Your fingerprints reveal more than you think | Simona Francese

321,657 views ・ 2018-10-08

TED


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Translator: Polona Ramšak Reviewer: Nika Kotnik
00:12
Do you ever stop and think, during a romantic dinner,
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Ali se med romantično večerjo kdaj ustavite in pomislite:
00:17
"I've just left my fingerprints all over my wine glass."
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"Svoje prstne odtise sem pustil po vsem svojem kozarcu!"
00:20
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
00:21
Or do you ever worry, when you visit a friend,
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Ali pa vas kdaj skrbi, ko obiščete prijatelja
00:24
about leaving a little piece of you behind on every surface that you touch?
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in za sabo pustite delček sebe na vsaki površini, ki se jo dotaknete?
00:30
And even this evening,
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Celo nocoj,
00:31
have you paid any attention to sit without touching anything?
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ste pozorni, da sedite, ne da bi se česa dotaknili?
00:36
Well, you're not alone.
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No, niste sami.
00:37
Thankfully, criminals underestimate the power of fingerprints, too.
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Na srečo tudi kriminalci podcenjujejo moč prstnih odtisov.
00:42
And I'm not just talking about the twisted parting of lines
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In ne govorim le o vijugastih črtah,
00:46
that make our fingerprint unique.
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ki delajo vaše prstne odtise edinstvene.
00:49
I'm talking about an entire world of information
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Govorim o celem svetu informacij,
00:53
hiding in a small, often invisible thing.
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ki se skriva v majhni, pogosto nevidni stvari.
00:57
In fact, fingerprints are made up of molecules
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Prstni odtisi so pravzaprav zgrajeni iz molekul,
01:00
that belong to three classes:
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ki pripadajo trem razredom:
01:02
sweat molecules that we all produce in very different amounts ...
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molekule znoja, ki jih vsi proizvajamo v različnih količinah,
01:07
molecules that we introduce into our body and then we sweat out
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molekule, ki jih vnesemo v svoje telo in jih nato izznojimo,
01:11
and molecules that we may contaminate our fingertips with
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ter molekule, s katerimi lahko kontaminiramo svoje prstne konice
01:15
when we come across substances like blood, paint, grease,
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v stiku s snovmi, kot so kri, barva, maščoba,
01:18
but also invisible substances.
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pa tudi nevidne snovi.
01:21
And molecules are the storytellers of who we are
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In molekule pripovedujejo zgodbe o tem, kdo smo
01:26
and what we've been up to.
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in kaj smo storili.
01:28
We just need to have the right technology to make them talk.
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Imeti moramo le pravo tehnologijo, pa spregovorijo.
01:34
So let me take you on a journey of unthinkable capabilities.
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Naj vas torej popeljem na potovanje nepredstavljivih zmožnosti.
01:42
Katie has been raped
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Katie je bila posiljena
01:45
and her lifeless body has been found in the woods three days later,
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in njeno mrtvo telo je bilo najdeno v gozdu tri dni
01:50
after her disappearance.
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po njenem izginotju.
01:52
The police is targeting three suspects,
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Policija ima tri osumljence,
01:55
having narrowed down the search from over 20 men
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ki jih je izločila izmed 20 moških,
01:59
who had been seen in that area on the same day.
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ki so bili opaženi istega dne na tistem področju.
02:02
The only piece of evidence
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Edini dokaz
02:04
is two very faint, overlapping fingerprints
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sta dva zelo medla, prekrivajoča se prstna odtisa
02:09
on the tape that was found wrapped around Katie's neck.
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na traku, ki so ga našli zavitega okoli Katiejinega vratu.
02:13
Often, faint and overlapping fingerprints cannot help the police
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Medli in prekrivajoči se prstni odtisi policiji pogosto ne morejo pomagati
02:18
to make an identification.
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pri identifikaciji.
02:20
And until recently, this might have been the end of the road,
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In do nedavnega bi to lahko bil konec poti,
02:25
but this is where we can make the difference.
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a tu lahko mi spremenimo stvari.
02:29
The tape is sent to our labs,
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Trak pošljejo v naše laboratorije
02:31
where we're asked to use our cutting-edge technology
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in nas prosijo, naj uporabimo svojo vrhunsko tehnologijo
02:34
to help with the investigation.
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za pomoč pri preiskavi.
02:38
And here, we use an existing form
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Tu uporabimo obstoječo obliko
02:40
of mass spectrometry imaging technology
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tehnologije masne spektrometrske slikovne obdelave,
02:45
that we have further developed and adapted
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ki smo jo nadalje razvili in prilagodili
02:47
specifically for the molecular and imaging analysis of fingerprints.
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izrecno za molekuralno in analizo slikovne obdelave prstnih odtisov.
02:53
In essence, we fire a UV laser at the print,
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V bistvu usmerimo UV laser na prstni odtis
02:57
and we cause the desorption of the molecules from the print,
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in sprožimo desorbcijo molekul iz odtisa,
03:01
ready to be captured by the mass spectrometer.
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ki jo ujame masni spektrometer.
03:05
Mass spectrometry measures the weight of the molecules --
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Masni spektrometer meri težo molekul
03:09
or as we say, the mass --
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ali, kot mi temu pravimo, maso,
03:11
and those numbers that you see there, they indicate that mass.
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in tiste številke, ki jih vidite, kažejo maso.
03:15
But more crucially,
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A bolj ključno je,
03:17
they indicate who those molecules are --
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da kažejo, kdo so tiste molekule -
03:22
whether I'm seeing paracetamol
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ali vidim paracetamol
03:24
or something more sinister, forensically speaking.
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ali kaj bolj grozljivega, če se izrazim forenzično.
03:28
We applied this technology to the evidence that we have
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To tehnologijo smo uporabili za dokaz, ki smo ga imeli,
03:31
and we found the presence of condom lubricants.
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in našli smo prisotnost lubrikanta s kondoma.
03:36
In fact, we've developed protocols that enable us to even suggest
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Pravzaprav smo razvili protokole, ki nam omogočajo, da celo predlagamo,
03:40
what brand of condom might have been used.
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katere znamke kondom je bil lahko uporabljen.
03:45
So we pass this information to the police,
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Te informacije posredujemo policiji,
03:47
who, meanwhile, have obtained a search warrant
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ki je v vmesnem času dobila sodni nalog za preiskavo,
03:50
and they found the same brand of condom in Dalton's premises.
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in našli so kondom iste znamke v Daltonovih prostorih.
03:57
And with Dalton and Thomson also having records for sexual assaults,
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Ker sta Dalton in Thomson že imela kartoteko zaradi spolnega napada,
04:02
then it is Chapman that may become the less likely suspect.
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je Chapman lahko postal manj verjetni osumljenec.
04:08
But is this information enough to make an arrest?
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Ampak ali je ta informacija dovolj za aretacijo?
04:11
Of course not,
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Seveda ne.
04:12
and we are asked to delve deeper with our investigation.
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Prosijo nas, da se še bolj poglobimo v svojo preiskavo.
04:16
So we found out, also, the presence of other two very interesting molecules.
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Tako smo odkrili tudi prisotnost še dveh zelo zanimivih molekul.
04:21
One is an antidepressant,
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Ena je antidepresiv,
04:24
and one is a very special molecule.
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druga pa zelo posebna molekula.
04:26
It only forms in your body
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V vašem telesu se tvori le,
04:28
if you drink alcohol and consume cocaine at the same time.
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če istočasno uživate alkohol in kokain.
04:32
And alcohol is known to potentiate the effects of cocaine,
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In alkohol znano potencira učinke kokaina,
04:36
so here, we now have a hint on the state of mind
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kar nam da namig o stanju duha
04:41
of the individual whilst perpetrating the crime.
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posameznika, ko je zakrivil zločin.
04:45
We passed this information to the police,
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To informacijo smo dali policiji
04:48
and they found out that, actually, Thomson is a drug addict,
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in odkrili so, da je Thomson pravzaprav odvisnik od droge
04:52
and he also has a medical record for psychotic episodes,
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in da ima tudi zdravstveno kartoteko zaradi psihotičnih epizod,
04:56
for which presumably the antidepressant was prescribed.
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za katere so mu domnevno predpisali antidepresive.
05:01
So now Thomson becomes the more likely suspect.
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Zdaj postane Thomson bolj verjetni storilec.
05:07
But the reality is that I still don't know where these molecules are coming from,
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A resnica je, da še vedno ne vem, od kod prihajajo te molekule,
05:12
from which fingerprint,
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s katerega prstnega odtisa
05:14
and who those two fingerprints belong to.
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in komu oba prstna odtisa pripadata.
05:18
Fear not.
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Ne bojte se.
05:19
Mass spectrometry imaging can help us further.
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Masna spektrometrska slikovna obdelava nam pomaga dalje.
05:22
In fact, the technology is so powerful
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Ta tehnologija je pravzaprav tako mogočna,
05:26
that we can see where these molecules are on a fingerprint.
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da lahko vidimo, kje na prstnem odtisu so te molekule.
05:31
Like you see in this video,
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Kot vidite v tem videu,
05:33
every single one of those peaks corresponds to a mass,
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vsak izmed tistih vrhov ustreza neki masi,
05:37
every mass to a molecule,
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vsaka masa neki molekuli
05:39
and we can interrogate the software, by selecting each of those molecules,
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in z izbiro vsake od teh molekul lahko povprašamo našo programsko opremo,
05:44
as to where they are present on a fingermark.
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kje so prisotne na prstnem odtisu.
05:49
And some images are not very revealing,
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Nekatere slike ne povedo veliko,
05:52
some are better,
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nekatere so boljše,
05:53
some are really good.
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nekatere so res dobre.
05:56
And we can create multiple images of the same mark --
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Ustvarimo lahko številne slike iste točke -
06:01
in theory, hundreds of images of the same fingerprint --
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v teoriji na stotine slik istega prstnega odtisa -
06:05
for as many of the molecules that we have detected.
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za toliko molekul, kolikor smo jih zaznali.
06:09
So step one ...
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Korak ena, torej ...
06:12
for overlapping fingerprints, chances are,
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za prekrivajoče se prstne odtise so možnosti,
06:16
especially if they come from different individuals,
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še posebno, če prihajajo od različnih oseb,
06:18
that the molecular composition is not identical,
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da molekularna zgradba ni identična,
06:22
so let's ask the software to visualize those unique molecules
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zato prosimo programsko opremo, da vizualizira te edinstvene molekule,
06:27
just present in one fingermark and not in the other one.
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prisotne le v enem prstnem odtisu, v drugem pa ne.
06:31
By doing so,
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S tem
06:33
that's how we can separate the two ridge patterns.
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lahko ločimo oba papilarna vzorca.
06:38
And this is really important
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To je res pomembno,
06:40
because the police now are able to identify one of the two fingerprints,
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ker zdaj policija lahko identificira enega od obeh prstnih odtisov,
06:46
which actually corresponds to Katie.
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ki dejansko ustreza Katie.
06:49
And they've been able to say so
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To so lahko rekli,
06:50
because they've compared the two separate images
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ker so primerjali obe posamezni sliki
06:53
with one taken posthumously from Katie.
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s tisto, po smrti odvzeto Katie.
06:56
So now, we can concentrate on one fingerprint only --
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Zdaj se lahko osredotočimo samo na en prstni odtis,
07:02
that of the killer's.
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morilčev.
07:04
So then, step two ...
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Drugi korak ...
07:06
where are these three molecules that I've seen?
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kje so te tri molekule, ki sem jih videla?
07:10
Well, let's interrogate the software -- show me where they are.
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Povprašajmo programsko opremo - pokaži, kje so.
07:13
And by doing this,
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S tem
07:15
only portions of the image of the killer's fingerprint show up.
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se pokažejo le deli slike morilčevega prstnega odtisa.
07:21
In other words,
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Z drugimi besedami,
07:22
those substances are only present in the killer's print.
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tiste snovi so prisotne le v morilčevem odtisu.
07:29
So now our molecular findings start matching very nicely
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Zdaj se začno molekularni izsledki zelo lepo ujemati
07:34
the police intelligence about Thomson,
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s policijskimi informacijami o Thomsonu,
07:37
should that fingerprint belong to him.
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če mu pripada ta prstni odtis.
07:40
But the reality is that that print is still not good enough
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A resnica je, da ta prstni odtis še vedni ni dovolj dober
07:44
to make an identification.
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za identifikacijo.
07:46
Step three:
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Tretji korak:
07:47
since we can generate hundreds of images of the same fingerprint,
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ker lahko generiramo na stotine slik istega prstnega odtisa,
07:54
why don't we superimpose them,
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zakaj jih ne nadgradimo
07:57
and by doing so,
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in na ta način
07:58
try to improve the rich pattern of continuity and clarity?
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poskusimo izboljšati bogati vzorec kontinuitete in jasnosti?
08:02
That's the result.
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To je rezultat.
08:04
Striking.
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Osupljivo.
08:05
We now have a very clear image of the fingerprint
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Zdaj imamo zelo jasno sliko prstnega odtisa
08:09
and the police can run it through the database.
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in policija ga lahko preveri v svoji podatkovni bazi.
08:12
The match comes out to Thomson.
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Ujema se s Thomsonom.
08:15
Thomson is our killer.
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Thomson je naš morilec.
08:17
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
08:21
Katie, the suspects and the circumstances of the crime aren't real,
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Katie, osumljenci in okoliščine zločina niso resnični,
08:28
but the story contains elements
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zgodba pa vsebuje elemente
08:31
of the real police casework we've been confronted with,
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resničnega policijskega primera, s katerim smo bili soočeni,
08:36
and is a composite of the intelligence that we can provide --
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in je skupek inteligence, ki jo lahko ponudimo,
08:39
that we have been able to provide the police.
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ki smo jo lahko ponudili policiji.
08:43
And I'm really, really thrilled that after nine years of intense research,
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Resnično, resnično sem navdušena, da po devetih letih intenzivnih raziskav
08:47
as of 2017,
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od leta 2017 dalje
08:49
we are able to contribute to police investigations.
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lahko prispevamo k policijskih preiskavam.
08:53
Mine is no longer a dream;
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Moje niso več sanje,
08:56
it's a goal.
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ampak cilj.
08:57
We're going to do this wider and wider,
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To bomo delali širše in širše,
09:00
bigger and bigger,
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večje in večje
09:02
and we're going to know more about the suspect,
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in več bomo vedeli o osumljencih
09:05
and we're going to build an identikit.
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in zgradili bomo fotorobota.
09:08
I believe this is also a new era for criminal profiling.
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Verjamem, da smo v novi dobi profiliranja kriminalcev.
09:12
The work of the criminologist
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Delo kriminologov
09:14
draws on the expert recognition of behavioral patterns
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črpa iz strokovnega priznanja vedenjskih vzorcev,
09:18
that have been observed before to belong to a certain type,
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ki so jih že v preteklosti pripisali določenim tipom,
09:22
to a certain profile.
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določenim profilom.
09:23
As opposed to this expert but subjective evaluation,
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V nasprotju s tem strokovnim, a subjektivnim vrednotenjem
09:28
we're trying to do the same thing,
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poskušamo delati isto,
09:30
but from the molecular makeup of the fingerprint,
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a iz molekularne sestave prstnih odtisov,
09:34
and the two can work together.
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in oboje lahko dela z roko v roki.
09:36
I did say that molecules are storytellers,
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Rekla sem, da so molekule pripovedovalci zgodb,
09:39
so information on your health,
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zato so informacije o vašem zdravju,
09:42
your actions, your lifestyle, your routines,
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vaših dejanjih, življenjskem slogu, rutinah
09:46
they're all there,
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vse tu,
09:48
accessible in a fingerprint.
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dostopne v prstnem odtisu.
09:51
And molecules are the storytellers of our secrets
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In molekule pripovedujejo zgodbe o naših skrivnostih
09:56
in just a touch.
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samo z dotikom.
09:58
Thank you.
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Hvala.
09:59
(Audience) Wow.
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(aplavz)
10:01
(Applause)
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(aplavz)
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