Where did the Moon come from? A new theory | Sarah T. Stewart

877,592 views ・ 2019-03-26

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Bruce Sung
(掌聲)
00:13
Nobody likes to make a mistake.
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沒有人喜歡犯錯。
00:16
And I made a whopping one.
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而我犯了個超級大錯。
00:19
And figuring out what I did wrong led to a discovery
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我找出了我做錯什麼, 後續導致了一個發現,
00:24
that completely changes the way we think about the Earth and Moon.
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完全改變了我們對於 地球和月球的看法。
00:29
I'm a planetary scientist,
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我是行星科學家,
00:31
and my favorite thing to do is smash planets together.
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我最愛做的事情就是 把行星撞在一起。
00:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:36
In my lab, I can shoot at rocks using cannons like this one.
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在我的實驗室,我可以用 像這樣的大砲對岩石開火。
00:43
(Cannon shot)
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(大砲開火)
00:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:46
In my experiments, I can generate the extreme conditions
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依我的經驗,我可以產生出
在行星形成時的極端條件。
00:50
during planet formation.
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00:52
And with computer models, I can collide whole planets together
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用電腦模型,我可以 讓行星整個相撞,
00:56
to make them grow,
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讓它們長大,
00:58
or I can destroy them.
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或是我也可以摧毀它們。
01:00
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:02
I want to understand how to make the Earth and the Moon
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我想要了解,如何能 製造出地球和月球,
01:06
and why the Earth is so different from other planets.
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以及為什麼地球 和其他行星如此不同。
01:11
The leading idea for the origin of the Earth and Moon
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關於地球和月球最初 如何形成的主要想法是
01:15
is called the "giant impact theory."
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所謂的「大碰撞說」。
01:18
The theory states that a Mars-sized body struck the young Earth,
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這個理論是火星大小的天體 撞擊了年輕的地球,
01:21
and the Moon formed from the debris disk around the planet.
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而月球是從該行星的盤狀分佈 碎片殘駭所形成。
01:28
The theory can explain so many things about the Moon,
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這個理論能解釋許多月球的狀況,
01:31
but it has a huge flaw:
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但它有個巨大的瑕疵:
01:34
it predicts that the Moon is mostly made from the Mars-sized planet,
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它預測,月球的主要成分 是那個火星大小的行星,
01:38
that the Earth and the Moon are made from different materials.
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所以地球和月球是用 不同的材料生成的。
01:42
But that's not what we see.
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但,我們看到的並非如此。
01:45
The Earth and the Moon are actually like identical twins.
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地球和月球其實像是同卵雙胞胎。
01:49
The genetic code of planets is written in the isotopes of the elements.
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行星的基因碼是寫在 元素的同位素中。
01:54
The Earth and Moon have identical isotopes.
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地球和月球有相同的同位素。
01:57
That means that the Earth and Moon are made from the same materials.
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那就表示,地球和月球 是用同樣的材料生成的。
02:03
It's really strange that the Earth and the Moon are twins.
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地球和月球是雙胞胎, 這是很奇怪的事。
02:07
All of the planets are made from different materials,
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所有的行星都是由 不同的材料生成的,
02:09
so they all have different isotopes,
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所以它們都有不同的同位素,
02:11
they all have their own genetic code.
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它們都有自己的基因碼。
02:14
No other planetary bodies have the same genetic relationship.
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沒有任何其他行星體 有相同的基因關係。
02:19
Only the Earth and Moon are twins.
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只有地球和月球是雙胞胎。
02:23
When I started working on the origin of the Moon,
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當我開始研究月球的起源時,
02:26
there were scientists that wanted to reject the whole idea of the giant impact.
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有些科學家想要推翻 整個大碰撞說。
02:30
They didn't see any way for this theory to explain the special relationship
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他們不認為這個理論能夠解釋
地球和月球之間的特殊關係。
02:34
between the Earth and the Moon.
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02:36
We were all trying to think of new ideas.
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我們都在試圖提出新的想法。
02:40
The problem was, there weren't any better ideas.
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問題是,沒有其他更好的想法。
02:43
All of the other ideas had even bigger flaws.
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所有其他想法都有更大的瑕疵。
02:48
So we were trying to rescue the giant impact theory.
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所以,我們在試圖拯救大碰撞說。
02:53
A young scientist in my group suggested that we try changing the spin
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我的團隊中有一位 年輕的科學家建議,
我們可以試著改變 大碰撞說的自轉。
02:58
of the giant impact.
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02:59
Maybe making the Earth spin faster could mix more material
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也許讓地球自轉速度更快, 就能混合更多材料,
03:04
and explain the Moon.
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並能解釋月球的形成。
03:06
The Mars-sized impactor had been chosen
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撞擊地球的火星大小行星 已經被選定,
03:09
because it could make the Moon
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因為它可以形成月球,
03:11
and make the length of Earth's day.
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並形成地球白天時間的長度。
03:15
People really liked that part of the model.
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大家真的很喜歡模型的這個部分。
03:18
But what if something else determined the length of Earth's day?
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但,如果地球的白天時間長度 是由其他因素決定的呢?
03:22
Then there would be many more possible giant impacts that could make the Moon.
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那麼,就會有更多大碰撞 都有可能形成月球。
03:28
I was curious about what could happen,
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我很好奇可能發生的狀況,
03:31
so I tried simulating faster-spinning giant impacts,
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所以我試著模擬 自轉更快速的大碰撞,
03:35
and I found that it is possible
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我發現,的確有可能
03:38
to make a disk out of the same mixture of materials as the planet.
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用這個行星的材料組合 來生成一個盤。
03:42
We were pretty excited.
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我們相當興奮。
03:44
Maybe this was the way to explain the Moon.
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也許這種方式就能解釋月球。
03:48
The problem is, we also found that that's just not very likely.
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問題是,我們也發現, 這實在不太可能發生。
03:54
Most of the time, the disk is different from the planet,
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通常,生成的盤 都和這個星球不同,
03:57
and it looked like making our Moon this way
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看起來,若要用這種方式 生成我們的月球,
04:00
would be an astronomical coincidence,
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那會是天文學上的巧合,
04:04
and it was just hard for everyone to accept the idea
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大家很難接受
04:07
that the Moon's special connection to Earth was an accident.
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月球和地球的特殊關聯只是個意外。
04:13
The giant impact theory was still in trouble,
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大碰撞理論仍然在困境中,
04:16
and we were still trying to figure out how to make the Moon.
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我們仍然在試圖想出 月球是怎麼生成的。
04:21
Then came the day when I realized my mistake.
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接著,有一天,我發現了我的錯誤。
04:27
My student and I were looking at the data from these fast-spinning giant impacts.
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我和我的學生在看 快速自轉大碰撞的資料。
04:32
On that day, we weren't actually thinking about the Moon,
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那天,我們其實 並沒有在想月球的問題,
04:35
we were looking at the planet.
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我們是在看那個行星。
04:36
The planet gets super-hot and partially vaporized
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因為撞擊的能量, 那個星球變得超級熱,
04:39
from the energy of the impact.
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且有部分已經蒸發。
04:43
But the data didn't look like a planet.
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但那資料看起來並不像個行星。
04:45
It looked really strange.
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它看起來相當奇怪。
04:47
The planet was weirdly connected to the disk.
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這個行星和盤有著奇怪的連結。
04:51
I got that super-excited feeling
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我有種超興奮的感覺,
04:54
when something really wrong might be something really interesting.
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當有非常不對勁的狀況時, 可能會有很有趣的發現。
05:00
In all of my calculations,
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在我所有的計算中,
05:01
I had assumed there was a planet with a separate disk around it.
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我都假設有一個行星, 它周圍有一個分開的盤。
05:04
Calculating what was in the disk as how we tested
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我們測試碰撞是否能夠 生成月球的方式,
05:07
whether an impact could make the Moon.
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就是計算那個盤中有什麼。
05:10
But it didn't look that simple anymore.
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但,看起來不再是那麼簡單了。
05:15
We were making the mistake
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我們犯的錯
05:18
of thinking that a planet was always going to look like a planet.
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是認為行星看起來 一定會是行星的樣子。
05:24
On that day, I knew that a giant impact was making something completely new.
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那天,我知道
大碰撞產生出來的是全新的東西。
05:33
I've had eureka moments.
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我有過靈光一現的時刻。
05:35
This was not one of them.
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這個時刻並非其中之一。(笑聲)
05:37
(Laughter)
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05:38
I really didn't know what was going on.
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我真的不知道到底怎麼回事。
05:42
I had this strange, new object in front of me
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我前面有著這個奇怪的新物體,
05:44
and the challenge to try and figure it out.
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面對著要試圖搞懂它的挑戰。
05:48
What do you do when faced with the unknown?
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當你面對未知時,該怎麼做?
05:52
How do you even start?
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到底要如何開始?
05:55
We questioned everything:
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我們質疑一切:
05:57
What is a planet?
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什麼是行星?
05:58
When is a planet no longer a planet anymore?
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何時行星不再算是行星?
06:01
We played with new ideas.
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我們開始玩新的想法。
06:04
We had to get rid of our old way of thinking,
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我們得要擺脫過去的思考方式,
06:07
and by playing, I could throw away all of the data,
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透過「玩」,我可以 丟掉所有的資料、
06:10
all of the rules of the real world,
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真實世界中的所有規則,
06:12
and free my mind to explore.
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解放我的大腦,讓它去探索。
06:16
And by making a mental space
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我製造了一個心智空間,
06:19
where I could try out outrageous ideas
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在那裡,我可以嘗試 無法無天的想法,
06:23
and then bring them back into the real world to test them,
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接著把這些想法 帶回真實世界做測試,
06:27
I could learn.
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我能學習。
06:31
And by playing, we learned so much.
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透過「玩」,我們學了好多。
06:34
I combined my lab experiments with computer models
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我把我的實驗室實驗 和電腦模型結合,
06:38
and discovered that after most giant impacts,
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發現在大部分大碰撞之後,
06:40
the Earth is so hot, there's no surface.
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地球都非常熱,熱到沒有表面。
06:43
There's just a deep layer of gas that gets denser and denser with depth.
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只有一層很深層的氣體, 越深的地方密度越高。
06:47
The Earth would have been like Jupiter.
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地球本來可能像木星一樣。
06:49
There's nothing to stand on.
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沒有立足之地。
06:52
And that was just part of the problem.
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那只是問題的一部分。
06:55
I wanted to understand the whole problem.
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我想要了解整個問題。
06:58
I couldn't let go of the challenge to figure out what was really going on
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我無法放手這個挑戰,我想要想通
在大碰撞中到底發生了什麼事。
07:02
in giant impacts.
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07:04
It took almost two years
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花了近兩年時間,
07:07
of throwing away old ideas
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不斷把舊想法丟棄,
07:09
and building new ones
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建立新想法,
07:11
that we understood the data
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我們才了解了那些資料,
07:14
and knew what it meant for the Moon.
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搞懂那對月球的意涵是什麼。
07:17
I discovered a new type of astronomical object.
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我發現了一種新的天文物體。
07:23
It's not a planet.
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它不是行星。
07:25
It's made from planets.
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它是由行星生成的。
07:27
A planet is a body whose self-gravity
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行星是一個天體,它自己的重力
07:30
is strong enough to give it its rounded shape.
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強到可以讓它形成圓形的形狀。
07:32
It spins around all together.
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它會形成一個整體一起自轉。
07:35
Make it hotter and spin it faster,
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若讓它更熱,自轉更快,
07:38
the equator gets bigger and bigger until it reaches a tipping point.
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赤道就會越來越大, 直到達到臨界點。
07:42
Push past the tipping point,
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若超過了臨界點,
07:44
and the material at the equator spreads into a disk.
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赤道的材料會散佈成盤狀。
07:48
It's now broken all the rules of being a planet.
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現在,它就打破了 所有身為行星的規則。
07:52
It can't spin around together anymore,
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它不再能整體一起自轉了。
07:54
its shape keeps changing as it gets bigger and bigger;
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隨著它越長越大, 它的形狀不斷改變;
07:57
the planet has become something new.
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這個行星變成了某種新東西。
08:00
We gave our discovery its name:
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我們把這項發現命名為:
08:04
synestia.
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索內斯蒂亞(synestia)。
08:06
We named it after the goddess Hestia,
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我們採用的是女神 Hestia 的名字,
08:08
the Greek goddess of the hearth and home,
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掌管爐灶和家庭的希臘女神,
08:10
because we think the Earth became one.
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因為我們認為地球 變成了這樣的角色。
08:13
The prefix means "all together,"
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字首 syn 意思是「全部一起」, 強調所有材料之間的連結。
08:14
to emphasize the connection between all of the material.
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08:18
A synestia is what a planet becomes
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當高熱與自轉速度將一個行星 推過了圓球形的極限時,
08:21
when heat and spin push it over the limit of a spheroidal shape.
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它就變成了索內斯蒂亞。
08:27
Would you like to see a synestia?
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你們想要看看索內斯蒂亞嗎?
08:30
(Cheers)
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(歡呼)
08:33
In this visualization of one of my simulations,
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這裡透過視覺呈現出來的 是我的其中一項模擬,
08:37
the young Earth is already spinning quickly from a previous giant impact.
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年輕的地球已經因為 先前的大碰撞而在快速自轉,
08:42
Its shape is deformed, but our planet would be recognizable
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它的形狀變形了,但仍然 可以認出這是我們的星球,
08:45
by the water on its surface.
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因為它的表面有水。
08:48
The energy from the impact vaporizes the surface,
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碰撞的能量讓蒸發了地表、
08:52
the water, the atmosphere,
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水、大氣,
08:54
and mixes all of the gases together in just a few hours.
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只花了幾個小時的時間 就把所有的氣體混合在一起。
08:59
We discovered that many giant impacts make synestias,
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我們發現,許多大碰撞 會產生索內斯蒂亞,
09:03
but these burning, bright objects don't live very long.
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但這些燃燒、明亮的物體 沒有很長的生命。
09:06
They cool down, shrink and turn back into planets.
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它們會冷卻、縮小,轉變回行星。
09:11
While rocky planets like Earth were growing,
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當像地球這種岩石行星在成長時,
09:13
they probably turned into synestias one or more times.
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可能會有一次或數次 轉變為索內斯蒂亞。
09:19
A synestia gives us a new way to solve the problem of the origin of the Moon.
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索內斯蒂亞讓我們有了一個新方法 可以解決月球起源的問題。
09:26
We propose that the Moon formed inside a huge, vaporous synestia.
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我們提出,
月球是在一個大型、 蒸汽的索內斯蒂亞中形成的。
09:34
The Moon grew from magma rain
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岩石蒸汽濃縮成岩漿雨,
09:37
that condensed out of the rock vapor.
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月球則從岩漿雨中生成。
09:41
The Moon's special connection to Earth
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月球和地球的連結會如此特殊,
09:43
is because the Moon formed inside the Earth
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是因為月球在地球內部形成,
09:46
when Earth was a synestia.
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當時地球是個索內斯蒂亞。
09:49
The Moon could have orbited inside the synestia for years,
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月球有可能在這個索內斯蒂亞 內部運行了很多年,
09:53
hidden from view.
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這時是看不見的。
09:56
The Moon is revealed by the synestia cooling and shrinking
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當索內斯蒂亞在月球軌道 內部冷卻並縮小時,
10:01
inside of its orbit.
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月球就顯現出來了。
10:06
The synestia turns into planet Earth
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這個索內斯蒂亞再經過 數百年的冷卻之後,
10:09
only after cooling for hundreds of years longer.
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就轉變成了地球。
10:14
In our new theory,
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在我們的新理論中,
10:16
the giant impact makes a synestia,
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大碰撞造成了一個索內斯蒂亞,
10:19
and the synestia divides into two new bodies,
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而這個索內斯蒂亞 分開成了兩個新天體,
10:23
creating our isotopically identical Earth and Moon.
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創造出我們的地球和月球, 且讓它們擁有相同的同位素。
10:29
Synestias have been created throughout the universe.
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在宇宙各處都有 索內斯蒂亞被創造出來。
10:34
And we only just realized that by finding them in our imagination:
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我們會了解這件事,是因為 我們在我們的想像中找到它們:
10:40
What else am I missing in the world around me?
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在我周遭的世界中, 我還遺漏了什麼?
10:45
What is hidden from my view by my own assumptions?
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有什麼是被我自己的假設 給遮蔽了,讓我無法看見?
10:51
The next time you look at the Moon,
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下次當你抬頭看月亮時,
10:53
remember:
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別忘了:
10:55
the things you think you know
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你認為你知道的事,
10:58
may be the opportunity to discover something truly amazing.
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也許會是發現驚人新事物的機會。
11:05
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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