizualizaciji jedne od mojih simulacija,

the young Earth is already spinning quickly from a previous giant impact.

mlada Zemlja se već obrće brzo zbog prethodnog velikog udara.

Its shape is deformed, but our planet would be recognizable

Izobličena je, ali je naša planeta i dalje prepoznatljiva

by the water on its surface.

po vodi na površini.

The energy from the impact vaporizes the surface,

Zbog energije od udara, njena površina isparava,

the water, the atmosphere,

voda, atmosfera.

and mixes all of the gases together in just a few hours.

I svi gasovi se međusobno izmešaju za svega nekoliko sati.

We discovered that many giant impacts make synestias,

Otkrili smo da mnogi veliki udari stvaraju sinestije,

but these burning, bright objects don't live very long.

ali ovi plamteći, jarki objekti ne žive dugo.

They cool down, shrink and turn back into planets.

Hlade se, skupljaju i ponovo postaju planete.

While rocky planets like Earth were growing,

Dok su stenovite planete, poput Zemlje, rasle,

they probably turned into synestias one or more times.

verovatno su postajale sinestije jednom ili više puta.

A synestia gives us a new way to solve the problem of the origin of the Moon.

Sinestija nam pruža novi način rešavanja problema nastanka Meseca.

We propose that the Moon formed inside a huge, vaporous synestia.

Naša je pretpostavka da je Mesec oblikovan unutar ogromne, isparavajuće sinestije.

The Moon grew from magma rain

Mesec je rastao zbog kiša od magme

that condensed out of the rock vapor.

koje su se kondenzovale iz isparavanja stena.

The Moon's special connection to Earth

Mesečeva posebna veza sa Zemljom

is because the Moon formed inside the Earth

postoji zato što je Mesec nastao unutar Zemlje

when Earth was a synestia.

kada je Zemlja bila sinestija.

The Moon could have orbited inside the synestia for years,

Mesec je mogao da kruži unutar sinestije godinama,

hidden from view.

skriven od pogleda.

The Moon is revealed by the synestia cooling and shrinking

Mesec je otkriven tokom sinestijinog hlađenja i skupljanja

inside of its orbit.

unutar njene orbite.

The synestia turns into planet Earth

Sinestija se pretvorila u planetu Zemlju

only after cooling for hundreds of years longer.

tek nakon što se hladila još stotinama godina.

In our new theory,

U našoj novoj teoriji,

the giant impact makes a synestia,

veliki udar stvara sinestiju,

and the synestia divides into two new bodies,

a sinestija se cepa u dva nova tela,

creating our isotopically identical Earth and Moon.

stvarajući našu Zemlju i Mesec koji su izotopski identični.

Synestias have been created throughout the universe.

Sinestije su nastajale širom univerzuma.

And we only just realized that by finding them in our imagination:

A mi smo to tek sad shvatili, otkrivajući ih u našoj mašti.

What else am I missing in the world around me?

Šta mi i dalje promiče u svetu koji me okružuje?

What is hidden from my view by my own assumptions?

Šta mi se skriva od pogleda zbog mojih sopstvenih pretpostavki?

The next time you look at the Moon,

Sledeći put kada pogledate u Mesec,

remember:

setite se:

the things you think you know

stvari koje mislite da znate

may be the opportunity to discover something truly amazing.

mogu da budu prilike da otkrijete nešto istinski zadivljujuće.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)