Harvey Fineberg: Are we ready for neo-evolution?

75,056 views ใƒป 2011-04-26

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : Bianca Lee
00:15
How would you like to be better than you are?
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ์ƒํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋” ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
00:19
Suppose I said
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
00:21
that, with just a few changes in your genes,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
00:23
you could get a better memory --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
00:25
more precise,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:27
more accurate and quicker.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ ์งˆ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:30
Or maybe you'd like to be more fit, stronger,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์Šคํƒœ๋ฏธ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์„œ
00:33
with more stamina.
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๋”์šฑ๋” ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Would you like to be more attractive and self-confident?
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๋” ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด ๋„˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:39
How about living longer with good health?
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
00:42
Or perhaps you're one of those
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๋˜๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
00:44
who's always yearned for more creativity.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
00:47
Which one would you like the most?
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์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
00:51
Which would you like, if you could have just one?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:53
(Audience Member: Creativity.)
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(์ฒญ์ค‘๋ฉค๋ฒ„: ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ)
00:55
Creativity.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ.
00:57
How many people would choose creativity?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€๋ถ„์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹ค๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
00:59
Raise your hands. Let me see.
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์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ž ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:01
A few. Probably about as many as there are creative people here.
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์–ด๋Š์ •๋„. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:04
(Laughter) That's very good.
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์ฐธ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
How many would opt for memory?
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๋ช‡๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
01:09
Quite a few more.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
01:11
How about fitness?
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์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
01:13
A few less.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜ ๊ตฐ์š”.
01:15
What about longevity?
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์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
01:17
Ah, the majority. That makes me feel very good as a doctor.
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์•„. ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ตฐ์š”. ๊ทธ์„ ํƒ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:21
If you could have any one of these,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:24
it would be a very different world.
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์ •๋ง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
Is it just imaginary?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ๊ฐ€์š”?
01:28
Or, is it, perhaps, possible?
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๋˜๋Š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
01:31
Evolution has been a perennial topic
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š”
01:34
here at the TED Conference,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ…Œ๋“œ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
but I want to give you today
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
01:39
one doctor's take on the subject.
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ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
The great 20th-century geneticist,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž์ธ
01:43
T.G. Dobzhansky,
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ํ‹ฐ.์ง€. ๋„๋ธŒ์ž”์Šคํ‚ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:45
who was also a communicant
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ •๊ตํšŒ์—์„œ
01:47
in the Russian Orthodox Church,
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์˜์„ฑ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์˜€๊ณ ,
01:49
once wrote an essay that he titled
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€
01:52
"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense
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"์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋น›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ
01:55
Except in the Light of Evolution."
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์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค."
01:58
Now if you are one of those
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
02:00
who does not accept the evidence for biological evolution,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
02:03
this would be a very good time to turn off your hearing aid,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์ด ๋ณด์ฒญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ณ 
02:06
take out your personal communications device --
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์‚ฌ์  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ๊บผ๋‚ผ ์ข‹์€ ๋•Œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
I give you permission --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”--
02:10
and perhaps take another look at Kathryn Schultz's book on being wrong,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์ผ€ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์Š์ธ ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป ์„œ์ˆ ํ•ด๋…ผ ์ฑ…์„ ๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”,
02:13
because nothing in the rest of this talk
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ œ ๋‚จ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„
02:15
is going to make any sense whatsoever to you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ๋ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:20
But if you do accept
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
02:22
biological evolution,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:25
consider this:
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์ด์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
02:27
is it just about the past,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”,
02:29
or is it about the future?
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
02:31
Does it apply to others,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”,
02:33
or does it apply to us?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
02:36
This is another look at the tree of life.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
In this picture,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—๋Š”,
02:41
I've put a bush with a center branching out in all directions,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฉ๊ตดํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์— ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:44
because if you look at the edges
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ช… ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜
02:46
of the tree of life,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
02:48
every existing species
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
02:50
at the tips of those branches
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์กฑ๋“ค์ด
02:52
has succeeded in evolutionary terms:
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ :
02:54
it has survived;
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์กดํ•ด์„œ;
02:56
it has demonstrated a fitness
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๊ทธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—
02:58
to its environment.
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๊ทธ ์ ํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
The human part of this branch,
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ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š”
03:03
way out on one end,
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์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด,
03:06
is, of course, the one that we are most interested in.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
We branch off of a common ancestor
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ์กฐ์ƒ์—์„œ
03:12
to modern chimpanzees
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€
03:14
about six or eight million years ago.
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์œก๋ฐฑ~ํŒ”๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์ง€์น˜๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
In the interval,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”
03:19
there have been perhaps 20 or 25
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์•„๋งˆ 20 ๊ฐœ ์—์„œ 25๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜
03:21
different species of hominids.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์กฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
Some have come and gone.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ง€์š”.
03:27
We have been here for about 130,000 years.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ณณ์— ์•ฝ ์‹ญ์‚ผ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
It may seem like we're quite remote
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜
03:33
from other parts of this tree of life,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์—ฌ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:36
but actually, for the most part,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€,
03:39
the basic machinery of our cells
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์ด
03:42
is pretty much the same.
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๊ฝค ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Do you realize that we can take advantage
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ
03:47
and commandeer the machinery of a common bacterium
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์ด์ต์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง•๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:50
to produce the protein of human insulin
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š”
03:53
used to treat diabetics?
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”?
03:55
This is not like human insulin;
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ,
03:57
this is the same protein
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€
03:59
that is chemically indistinguishable
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ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
04:01
from what comes out of your pancreas.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
And speaking of bacteria,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑด๋Œ€,
04:08
do you realize that each of us carries in our gut
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”
04:11
more bacteria
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€
04:13
than there are cells in the rest of our body?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
04:15
Maybe 10 times more.
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์—ด๋ฐฐ์ •๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
I mean think of it,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:19
when Antonio Damasio asks about your self-image,
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์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๋‹ค๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„๋•Œ,
04:22
do you think about the bacteria?
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
04:26
Our gut is a wonderfully hospitable environment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒ
04:28
for those bacteria.
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๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
It's warm, it's dark, it's moist,
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ , ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:32
it's very cozy.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋Š‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
And you're going to provide all the nutrition that they could possibly want
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๋˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„
04:36
with no effort on their part.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
It's really like an Easy Street for bacteria,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ž˜์„œ๋Š” "์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ" ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:41
with the occasional interruption
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ
04:44
of the unintended forced rush to the exit.
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์ถœ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ํž˜๋„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
But otherwise,
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๊ทธ์ ๋งŒ ๋บ€๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:49
you are a wonderful environment for those bacteria,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:52
just as they are essential to your life.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ์š”.
04:55
They help in the digestion of essential nutrients,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
and they protect you against certain diseases.
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๋˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
But what will come in the future?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
05:04
Are we at some kind of evolutionary equipoise
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์กฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
05:07
as a species?
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์ง„ํ™”์ ์ธ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
05:09
Or, are we destined
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๋˜๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€
05:11
to become something different --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์šด๋ช…์ง€์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
05:13
something, perhaps, even better adapted
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”์šฑ ๋”
05:16
to the environment?
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์ž˜ ์ ์‘๋œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ์š”.
05:18
Now let's take a step back in time
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์ž ๋น…๋ฑ…์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:21
to the Big Bang, 14 billion years ago --
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14์กฐ ๋…„ ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ --
05:24
the Earth, the solar system,
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์ง€๊ตฌ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„,
05:26
about four and a half billion years --
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์•ฝ 4.5 ์กฐ ๋…„๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ--
05:29
the first signs of proto-life,
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์ตœ์ดˆ-์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง•์กฐ,
05:31
maybe three to four billion years ago on Earth --
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ผ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์กฐ ๋…„์ „ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ--
05:33
the first multi-celled organisms,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด๊ฐ€,
05:36
perhaps as much
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์•„๋งˆ๋„
05:38
as 800 or a billion years ago --
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800๋งŒ๋…„์ „์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 1 ์กฐ ๋…„์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด.
05:41
and then the human species,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ข…์กฑ์ด
05:43
finally emerging
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ
05:45
in the last 130,000 years.
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์ง€๋‚œ ์‹ญ์‚ผ๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:48
In this vast unfinished symphony of the universe,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณก์€,
05:51
life on Earth is like a brief measure;
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ์ฒ™๋„๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
05:54
the animal kingdom,
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์ด,
05:56
like a single measure;
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒ™๋„์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด์š”;
05:59
and human life,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์€,
06:01
a small grace note.
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์ž‘์€ ์€ํ˜œ์˜ ์Œํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
That was us.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
That also constitutes the entertainment portion of this talk,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฝ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
06:08
so I hope you enjoyed it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:12
Now when I was a freshman in college,
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์ž ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์‹ ์ž…์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์„๋•Œ,
06:15
I took my first biology class.
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์ €์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
I was fascinated
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์šฐ์•„ํ•จ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์—
06:19
by the elegance and beauty of biology.
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๋งค๋ฃŒ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
I became enamored of the power of evolution,
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์ €๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:25
and I realized something very fundamental:
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
06:27
in most of the existence of life
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์ƒ๋ช… ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋Š”
06:29
in single-celled organisms,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋œ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด์—์„œ,
06:31
each cell simply divides,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:33
and all of the genetic energy of that cell
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋Š”
06:36
is carried on in both daughter cells.
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๋”ธ์„ธํฌ ์ „๋ถ€์— ์ „์ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
But at the time multi-celled organisms come online,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ทธ ์„ ์ƒ์— ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ,
06:43
things start to change.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
Sexual reproduction enters the picture.
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์„ฑ์  ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
And very importantly,
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๋˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ,
06:50
with the introduction of sexual reproduction
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์„ฑ์  ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
06:53
that passes on the genome,
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ์ „์Šน๋˜๋Š”,
06:55
the rest of the body
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๊ฐ€
06:57
becomes expendable.
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ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
In fact, you could say
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์‚ฌ์‹ค,
07:02
that the inevitability of the death of our bodies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด
07:05
enters in evolutionary time
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์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
07:07
at the same moment
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์ง„ํ™”์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:09
as sexual reproduction.
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๋™์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
Now I have to confess,
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๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฑด๋ฐ,
07:13
when I was a college undergraduate,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์„๋•Œ,
07:15
I thought, okay, sex/death, sex/death, death for sex --
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์ €๋Š”, ์„ฑ/์ฃฝ์Œ, ์„ฑ/์ฃฝ์Œ, ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
07:19
it seemed pretty reasonable at the time,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ,
07:22
but with each passing year,
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ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
07:24
I've come to have increasing doubts.
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์ €๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
I've come to understand the sentiments of George Burns,
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์ €๋Š” ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ฒˆ์Šค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:29
who was performing still in Las Vegas
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ 90๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ผ์Šค๋ฒ ๊ฐ€์Šค์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
07:31
well into his 90s.
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๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:33
And one night, there's a knock at his hotel room door.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Š”, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜ธํ…”๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‘๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
He answers the door.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:37
Standing before him is a gorgeous, scantily clad showgirl.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•ž์—” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‡ผ๊ฑธ์ด ์„œ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
She looks at him and says,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
07:42
"I'm here for super sex."
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"๋‚œ ์Šˆํผ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์™”์–ด."
07:45
"That's fine," says George, "I'll take the soup."
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์กฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "์ข‹์•„," ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด."
07:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:52
I came to realize,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€๊ฒƒ์€
07:54
as a physician,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ
07:56
that I was working toward a goal
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
07:59
which was different from the goal of evolution --
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๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
08:02
not necessarily contradictory, just different.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ฃ .
08:05
I was trying to preserve the body.
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
I wanted to keep us healthy.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:09
I wanted to restore health from disease.
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์ €๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
I wanted us to live long and healthy lives.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
Evolution is all about passing on the genome
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„
08:18
to the next generation,
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๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์Šนํ•˜๋Š”
08:20
adapting and surviving
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:23
through generation after generation.
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์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:25
From an evolutionary point of view,
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์ง„ํ™”์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
08:28
you and I are like the booster rockets
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์ถ”์ง„๋กœ์ผ“๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด
08:30
designed to send the genetic payload
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๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ํƒ‘์žฌํ™”๋ฌผ์„
08:32
into the next level of orbit
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๊ถค๋„์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
08:34
and then drop off into the sea.
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์†์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
I think we would all understand the sentiment that Woody Allen expressed
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋”” ์•Œ๋ Œ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์‹ฌ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:40
when he said, "I don't want to achieve immortality through my work.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋žฌ์ฃ , "์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
I want to achieve it through not dying."
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์ €๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
08:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:49
Evolution does not necessarily
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜์‚ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
08:52
favor the longest-lived.
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ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
It doesn't necessarily favor the biggest
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜
08:56
or the strongest or the fastest,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜
08:58
and not even the smartest.
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๋˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
Evolution favors
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š”
09:02
those creatures best adapted
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์„
09:05
to their environment.
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์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
That is the sole test
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
09:09
of survival and success.
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์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
At the bottom of the ocean,
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๋Œ€์–‘์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—๋Š”,
09:13
bacteria that are thermophilic
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ํ˜ธ์—ด์„ฑ์ด๊ณ 
09:15
and can survive at the steam vent heat
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์ฆ๊ธฐ ํ†ตํ’๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ด๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:18
that would otherwise produce, if fish were there,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:21
sous-vide cooked fish,
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์ˆ˜-๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:23
nevertheless, have managed
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:25
to make that a hospitable environment for them.
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์พŒ์ ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
So what does this mean,
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๊ทธ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”,
09:33
as we look back at what has happened in evolution,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ,
09:36
and as we think about the place again
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜
09:39
of humans in evolution,
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์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ,
09:42
and particularly as we look ahead
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๋˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
09:45
to the next phase,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ „๋งํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
09:47
I would say
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๊ฒƒ์€
09:49
that there are a number of possibilities.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
The first is that we will not evolve.
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๊ทธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
We have reached
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ท ํ˜•๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ์—
09:59
a kind of equipoise.
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๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
And the reasoning behind that would be,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ›„์—๋Š”,
10:03
first, we have, through medicine,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์˜ํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ,
10:06
managed to preserve a lot of genes
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์„ ๋ณ„๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
10:08
that would otherwise be selected out
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์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ
10:10
and be removed from the population.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:12
And secondly, we as a species
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๋˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์กฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
10:14
have so configured our environment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ
10:17
that we have managed to make it adapt to us
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์—
10:20
as well as we adapt to it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
And by the way, we immigrate and circulate
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๋˜ ์–ด์ฐŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋“ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:25
and intermix so much
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์ƒํ˜ธ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:27
that you can't any longer
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ
10:29
have the isolation that is necessary
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์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์„
10:31
for evolution to take place.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
A second possibility
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€
10:36
is that there will be evolution of the traditional kind,
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š”
10:39
natural, imposed by the forces of nature.
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
And the argument here would be
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€
10:46
that the wheels of evolution grind slowly,
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:49
but they are inexorable.
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๋ฉˆ์ถœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
And as far as isolation goes,
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๋˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
10:53
when we as a species
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์กฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
10:55
do colonize distant planets,
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์‹๋ฏผํ™” ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ,
10:57
there will be the isolation and the environmental changes
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:00
that could produce evolution
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๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
11:03
in the natural way.
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์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
But there's a third possibility,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜,
11:07
an enticing, intriguing and frightening possibility.
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์œ ํ˜น์ ์ด๊ณ , ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ , ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:10
I call it neo-evolution --
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ -์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€์š”.
11:12
the new evolution
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง„ํ™”๋Š”
11:14
that is not simply natural,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
11:16
but guided and chosen
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒํ•  ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ
11:19
by us as individuals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด
11:22
in the choices that we will make.
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์ธ๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ๋œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
Now how could this come about?
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์ž ์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:27
How could it be possible that we would do this?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:30
Consider, first, the reality
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
11:33
that people today, in some cultures,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€,
11:36
are making choices about their offspring.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์†์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
They're, in some cultures,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„ 
11:41
choosing to have more males than females.
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์—ฌ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ณ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:44
It's not necessarily good for the society,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ผญ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:46
but it's what the individual and the family are choosing.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:50
Think also,
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๋˜ํ•œ
11:52
if it were possible ever
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜
11:56
for you to choose, not simply to choose the sex of your child,
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์ž๋…€์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
11:59
but for you in your body
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
12:02
to make the genetic adjustments
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด
12:05
that would cure or prevent diseases.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:07
What if you could make the genetic changes
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ
12:10
to eliminate diabetes or Alzheimer's
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜
12:13
or reduce the risk of cancer
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์•”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:15
or eliminate stroke?
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๋ฐœ์ž‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
12:17
Wouldn't you want
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
12:19
to make those changes
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ 
12:21
in your genes?
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค?
12:23
If we look ahead,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:25
these kind of changes
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€
12:27
are going to be increasingly possible.
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์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
The Human Genome Project
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š”
12:34
started in 1990,
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1990๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
12:36
and it took 13 years.
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13๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
It cost 2.7 billion dollars.
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2.7 ์กฐ์˜ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:43
The year after it was finished in 2004,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋๋‚œ 1๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์ธ 2004๋…„์—,
12:46
you could do the same job
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋„ˆ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ์—
12:48
for 20 million dollars in three to four months.
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๊ทธ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ 2 ์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Today, you can have a complete sequence
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š”, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์—
12:54
of the three billion base pairs in the human genome
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3์กฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์Œ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ
12:56
at a cost of about 20,000 dollars
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$2 ๋งŒ๋ถˆ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
12:59
and in the space of about a week.
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์ •๋„๋‚ด์— ์™„๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
It won't be very long
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์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด
13:03
before the reality will be
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์‹ค์ œํ™” ๋˜๊ณ 
13:05
the 1,000-dollar human genome,
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์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:07
and it will be increasingly available for everyone.
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์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
Just a week ago,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์ „์—,
13:13
the National Academy of Engineering
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์˜ ๋„ค์…”๋„ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
13:15
awarded its Draper Prize
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๊ทธ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํผ ์ƒ์„
13:17
to Francis Arnold and Willem Stemmer,
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ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค ์•„๋†€๋“œ์™€ ์œŒ๋ ˆ ์Šคํ…Œ๋จธ์—๊ฒŒ
13:19
two scientists who independently developed techniques
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์ž”ํ™”์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ
13:23
to encourage the natural process of evolution to work faster
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๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
13:27
and to lead to desirable proteins
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๋˜ ์•Œ๋งž์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ--
13:29
in a more efficient way --
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ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค ์•„๋†€๋“œ๊ฐ€ "์œ ๋„๋œ ์ง„ํ™”."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
13:31
what Frances Arnold calls "directed evolution."
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚จ ๊ทธ ๋‘๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
A couple of years ago, the Lasker Prize
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2๋…„์ „, ๋ ˆ์Šค์ปค ์ƒ์€
13:38
was awarded to the scientist Shinya Yamanaka
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์‹œ๋‹ˆ์•ผ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜์นด์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ
13:41
for his research
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๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
13:43
in which he took an adult skin cell,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—,
13:45
a fibroblast,
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์„ฌ์œ ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ทจํ•ด์„œ
13:47
and by manipulating just four genes,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ
13:50
he induced that cell
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๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ
13:52
to revert to a pluripotential stem cell --
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:56
a cell potentially capable
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ
13:59
of becoming any cell in your body.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
These changes are coming.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
The same technology
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
14:06
that has produced the human insulin in bacteria
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
14:08
can make viruses
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๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
14:10
that will not only protect you against themselves,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•ด์„œ
14:13
but induce immunity against other viruses.
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์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
Believe it or not,
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๋ฏฟ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ง๊ฑฐ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ,
14:17
there's an experimental trial going on
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๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
14:19
with vaccine against influenza
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์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ
14:22
that has been grown in the cells of a tobacco plant.
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์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
Can you imagine something good coming out of tobacco?
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๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
14:30
These are all reality today,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
14:33
and [in] the future, will be evermore possible.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
Imagine then
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
14:38
just two other little changes.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ์š”.
14:41
You can change the cells in your body,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
14:43
but what if you could change the cells in your offspring?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž์†์˜ ์„ธํฌ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
14:47
What if you could change the sperm and the ova,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ์ •์ž์™€ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
14:49
or change the newly fertilized egg,
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ ,
14:52
and give your offspring a better chance
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž์†์—๊ฒŒ
14:54
at a healthier life --
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๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜
14:56
eliminate the diabetes, eliminate the hemophilia,
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์šฐ๋ณ‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
14:58
reduce the risk of cancer?
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์•”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
15:00
Who doesn't want healthier children?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:03
And then, that same analytic technology,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š”,
15:06
that same engine of science
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ
15:08
that can produce
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
15:10
the changes to prevent disease,
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์—”์ง„์ด, ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ,
15:12
will also enable us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
15:15
to adopt super-attributes,
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์ˆ˜ํผ-์š”์ธ๋“ค, ๊ณผ์ž‰-์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ ฅ์—
15:17
hyper-capacities --
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์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก
15:19
that better memory.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
Why not have the quick wit
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ„ ์ œ๋‹์Šค์˜
15:23
of a Ken Jennings,
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์žฌ๋น ๋ฅธ ์žฌ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ,
15:25
especially if you can augment it
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™“์Šจ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜
15:27
with the next generation of the Watson machine?
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ ?
15:30
Why not have the quick twitch muscle
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์™œ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
15:33
that will enable you to run faster and longer?
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํœ™ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:36
Why not live longer?
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์™œ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:40
These will be irresistible.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
And when we are at a position
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
15:45
where we can pass it on to the next generation,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ์ „์Šนํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:47
and we can adopt the attributes we want,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์— ์ ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์„๋•Œ๋Š”
15:50
we will have converted
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์‹์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ
15:53
old-style evolution
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์‹ ์‹์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋กœ
15:55
into neo-evolution.
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๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด๋†“์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
We'll take a process
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์‹ญ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:59
that normally might require 100,000 years,
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์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ
16:01
and we can compress it down to a thousand years --
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์ฒœ๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ
16:04
and maybe even in the next 100 years.
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๋˜ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ 100๋…„์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
16:07
These are choices
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€
16:09
that your grandchildren,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜,
16:11
or their grandchildren,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์†์ž๋“ค์ด
16:13
are going to have before them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ „์— ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
Will we use these choices
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์„
16:19
to make a society that is better,
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก,
16:22
that is more successful, that is kinder?
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๋” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋” ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด์ง€๋„๋ก ์ด์šฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:25
Or, will we selectively choose different attributes
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ
16:28
that we want for some of us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡๋งŒ ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:30
and not for others of us?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ค‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:32
Will we make a society
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ
16:35
that is more boring and more uniform,
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๋” ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
16:38
or more robust and more versatile?
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™œ๊ธฐ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
16:41
These are the kinds of questions
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
16:43
that we will have to face.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
And most profoundly of all,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
16:47
will we ever be able to develop the wisdom,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์‚ฐํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
16:50
and to inherit the wisdom,
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์ด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
16:52
that we'll need to make these choices wisely?
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๊ทธ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:55
For better or worse,
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๋” ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ๋“ ์ง€ ๋” ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ๋“ ์ง€,
16:57
and sooner than you may think,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
16:59
these choices will be up to us.
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์ด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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