The emergence of "4D printing" | Skylar Tibbits

1,100,557 views ・ 2013-04-04

TED


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00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: SIBELA KESAC
00:12
This is me building a prototype
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Ovo sam ja kako gradim prototip
00:15
for six hours straight.
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punih šest sati.
00:18
This is slave labor to my own project.
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Ovo je robovski rad na mom vlastitom projektu.
00:21
This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like.
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Ovo je kako „uradi sam“ i stvaralački projekti stvarno izgledaju.
00:26
And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world
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A to je analogija za današnji svijet izgradnje i proizvodnje
00:31
with brute-force assembly techniques.
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s brutalnim tehnikama montaže.
00:34
And this is exactly why I started studying
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I upravo je to razlog zbog kojeg sam počeo proučavati
00:37
how to program physical materials to build themselves.
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kako programirati fizičke materijale da grade sami sebe.
00:41
But there is another world.
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Ali postoji i drugi svijet.
00:43
Today at the micro- and nanoscales,
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Danas se na mikro i nano razinama
00:45
there's an unprecedented revolution happening.
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događa revolucija bez presedana.
00:48
And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials
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A to je mogućnost programiranja fizičkih i bioloških materijala
00:52
to change shape, change properties
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da promijene oblik, promijene svojstva,
00:54
and even compute outside of silicon-based matter.
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čak i ako razmišljamo o materiji koja nije napravljena na bazi silicija.
00:57
There's even a software called cadnano
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Postoji program zvan cadnano
01:00
that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes
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koji nam omogućuje da dizajniramo trodimenzionalne oblike
01:03
like nano robots or drug delivery systems
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kao što su nano roboti ili sustavi
01:06
and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.
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za unos lijekova i koristimo DNA da samoudružimo te funkcionalne strukture.
01:10
But if we look at the human scale,
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Ali ako pogledamo makrorazinu,
01:12
there's massive problems that aren't being addressed
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postoje ogromni problemi kojima se nije posvetila
01:15
by those nanoscale technologies.
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nanotehnologija.
01:18
If we look at construction and manufacturing,
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Ako pogledamo gradnju i proizvodnju,
01:20
there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption
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postoje ogromne neučinkovitosti,
01:24
and excessive labor techniques.
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potrošnja energije i pretjerane tehnike rada.
01:26
In infrastructure, let's just take one example.
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U infrastrukturi, uzmimo jedan primjer.
01:29
Take piping.
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Uzmimo cjevovode.
01:30
In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes
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U vodenim cijevima, imamo vodene cijevi
01:34
that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves.
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sa stalnim kapacitetom koje imaju stalne brzine protoka, osim skupih pumpi i ventila.
01:38
We bury them in the ground.
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Zakapamo ih u zemlju.
01:40
If anything changes -- if the environment changes,
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Ako se išta promijeni – ako se okoliš promijeni,
01:42
the ground moves, or demand changes --
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ako se tlo pomakne, ili zahtjevi promjene –
01:45
we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them.
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moramo početi ispočetka, izvaditi ih i zamijeniti.
01:49
So I'd like to propose that we can combine those two worlds,
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Želio bih predložiti da možemo kombinirati ta dva svijeta,
01:53
that we can combine the world of the nanoscale programmable adaptive materials
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da možemo kombinirati svijet nanomaterijala
01:58
and the built environment.
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koji se mogu programirati i izgrađenog okoliša.
01:59
And I don't mean automated machines.
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I ne mislim na automatizirane strojeve.
02:02
I don't just mean smart machines that replace humans.
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Ne mislim samo na pametne strojeve koji zamjenjuju ljude.
02:04
But I mean programmable materials that build themselves.
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Mislim na materijale koje možemo programirati da se sami grade.
02:08
And that's called self-assembly,
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To se zove samoudruživanje,
02:10
which is a process by which disordered parts build an ordered structure
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što je proces u kojem razbacani dijelovi grade uređenu strukturu
02:15
through only local interaction.
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samo kroz lokalne interakcije.
02:17
So what do we need if we want to do this at the human scale?
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Dakle što trebamo ako želimo ovo napraviti na makrorazini?
02:20
We need a few simple ingredients.
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Trebamo nekoliko jednostavnih sastojaka.
02:22
The first ingredient is materials and geometry,
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Prvi sastojak su materijali i geometrija,
02:25
and that needs to be tightly coupled with the energy source.
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i to treba biti usko povezano s izvorom energije.
02:28
And you can use passive energy --
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Možete koristiti pasivnu energiju
02:30
so heat, shaking, pneumatics, gravity, magnetics.
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kao što je toplina, podrhtavanje, pneumatika, gravitacija, magnetna energija.
02:35
And then you need smartly designed interactions.
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Zatim trebate pametno dizajnirana međudjelovanja.
02:38
And those interactions allow for error correction,
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I ta međudjelovanja omogućuju ispravak
02:40
and they allow the shapes to go from one state to another state.
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pogrešaka te dopuštaju oblicima da se promijene iz jednog stanja u drugo.
02:44
So now I'm going to show you a number of projects that we've built,
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Sada ću vam pokazati nekoliko projekata koje smo napravili,
02:47
from one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional
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od jednodimenzionalnih, dvodimenzionalnih, trodimenzionalnih
02:51
and even four-dimensional systems.
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pa čak i četverodimenzionalnih sustava.
02:54
So in one-dimensional systems --
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Od jednodimenzionalnih sustava,
02:56
this is a project called the self-folding proteins.
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ovo je projekt nazvan samoslažući proteini.
02:58
And the idea is that you take the three-dimensional structure of a protein --
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Ideja je da uzmete trodimenzionalnu strukturu proteina –
03:03
in this case it's the crambin protein --
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u ovom slučaju to je crambinov protein –
03:06
you take the backbone -- so no cross-linking, no environmental interactions --
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uzmete okosnicu – dakle bez umrežavanja, bez prostornih interakcija –
03:09
and you break that down into a series of components.
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i izlomite ju u nekoliko dijelova.
03:13
And then we embed elastic.
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I zatim ubacimo elastičnu silu.
03:15
And when I throw this up into the air and catch it,
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Kada ovo bacim u zrak i uhvatim,
03:17
it has the full three-dimensional structure of the protein, all of the intricacies.
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ima potpunu trodimenzionalnu strukturu proteina, sve zamršenosti.
03:22
And this gives us a tangible model
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I ovo nam daje opipljivi model
03:24
of the three-dimensional protein and how it folds
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trodimenzionalnog proteina i kako se slaže
03:28
and all of the intricacies of the geometry.
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i sve zamršenosti geometrije.
03:30
So we can study this as a physical, intuitive model.
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Možemo proučavati ovaj fizički, intuitivni model.
03:34
And we're also translating that into two-dimensional systems --
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Također možemo to prevesti u dvodimenzionalne sustave –
03:36
so flat sheets that can self-fold into three-dimensional structures.
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dakle ravne ploče koje se mogu samoudružiti u trodimenzionalne strukture.
03:41
In three dimensions, we did a project last year at TEDGlobal
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Za tri dimenzije napravili smo projekt prošle godine na TEDGlobal-u
03:45
with Autodesk and Arthur Olson
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uz Autodesk i Arthura Olsena
03:47
where we looked at autonomous parts --
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gdje smo gledali autonomne dijelove –
03:49
so individual parts not pre-connected that can come together on their own.
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dakle samostalne dijelove koji nisu prethodno povezani kako se mogu sami složiti.
03:53
And we built 500 of these glass beakers.
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I napravili smo 500 takvih staklenih posudica.
03:56
They had different molecular structures inside
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Imale su različite molekularne strukture iznutra
03:58
and different colors that could be mixed and matched.
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i različite boje koje su se mogle miješati i sparivati.
04:01
And we gave them away to all the TEDsters.
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Dali smo ih svim TEDovcima.
04:03
And so these became intuitive models
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I one su postale intuitivni modeli
04:05
to understand how molecular self-assembly works at the human scale.
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za razumijevanje kako molekularno samoudruživanje funkcionira na makrorazini.
04:09
This is the polio virus.
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Ovo je virus polio.
04:11
You shake it hard and it breaks apart.
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Jako ga protresite i raspast će se.
04:13
And then you shake it randomly
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I onda ga lagano tresite
04:14
and it starts to error correct and built the structure on its own.
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i počet će ispravljati pogreške i graditi svoju vlastitu strukturu.
04:18
And this is demonstrating that through random energy,
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I to je demonstracija kako na nasumičan način
04:21
we can build non-random shapes.
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možemo graditi organizirane oblike.
04:25
We even demonstrated that we can do this at a much larger scale.
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Čak smo dokazali da možemo ovo napraviti u puno većim razmjerima.
04:29
Last year at TED Long Beach,
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Prošle godine na TED Long Beach-u,
04:31
we built an installation that builds installations.
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napravili smo instalaciju koja pravi instalacije.
04:34
The idea was, could we self-assemble furniture-scale objects?
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Ideja je bila, možemo li samoudružiti objekte veličine namještaja?
04:38
So we built a large rotating chamber,
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Tako da smo sagradili veliku rotirajuću komoru,
04:40
and people would come up and spin the chamber faster or slower,
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i ljudi bi dolazili i vrtjeli komoru brže ili sporije,
04:43
adding energy to the system
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dodajući energiju sustavu,
04:45
and getting an intuitive understanding of how self-assembly works
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dobivajući intuitivno razumijevanje toga kako samoudruživanje radi
04:48
and how we could use this
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i kako bismo ovo mogli koristiti
04:50
as a macroscale construction or manufacturing technique for products.
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kao tehniku konstrukcije ili proizvodnje proizvoda na makrorazini.
04:54
So remember, I said 4D.
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Sjećate se, rekao sam 4D.
04:56
So today for the first time, we're unveiling a new project,
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Danas po prvi put otkrivamo novi projekt
05:00
which is a collaboration with Stratasys,
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koji je suradnja sa Stratasys
05:02
and it's called 4D printing.
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i zove se 4D ispis.
05:04
The idea behind 4D printing
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Ideja iza 4D ispisa
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is that you take multi-material 3D printing --
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jest uzeti multimaterijalan 3D ispis –
05:08
so you can deposit multiple materials --
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tako možete koristiti mnoge materijale –
05:11
and you add a new capability,
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i dodati novu sposobnost,
05:13
which is transformation,
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što je transformacija,
05:14
that right off the bed,
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trenutno
05:16
the parts can transform from one shape to another shape directly on their own.
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se dijelovi mogu promijeniti iz jednog oblika u drugi potpuno samostalno.
05:20
And this is like robotics without wires or motors.
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Ovo je kao robotika bez žica ili motora.
05:24
So you completely print this part,
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Možete potpuno ispisati ovaj dio,
05:25
and it can transform into something else.
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i on se može promijeniti u nešto drugo.
05:28
We also worked with Autodesk on a software they're developing called Project Cyborg.
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Također smo radili s Autodesk-om na programu koji razvijaju koji se zove Project Cyborg.
05:33
And this allows us to simulate this self-assembly behavior
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To nam omogućuje da simuliramo samoudruživanje
05:36
and try to optimize which parts are folding when.
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i pokušamo optimizirati koji se dijelovi kada savijaju.
05:39
But most importantly, we can use this same software
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Ali najvažnije, možemo koristiti ovaj isti program
05:42
for the design of nanoscale self-assembly systems
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za dizajn samoudruživajućih nanosustava
05:45
and human scale self-assembly systems.
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i samoudružujućih sustava ljudske veličine.
05:48
These are parts being printed with multi-material properties.
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Ovo su dijelovi ispisani s multimaterijalnim svojstvima.
05:51
Here's the first demonstration.
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Evo prve demonstracije.
05:53
A single strand dipped in water
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Jedna nit umočena u vodu
05:55
that completely self-folds on its own
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koja se potpuno samostalno samoudružuje
05:57
into the letters M I T.
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u slova M I T.
06:01
I'm biased.
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Pristran sam.
06:03
This is another part, single strand, dipped in a bigger tank
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Ovo je drugi dio, jedna nit umočena u veći spremnik
06:06
that self-folds into a cube, a three-dimensional structure, on its own.
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koja se samoudružuje u kocku, trodimenzionalnu strukturu.
06:11
So no human interaction.
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Dakle bez ljudske interakcije.
06:13
And we think this is the first time
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I mislimo da je ovo prvi put
06:15
that a program and transformation
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da su program i transformacija
06:17
has been embedded directly into the materials themselves.
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ugrađeni direktno u same materijale.
06:20
And it also might just be the manufacturing technique
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Ovo bi također mogla biti proizvodna tehnika
06:23
that allows us to produce more adaptive infrastructure in the future.
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koja omogućuje proizvodnju prilagodljivije infrastrukture u budućnosti.
06:27
So I know you're probably thinking,
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Znam da vjerojatno mislite,
06:28
okay, that's cool, but how do we use any of this stuff for the built environment?
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ok, to je impresivno, ali kako ćemo koristiti išta od ovih stvari u trenutnom okolišu?
06:33
So I've started a lab at MIT,
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Osnovao sam laboratorij u MIT-u
06:35
and it's called the Self-Assembly Lab.
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koji se zove Self-Assembly Lab.
06:37
And we're dedicated to trying to develop programmable materials
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Odlučili smo pokušati razviti materijale
06:40
for the built environment.
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koji se mogu programirati za izgrađeni okoliš.
06:41
And we think there's a few key sectors
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Mislim da postoji nekoliko ključnih sektora
06:43
that have fairly near-term applications.
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u kojima postoje primjene u prilično kratkoročnom razdoblju.
06:45
One of those is in extreme environments.
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Jedan od njih je u ekstremnim okolišima.
06:47
These are scenarios where it's difficult to build,
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To su područja u kojima je teško graditi,
06:50
our current construction techniques don't work,
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gdje naše sadašnje tehnike gradnje ne rade,
06:52
it's too large, it's too dangerous, it's expensive, too many parts.
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preveliko je, preopasno je, preskupo je, ima previše dijelova.
06:56
And space is a great example of that.
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Svemir je odličan primjer.
06:58
We're trying to design new scenarios for space
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Pokušavamo dizajnirati nove ideje za svemir
07:01
that have fully reconfigurable and self-assembly structures
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koje imaju potpuno rekonfigurabilne i samoudružujuće strukture
07:04
that can go from highly functional systems from one to another.
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koje se mogu mijenjati iz jednog vrlo funkcionalnog sustava u drugi.
07:08
Let's go back to infrastructure.
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Vratimo se infrastrukturi.
07:10
In infrastructure, we're working with a company out of Boston called Geosyntec.
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U infrastrukturi, radimo s tvrtkom iz Bostona koja se zove Geosyntec.
07:14
And we're developing a new paradigm for piping.
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Razvijamo novu paradigmu za cjevovode.
07:17
Imagine if water pipes could expand or contract
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Zamislite da se vodene cijevi mogu proširiti ili suziti
07:20
to change capacity or change flow rate,
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kako bi promijenile kapacitet ili brzinu protoka,
07:23
or maybe even undulate like peristaltics to move the water themselves.
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ili kada bi se čak gibale poput peristaltike i tako same pokretale vodu.
07:27
So this isn't expensive pumps or valves.
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Dakle ovo nisu skupe pumpe ili ventili.
07:30
This is a completely programmable and adaptive pipe on its own.
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Ovo je potpuno programibilna i adaptivna samostalna cijev.
07:34
So I want to remind you today
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Ono na što vas danas želim podsjetiti
07:36
of the harsh realities of assembly in our world.
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je teška realnost montaže u našem svijetu.
07:40
These are complex things built with complex parts
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To su komplicirane stvari izgrađene od kompliciranih dijelova
07:43
that come together in complex ways.
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koji se spajaju na komplicirane načine.
07:46
So I would like to invite you from whatever industry you're from
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Volio bih vas pozvati, iz koje god da ste industrije,
07:49
to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world,
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da nam se pridružite u obnovi i novoj viziji svijeta,
07:53
how things come together from the nanoscale to the human scale,
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kako se stvari mogu složiti iz nanosvijeta u makrosvijet
07:57
so that we can go from a world like this
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i kako možemo od svijeta kao što je ovaj
08:00
to a world that's more like this.
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doći do svijeta koji je sličniji ovome.
08:12
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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