Where did the Moon come from? A new theory | Sarah T. Stewart

877,592 views ・ 2019-03-26

TED


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翻译人员: Cissy Yun 校对人员: Carol Wang
00:13
Nobody likes to make a mistake.
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没人喜欢犯错。
00:16
And I made a whopping one.
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而我却犯了个惊天大错。
00:19
And figuring out what I did wrong led to a discovery
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但弄清误点的过程 则让我有了一个发现,
00:24
that completely changes the way we think about the Earth and Moon.
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它完全改变了我们对 地球和月球的看法。
00:29
I'm a planetary scientist,
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我是一个行星科学家,
00:31
and my favorite thing to do is smash planets together.
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我最爱做的事是:让行星相撞。
00:35
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
00:36
In my lab, I can shoot at rocks using cannons like this one.
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在我的实验室中,我可以用 这样的大炮击射岩石。
00:43
(Cannon shot)
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(大炮射击)
00:44
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
00:46
In my experiments, I can generate the extreme conditions
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在实验中,我能模拟
行星形成时的极端环境。
00:50
during planet formation.
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00:52
And with computer models, I can collide whole planets together
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借助电脑模型,我可以 让所有的行星互相撞击,
00:56
to make them grow,
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让它们重生,
00:58
or I can destroy them.
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也可让它们毁灭。
01:00
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:02
I want to understand how to make the Earth and the Moon
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我想弄明白地球 和月球是如何形成的,
01:06
and why the Earth is so different from other planets.
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而且地球为何 与其他行星如此不同。
01:11
The leading idea for the origin of the Earth and Moon
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有关地球月球起源的主流观点
01:15
is called the "giant impact theory."
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是“大碰撞理论”。
01:18
The theory states that a Mars-sized body struck the young Earth,
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该理论认为,一个火星大小的 天体撞击了年轻的地球,
01:21
and the Moon formed from the debris disk around the planet.
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而环绕行星周围的 碎屑盘形成了月球。
01:28
The theory can explain so many things about the Moon,
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该理论能解释 有关月球的许多事,
01:31
but it has a huge flaw:
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但它有一个巨大的瑕疵:
01:34
it predicts that the Moon is mostly made from the Mars-sized planet,
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它预言月球的大部分构成 来自那个火星大小的行星,
01:38
that the Earth and the Moon are made from different materials.
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即地球和月球 是由不同物质组成的。
01:42
But that's not what we see.
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但这与我们的发现大相径庭。
01:45
The Earth and the Moon are actually like identical twins.
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地球与月球其实 像一对孪生子。
01:49
The genetic code of planets is written in the isotopes of the elements.
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行星的基因秘钥写在 它们的元素同位素中,
01:54
The Earth and Moon have identical isotopes.
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而地球与月球 拥有相同的同位素。
01:57
That means that the Earth and Moon are made from the same materials.
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这说明地球和月球 是由相同物质构成的。
02:03
It's really strange that the Earth and the Moon are twins.
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地球和月球竟然是孪生子? 这太怪了。
02:07
All of the planets are made from different materials,
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所有行星都由不同的物质构成,
02:09
so they all have different isotopes,
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所以它们都有不同的同位素,
02:11
they all have their own genetic code.
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它们的基因秘钥也不一样。
02:14
No other planetary bodies have the same genetic relationship.
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没有任何其他行星天体 有同样的基因关系。
02:19
Only the Earth and Moon are twins.
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只有地球和月球是孪生子。
02:23
When I started working on the origin of the Moon,
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当我开始研究月球起源时,
02:26
there were scientists that wanted to reject the whole idea of the giant impact.
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已经有科学家尝试摈弃 “大碰撞理论”。
02:30
They didn't see any way for this theory to explain the special relationship
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他们认为,该理论完全无法解释
地球与月球之间的特殊关系。
02:34
between the Earth and the Moon.
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02:36
We were all trying to think of new ideas.
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我们都在尝试找到新的想法。
02:40
The problem was, there weren't any better ideas.
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但问题是,没有什么更好的想法,
02:43
All of the other ideas had even bigger flaws.
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所有其他的想法漏洞更大。
02:48
So we were trying to rescue the giant impact theory.
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因此,我们试图 去拯救“大碰撞理论”。
02:53
A young scientist in my group suggested that we try changing the spin
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团队中的一位年轻科学家
建议我们尝试 改变大碰撞中的自转:
02:58
of the giant impact.
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02:59
Maybe making the Earth spin faster could mix more material
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也许将地球自转的速度提高后, 岩屑盘可以混入更多物质,
03:04
and explain the Moon.
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并解释月球的成因。
03:06
The Mars-sized impactor had been chosen
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选中火星大小的撞击物
03:09
because it could make the Moon
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是因为它能够形成月球,
03:11
and make the length of Earth's day.
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并形成地球上一天的时长。
03:15
People really liked that part of the model.
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人们非常喜欢模型的这一部分。
03:18
But what if something else determined the length of Earth's day?
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但是,倘若地球一天的时长 是由其他因素导致的呢?
03:22
Then there would be many more possible giant impacts that could make the Moon.
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那么,很多其他可能的 大碰撞都有可能生成月球。
03:28
I was curious about what could happen,
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我很好奇会发生什么情况,
03:31
so I tried simulating faster-spinning giant impacts,
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所以,我模拟了行星转速 加快后的大碰撞实验,
03:35
and I found that it is possible
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发现的确有可能
03:38
to make a disk out of the same mixture of materials as the planet.
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产生与行星物质相同的岩屑盘。
03:42
We were pretty excited.
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我们都非常兴奋,
03:44
Maybe this was the way to explain the Moon.
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也许,这可以解释月球起源。
03:48
The problem is, we also found that that's just not very likely.
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问题是,我们也发现 这种可能性极小,
03:54
Most of the time, the disk is different from the planet,
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因为多数情况下,岩屑盘 与行星的物质是不一样的,
03:57
and it looked like making our Moon this way
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若如此形成了月球,
04:00
would be an astronomical coincidence,
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看起来像是天文巧合。
04:04
and it was just hard for everyone to accept the idea
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大家很难接受
04:07
that the Moon's special connection to Earth was an accident.
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月球和地球的特殊关系 仅仅是一个巧合。
04:13
The giant impact theory was still in trouble,
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“大碰撞理论”依然无法解释,
04:16
and we were still trying to figure out how to make the Moon.
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我们仍在尝试 搞清月球的成因,
04:21
Then came the day when I realized my mistake.
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直到有一天,我发现自己弄錯了。
04:27
My student and I were looking at the data from these fast-spinning giant impacts.
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我和学生在研究行星高速 自转时大碰撞所产生的数据。
04:32
On that day, we weren't actually thinking about the Moon,
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那一天,我们其实 没思考有关月球的事,
04:35
we were looking at the planet.
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我们在观察那个行星。
04:36
The planet gets super-hot and partially vaporized
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因为碰撞所产生的能量,
04:39
from the energy of the impact.
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那个星球会变得超级热, 并会部分蒸发。
04:43
But the data didn't look like a planet.
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但数据显示,不像是行星,
04:45
It looked really strange.
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它看起来十分奇怪。
04:47
The planet was weirdly connected to the disk.
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行星以一种奇怪的方式 与岩屑盘联结着。
04:51
I got that super-excited feeling
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我忽然有了那种 超级兴奋的感觉:
04:54
when something really wrong might be something really interesting.
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当某件事看起来很不对劲时, 极有可能是个有趣的发现。
05:00
In all of my calculations,
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在所有的计算中,
05:01
I had assumed there was a planet with a separate disk around it.
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我都假设行星被一个 分离的岩屑盘所环绕。
05:04
Calculating what was in the disk as how we tested
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把计算岩屑盘的成分
05:07
whether an impact could make the Moon.
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作为测试大碰撞 是否生成月球的方法。
05:10
But it didn't look that simple anymore.
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但它看起来却不再那么简单,
05:15
We were making the mistake
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我们犯的错在于
05:18
of thinking that a planet was always going to look like a planet.
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认为行星总是 其终极状态的样子,
05:24
On that day, I knew that a giant impact was making something completely new.
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直到那天,我才意识到大碰撞 创造出一种全新的天体。
05:33
I've had eureka moments.
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我有过很多次“恍然大悟”的时刻,
05:35
This was not one of them.
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但這次却不是。
05:37
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:38
I really didn't know what was going on.
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我完全不知道到底发生了什么。
05:42
I had this strange, new object in front of me
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在我面前的是这个奇怪的新型天体,
05:44
and the challenge to try and figure it out.
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我的挑战则是弄清它是什么。
05:48
What do you do when faced with the unknown?
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当你面对未知物時, 你会怎么做?
05:52
How do you even start?
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你该如何着手?
05:55
We questioned everything:
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我们质疑所有事情:
05:57
What is a planet?
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什么才是行星?
05:58
When is a planet no longer a planet anymore?
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什么情况下, 行星就不再是行星了?
06:01
We played with new ideas.
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我们玩索各种 脑洞大开的新想法。
06:04
We had to get rid of our old way of thinking,
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我们得摒弃旧的思考方式,
06:07
and by playing, I could throw away all of the data,
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因为“玩”的性质, 我可以忘却所有数据、
06:10
all of the rules of the real world,
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扔掉所有现实中的条条框框、
06:12
and free my mind to explore.
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让我的思想去自由地探索。
06:16
And by making a mental space
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我先在大脑中创建一个
06:19
where I could try out outrageous ideas
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让自己任意遐想的空间,
06:23
and then bring them back into the real world to test them,
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然后再在现实世界中 去测试这些想法,
06:27
I could learn.
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并从中学习。
06:31
And by playing, we learned so much.
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通过玩索,我们受益匪浅。
06:34
I combined my lab experiments with computer models
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我把实验与电脑模型结合起来,
06:38
and discovered that after most giant impacts,
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发现在多数大碰撞之后,
06:40
the Earth is so hot, there's no surface.
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地球会变得滚烫,没有地表。
06:43
There's just a deep layer of gas that gets denser and denser with depth.
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地球只有一层厚厚的气体, 愈深密度愈高,
06:47
The Earth would have been like Jupiter.
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这时的地球其实像木星一样,
06:49
There's nothing to stand on.
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表面没有任何固体。
06:52
And that was just part of the problem.
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但这只是问题的一部分,
06:55
I wanted to understand the whole problem.
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而我想搞清整个问题。
06:58
I couldn't let go of the challenge to figure out what was really going on
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我放手不了这个
弄清大碰撞到底 发生了什么的挑战,
07:02
in giant impacts.
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07:04
It took almost two years
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为此,我花了大约两年的时间
07:07
of throwing away old ideas
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去摒弃老思维,
07:09
and building new ones
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并筑建新理论,
07:11
that we understood the data
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这些理论基于理解实验数据、
07:14
and knew what it meant for the Moon.
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和弄清它对月球的影响。
07:17
I discovered a new type of astronomical object.
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我发现了一种新型天文物体,
07:23
It's not a planet.
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它不是行星,
07:25
It's made from planets.
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但它来自于行星。
07:27
A planet is a body whose self-gravity
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行星,是受强大自引力作用
07:30
is strong enough to give it its rounded shape.
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而呈球状的星体。
07:32
It spins around all together.
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它作为一个整体进行自转。
07:35
Make it hotter and spin it faster,
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温度越高,自转速度就越快,
07:38
the equator gets bigger and bigger until it reaches a tipping point.
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赤道会越变越大, 直至到达临界点。
07:42
Push past the tipping point,
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一旦过了临界点,
07:44
and the material at the equator spreads into a disk.
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在赤道附近的物质 会向外扩散形成岩屑盘,
07:48
It's now broken all the rules of being a planet.
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此时,它也不再遵循 行星的所有规律。
07:52
It can't spin around together anymore,
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它再也无法自转,
07:54
its shape keeps changing as it gets bigger and bigger;
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随着不断变大, 其形状也会不断变化,
07:57
the planet has become something new.
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行星变成了一种全新的天体。
08:00
We gave our discovery its name:
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我们给这个发现起了个名字:
08:04
synestia.
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索内斯蒂亚(synestia),
08:06
We named it after the goddess Hestia,
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用女神赫斯提亚来命名它,
08:08
the Greek goddess of the hearth and home,
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她是古希腊神话中的家炉之神,
08:10
because we think the Earth became one.
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因为我们认为地球 就变成了这样的角色。
08:13
The prefix means "all together,"
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词首“syn”意味着“一起”,
08:14
to emphasize the connection between all of the material.
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强调了所有物质之间的联结。
08:18
A synestia is what a planet becomes
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当热量和转速将行星推越了 球型天体的极限后,
08:21
when heat and spin push it over the limit of a spheroidal shape.
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行星就变成了索内斯蒂亚。
08:27
Would you like to see a synestia?
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你们想看看索内斯蒂亚吗?
08:30
(Cheers)
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(欢呼)
08:33
In this visualization of one of my simulations,
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这是其中的一个模拟视频,
08:37
the young Earth is already spinning quickly from a previous giant impact.
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因为之前的一次碰撞, 年轻的地球在快速自转。
08:42
Its shape is deformed, but our planet would be recognizable
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地球有些变形,但根据地表的水,
08:45
by the water on its surface.
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我们还认得出它是地球。
08:48
The energy from the impact vaporizes the surface,
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大碰撞带来的能量 让地球表层、水、大气层 、
08:52
the water, the atmosphere,
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完全蒸发,
08:54
and mixes all of the gases together in just a few hours.
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在短短几小时中, 所有的气体混合起来。
08:59
We discovered that many giant impacts make synestias,
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我们发现许多大碰撞 会产生索内斯蒂亚,
09:03
but these burning, bright objects don't live very long.
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但这些燃烧着的 炽热天体寿命不长。
09:06
They cool down, shrink and turn back into planets.
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它们会降温,缩小, 并再次变回行星。
09:11
While rocky planets like Earth were growing,
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在类似地球这样的 岩石行星在成长过程中,
09:13
they probably turned into synestias one or more times.
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可能会一次或数次 变成索内斯蒂亚。
09:19
A synestia gives us a new way to solve the problem of the origin of the Moon.
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索内斯蒂亚为我们解决 月球起源提供了新途径,
09:26
We propose that the Moon formed inside a huge, vaporous synestia.
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我们提出,月球形成于一个 巨型、气化的索内斯蒂亚内部。
09:34
The Moon grew from magma rain
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月球形成于
岩石蒸汽凝结 而产生的岩浆雨。
09:37
that condensed out of the rock vapor.
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09:41
The Moon's special connection to Earth
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月球与地球间的特殊联系
09:43
is because the Moon formed inside the Earth
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是因为月球形成于地球内部,
09:46
when Earth was a synestia.
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那时,地球还是一个索内斯蒂亚。
09:49
The Moon could have orbited inside the synestia for years,
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月球在索内斯蒂亚内部 可能已公转了许久,
09:53
hidden from view.
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但我们无法观察到它。
09:56
The Moon is revealed by the synestia cooling and shrinking
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而当索内斯蒂亚冷却缩小 到月球公转轨道以内时,
10:01
inside of its orbit.
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月球才出现在我们的视线中,
10:06
The synestia turns into planet Earth
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只有经历了几百年的冷却后,
10:09
only after cooling for hundreds of years longer.
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索内斯蒂亚才会变成地球。
10:14
In our new theory,
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在我们的新理论中,
10:16
the giant impact makes a synestia,
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大碰撞形成了索内斯蒂亚,
10:19
and the synestia divides into two new bodies,
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而索内斯蒂亚分成两个新天体,
10:23
creating our isotopically identical Earth and Moon.
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就是同位素相同的地球与月球。
10:29
Synestias have been created throughout the universe.
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索内斯蒂亚在宇宙各处都在发生,
10:34
And we only just realized that by finding them in our imagination:
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通过想象他们的存在,我们 才刚刚意识到这个现象:
10:40
What else am I missing in the world around me?
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在我周围的世界中, 我还遗漏了什么?
10:45
What is hidden from my view by my own assumptions?
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我自己的臆测 还妨碍我看到什么其他信息?
10:51
The next time you look at the Moon,
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下一次你赏月时,
10:53
remember:
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请记住:
10:55
the things you think you know
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你认为自己知道的事,
10:58
may be the opportunity to discover something truly amazing.
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也许正是让你发现真正 令人惊讶事情的好机会。
11:05
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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