The emergence of "4D printing" | Skylar Tibbits

Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Sonja Rodić Lektor: Boško Eraković

This is me building a prototype

Ovde možete videti mene kako pravim jedan prototip

for six hours straight.

čitavih šest sati.

This is slave labor to my own project.

Ovo je robovski rad za moj projekat.

This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like.

Ovako u stvari izgledaju "uradi sam" pokreti.

And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world

A ovo je i analogija današnjem svetu građevinarstva i proizvodnje

with brute-force assembly techniques.

i njihovim tehnikama sklapanja zasnovanim na sirovoj snazi.

And this is exactly why I started studying

I ovo je upravo i razlog što sam počeo da izučavam

how to program physical materials to build themselves.

kako programirati fizičke materijale da sami sebe grade.

But there is another world.

Ali postoji i drugi svet.

Today at the micro- and nanoscales,

Danas se na mikro i nano razmerama

there's an unprecedented revolution happening.

dešava neviđena revolucija.

And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials

Radi se o mogućnosti programiranja fizičkih i biloških materijala

to change shape, change properties

da menjaju oblik, menjaju svojstva

and even compute outside of silicon-based matter.

i čak da proračunavaju izvan materije na bazi silicijuma.

There's even a software called cadnano

Postoji čak i softver po imenu "cadnano"

that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes

uz pomoć kojeg možemo da dizajniramo trodimenzionalne oblike

like nano robots or drug delivery systems

poput nanorobota ili sistema za dostavljanje lekova

and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.

i da koristimo DNK koji omogućava ovim funkcionalnim strukturama da se same sastave.

But if we look at the human scale,

Ali ukoliko obratimo pažnju na nivo čoveka,

there's massive problems that aren't being addressed

postoje ogromni problemi koji ostaju zanemareni

by those nanoscale technologies.

od strane tih nanotehnologija.

If we look at construction and manufacturing,

Ako pogledamo na građevinarstvo i proizvodnju,

there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption

naići ćemo na veliku neefikasnost, potrošnju energije

and excessive labor techniques.

i opsežne tehnike rada.

In infrastructure, let's just take one example.

U infrastrukturi, hajde da uzmemo samo jedan primer.

Take piping.

Recimo vodovodni sistem.

In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes

U vodovodnim cevima imamo cevi fiksnog kapaciteta

that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves.

sa fiksnim protokom, ako izuzmemo skupe pumpe i ventile.

We bury them in the ground.

Zakopavamo ih u zemlju.

If anything changes -- if the environment changes,

Ako se bilo šta promeni - ako se životna sredina promeni,

the ground moves, or demand changes --

ako dođe do pomeranja tla, ili promene potrošnje -

we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them.

moramo da počnemo od nule, da ih izvadimo i zamenimo

So I'd like to propose that we can combine those two worlds,

Zato bih želeo da predložim da iskombinujemo ta dva sveta,

that we can combine the world of the nanoscale programmable adaptive materials

možemo da iskombinujemo svet prilagodljivih nanomaterijala sa mogućnošću programiranja

and the built environment.

i izgrađeni deo okruženja.

And I don't mean automated machines.

Pod tim ne mislim na automatizovane mašine.

I don't just mean smart machines that replace humans.

Ne mislim samo na inteligentne mašine koje mogu da zamene ljude.

But I mean programmable materials that build themselves.

Mislim na materijale koji se mogu programirati i koji izgrađuju sami sebe.

And that's called self-assembly,

A to se zove samosklapanje,

which is a process by which disordered parts build an ordered structure

što je proces pri kome neuređeni delovi grade uređenu strukturu

through only local interaction.

kroz isključivo lokalnu interakciju.

So what do we need if we want to do this at the human scale?

Šta nam je potrebno ukoliko želimo ovo da izvedemo na nivou čoveka?

We need a few simple ingredients.

Potrebno nam je nekoliko jednostavnih sastojaka.

The first ingredient is materials and geometry,

Prvi sastojak su materijali i geometrija,

and that needs to be tightly coupled with the energy source.

a oni moraju biti tesno povezani sa izvorom energije.

And you can use passive energy --

Možete koristiti pasivnu energiju -

so heat, shaking, pneumatics, gravity, magnetics.

toplotu, potrese, pneumatiku, gravitaciju, magnetizam.

And then you need smartly designed interactions.

Sledeće što trebate su pametno osmišljene interakcije.

And those interactions allow for error correction,

Te interakcije omogućavaju ispravljanje grešaka,

and they allow the shapes to go from one state to another state.

i dozvoljavaju oblicima da prelaze iz jednog stanja u drugo.

So now I'm going to show you a number of projects that we've built,

Sada ću da vam pokažem nekoliko projekata koje smo izgradili,

from one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional

od jednodimenzionalnih, dvodimenzionalnih, trodimenzionalnih,

and even four-dimensional systems.

pa čak i četvorodimenzionalnih sistema.

So in one-dimensional systems --

U jednodimenzionalnim sistemima -

this is a project called the self-folding proteins.

ovo je projekat pod nazivom samosavijajući proteini.

And the idea is that you take the three-dimensional structure of a protein --

Ideja je da uzmete trodimenzionalnu strukturu proteina -

in this case it's the crambin protein --

u ovom slučaju to je protein po imenu krambin -

you take the backbone -- so no cross-linking, no environmental interactions --

uzmete mu kičmu - znači nema međusobnog vezivanja, nema sredinskih uticaja -

and you break that down into a series of components.

i razbijete ga na seriju komponenti.

And then we embed elastic.

I tada umećemo lastiš.

And when I throw this up into the air and catch it,

Kada ga bacim u vazduh i uhvatim,

it has the full three-dimensional structure of the protein, all of the intricacies.

on ima punu trodimenzionalnu strukturu tog proteina, sve do najmanje pojedinosti.

And this gives us a tangible model

Ovo nam pruža opipljiv model

of the three-dimensional protein and how it folds

trodimenzionalnog proteina i načina na koji se savija

and all of the intricacies of the geometry.

i svih pojedinosti njegove geometrije.

So we can study this as a physical, intuitive model.

Dakle ovo možemo da proučavamo kao fizički, intuitivni model.

And we're also translating that into two-dimensional systems --

Ovo takođe prenosimo i u dvodimenzionalne sisteme -

so flat sheets that can self-fold into three-dimensional structures.

dakle ravni listovi koji mogu sami da se saviju u trodimenzionalne strukture.

In three dimensions, we did a project last year at TEDGlobal

U tri dimenzije, prošle godine smo radili projekat na TEDGlobal-u

with Autodesk and Arthur Olson

sa Autodeskom i Arturom Olsonom

where we looked at autonomous parts --

gde smo posmatrali nezavisne delove -

so individual parts not pre-connected that can come together on their own.

znači individualne delove koji nisu bili prethodno povezani i koji mogu sami da se sastave.

And we built 500 of these glass beakers.

Napravili smo 500 ovakvih staklenih pehara.

They had different molecular structures inside

Unutra su bile različite molekularne strukture

and different colors that could be mixed and matched.

i različite boje koje su mogle da se mešaju i uparuju.

And we gave them away to all the TEDsters.

I podelili smo ih svim TEDsterima.

And so these became intuitive models

Tako su oni postali intuitivni modeli

to understand how molecular self-assembly works at the human scale.

za razumevanje kako molekularno samosklapanje funkcioniše na ljudskom nivou.

This is the polio virus.

Ovo je poliovirus.

You shake it hard and it breaks apart.

Snažno ga protresete i on se raspadne.

And then you shake it randomly

Zatim ga tresete nasumično

and it starts to error correct and built the structure on its own.

i on počinje da ispravlja greške i samostalno gradi svoju strukturu.

And this is demonstrating that through random energy,

Ovo pokazuje da pomoću varirajuće energije,

we can build non-random shapes.

možemo kreirati pravilne oblike.

We even demonstrated that we can do this at a much larger scale.

Čak smo pokazali i da je ovo moguće izvesti i u mnogo većoj razmeri.

Last year at TED Long Beach,

Prošle godine na TED-u u Long Biču,

we built an installation that builds installations.

napravili smo instalaciju koja pravi instalacije.

The idea was, could we self-assemble furniture-scale objects?

Pitali smo se da li se predmeti u razmerima nameštaja mogu sami sastaviti.

So we built a large rotating chamber,

Pa smo napravili veliku rotirajuću komoru,

and people would come up and spin the chamber faster or slower,

a ljudi su mogli da se popnu i da je zavrte brže ili sporije,

adding energy to the system

i da tako dodaju energiju sistemu

and getting an intuitive understanding of how self-assembly works

i da steknu intuitivno razumevanje kako samosklapanje funkcioniše

and how we could use this

i kako bismo ovo mogli da iskoristimo

as a macroscale construction or manufacturing technique for products.

kao tehniku za izgradnju na makro nivou ili u proizvodnji.

So remember, I said 4D.

Da vas podsetim, rekao sam 4D.

So today for the first time, we're unveiling a new project,

Danas po prvi put, predstavljamo jedan nov projekat,

which is a collaboration with Stratasys,

koji je nastao u saradnji sa Stratasys,

and it's called 4D printing.

i zove se 4D štampanje.

The idea behind 4D printing

Princip na kome se zasniva 4D štampanje

is that you take multi-material 3D printing --

je da uzmete 3D štampanje različitih materijala -

so you can deposit multiple materials --

da biste deponovali raznovrsne materijale -

and you add a new capability,

i pridodate novu sposobnost,

which is transformation,

što je transformacija,

that right off the bed,

tako da pravo sa štamparske ploče

the parts can transform from one shape to another shape directly on their own.

ti delovi mogu sami da se transformišu direktno iz jednog oblika u drugi.

And this is like robotics without wires or motors.

Ovo je kao robotika ali bez kablova i motora.

So you completely print this part,

Tako da potpuno odštampate taj deo,

and it can transform into something else.

a on može da se pretvori u nešto drugo.

We also worked with Autodesk on a software they're developing called Project Cyborg.

Sa Autodeskom smo radili i na softveru koji oni trenutno razvijaju pod nazivom Project Cyborg.

And this allows us to simulate this self-assembly behavior

Ovo nam dozvoljava da simuliramo samosklapanje

and try to optimize which parts are folding when.

i da pokušamo da podesimo kada će se koji delovi savijati.

But most importantly, we can use this same software

Ali najznačajnije je što možemo koristiti ovaj isti softver

for the design of nanoscale self-assembly systems

za kreiranje samosklapajućih sistema na nano nivou

and human scale self-assembly systems.

kao i onih na nivou čoveka.

These are parts being printed with multi-material properties.

Ovo je štampanje delova sa multimaterijalnim svojstvima.

Here's the first demonstration.

Ovo je prva demonstracija.

A single strand dipped in water

Jedna nit potopljena u vodu

that completely self-folds on its own

koja se savija u potpunosti sama od sebe

into the letters M I T.

u slova M I T.

I'm biased.

Pristrasan sam.

This is another part, single strand, dipped in a bigger tank

Ovo je drugi deo, jedna nit, potopljena u veći sud

that self-folds into a cube, a three-dimensional structure, on its own.

koja se samosavija u kocku, trodimenzionalnu strukturu, sama od sebe.

So no human interaction.

Dakle bez ljudske interakcije.

And we think this is the first time

Smatramo da je ovo prvi put

that a program and transformation

da su jedan program i transformacija

has been embedded directly into the materials themselves.

umetnuti direktno u same materijale.

And it also might just be the manufacturing technique

A ovo može biti i samo jedna tehnika proizvodnje

that allows us to produce more adaptive infrastructure in the future.

koja nam omogućava da u budućnosti proizvedemo prilagodljiviju infrastrukturu.

So I know you're probably thinking,

Znam da sad verovatno mislite

okay, that's cool, but how do we use any of this stuff for the built environment?

okej, to je kul, ali kako da bilo šta od ovoga iskoristimo u izgradnji?

So I've started a lab at MIT,

Otvorio sam laboratoriju na MIT-ju

and it's called the Self-Assembly Lab.

koja se zove Laboratorija za samosklapanje.

And we're dedicated to trying to develop programmable materials

Posvetili smo se razvijanju materijala sa mogućnošću programiranja

for the built environment.

za izgradnju okruženja.

And we think there's a few key sectors

Smatramo da postoji nekoliko ključnih sektora

that have fairly near-term applications.

u kojima postoji mogućnost prilično skore primene.

One of those is in extreme environments.

Jedan od njih su ekstremna okruženja.

These are scenarios where it's difficult to build,

Ovo su scenarija kada je gradnja otežana,

our current construction techniques don't work,

naše trenutne građevinske tehnike ne funkcionišu,

it's too large, it's too dangerous, it's expensive, too many parts.

kada je nešto preveliko, preopasno, preskupo ili se sastoji iz previše delova.

And space is a great example of that.

Prostor je odličan primer za to.

We're trying to design new scenarios for space

Pokušavamo da dizajniramo nove scenarije za prostor

that have fully reconfigurable and self-assembly structures

čije strukture bi imale mogućnost potpune rekonfiguracije i samosklapanja

that can go from highly functional systems from one to another.

koje bi mogle da prelaze iz visoko funkcionalnih sistema iz jednog u drugi.

Let's go back to infrastructure.

Hajde da se vratimo na infrastrukturu.

In infrastructure, we're working with a company out of Boston called Geosyntec.

U oblasti infrastrukture, sarađujemo sa kompanijom iz Bostona po imenu "Geosyntec".

And we're developing a new paradigm for piping.

Razvijamo novu paradigmu za cevi.

Imagine if water pipes could expand or contract

Zamislite kad bi vodovodne cevi mogle da se šire ili skupljaju

to change capacity or change flow rate,

i tako menjaju svoj kapacitet ili protok,

or maybe even undulate like peristaltics to move the water themselves.

ili čak da se kreću u talasastim pokretma poput peristaltike da bi same pokretale vodu.

So this isn't expensive pumps or valves.

Dakle ovde se ne radi o skupim cevima i ventilima.

This is a completely programmable and adaptive pipe on its own.

Ovo je cev koja se samostalno i u potpunosti može programirati i adaptirati.

So I want to remind you today

Zato danas želim da vas podsetim

of the harsh realities of assembly in our world.

na okrutnu stvarnost sklapanja u našem svetu.

These are complex things built with complex parts

Postoje složene stvari sastavljene od složenih delova

that come together in complex ways.

koji se uklapaju na složene načine.

So I would like to invite you from whatever industry you're from

Pozivam vas, bez obzira iz koje ste industrije

to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world,

da nam se pridružite u reinvenciji i reimaginaciji sveta,

how things come together from the nanoscale to the human scale,

kako se stvari sastavljaju od nanosrazmera do nivoa čoveka,

so that we can go from a world like this

da bismo mogli da pređemo iz ovakvog sveta

to a world that's more like this.

u svet koji je više poput ovoga.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)