How to Avoid Surveillance...With Your Phone | Christopher Soghoian | TED Talks

1,135,501 views ・ 2015-09-14

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jina Bae κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
For more than 100 years,
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100λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ
00:15
the telephone companies have provided wiretapping assistance to governments.
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톡신사듀은 정뢀에 도청지원을 ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
For much of this time, this assistance was manual.
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이 λ•Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 방법은 μˆ˜λ™μ‹μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Surveillance took place manually and wires were connected by hand.
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κ°μ‹œλŠ” μˆ˜λ™μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œκ³  μ†μœΌλ‘œ 선을 μ—°κ²°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
Calls were recorded to tape.
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ν†΅ν™”λŠ” ν…Œμ΄ν”„μ— λ…ΉμŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
But as in so many other industries,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚°μ—…μ—μ„œ 컴퓨터 계산은 λͺ¨λ“  것을 λ°”κΏ” λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
computing has changed everything.
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00:33
The telephone companies built surveillance features
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톡신사듀은 μ£Όμš” 톡신망에 κ°μ‹œκΈ°λŠ₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
into the very core of their networks.
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00:39
I want that to sink in for a second:
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μž μ‹œ 그것을 생각해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:41
Our telephones and the networks that carry our calls
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우리의 톡화λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 전화와 톡신망듀은
00:45
were wired for surveillance first.
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λ¨Όμ € κ°μ‹œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ„ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
First and foremost.
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κ°€μž₯ λ¨Όμ €, 그리고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄μš”.
00:50
So what that means is that when you're talking to your spouse,
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이것이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은
당신이 λ°°μš°μžμ—κ²Œ 이야기할 λ•Œλ‚˜
00:54
your children, a colleague or your doctor on the telephone,
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그리고 μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ, λ™λ£Œμ—κ²Œ
ν˜Ήμ€ μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ ν†΅ν™”μƒμœΌλ‘œ 이야기할 λ•Œ
00:58
someone could be listening.
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ 듀을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Now, that someone might be your own government;
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ μ •λΆ€μ΄κ±°λ‚˜
01:03
it could also be another government, a foreign intelligence service,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 정뢀일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ™Έκ΅­μ˜ 정보ꡭ
01:07
or a hacker, or a criminal, or a stalker
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해컀, λ²”μ£„μžλ‚˜ μŠ€ν† μ»€κ°€ 될 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
01:10
or any other party that breaks into the surveillance system,
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μ–΄λ–€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒλŒ€μΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ°μ‹œμ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μΉ¨λ²”ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:14
that hacks into the surveillance system of the telephone companies.
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이것을 ν•΄ν‚Ήν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
But while the telephone companies have built surveillance as a priority,
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톡신사듀이 μš°μ„ μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°μ‹œλ§μ„ λ§Œλ“  λ°˜λ©΄μ—
01:24
Silicon Valley companies have not.
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜ 밸리 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ λ‹¬λžμ£ .
01:26
And increasingly, over the last couple years,
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μ§€λ‚œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 해에 걸쳐 μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ
01:29
Silicon Valley companies have built strong encryption technology
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이듀은 κ°•ν•œ μ•”ν˜Έν™” κΈ°μˆ μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ™”μ£ .
01:32
into their communications products
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 톡신 μ œν’ˆμ•ˆμ—μš”.
01:34
that makes surveillance extremely difficult.
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그것은 κ°μ‹œλ₯Ό 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œν•˜μ˜€μ£ .
01:37
For example, many of you might have an iPhone,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λ§Žμ€ 뢄듀이 아이폰을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ‹€ ν…λ°μš”.
01:39
and if you use an iPhone to send a text message
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 아이폰 μ‚¬μš©μžμ—κ²Œ μ•„μ΄ν°μœΌλ‘œ 문자λ₯Ό 보낸닀면
01:42
to other people who have an iPhone,
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01:44
those text messages cannot easily be wiretapped.
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이 λ¬Έμžλ“€μ€ μ‰½κ²Œ 도청 될 수 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
01:47
And in fact, according to Apple,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ, μ• ν”Œμ‚¬μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
01:49
they're not able to even see the text messages themselves.
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그듀도 κ·Έ 문자λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν•΄μš”.
01:52
Likewise, if you use FaceTime to make an audio call
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 페이슀 νƒ€μž„μœΌλ‘œ μŒμ„± 톡화λ₯Ό ν•  λ•Œ
01:56
or a video call with one of your friends or loved ones,
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ν˜Ήμ€ μΉœκ΅¬λ‚˜ 연인과 μ˜μƒ 톡화λ₯Ό ν•  λ•Œ
01:59
that, too, cannot be easily wiretapped.
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이것도 μ‰½κ²Œ 도청할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
And it's not just Apple.
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μ• ν”Œμ‚¬λ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
WhatsApp, which is now owned by Facebook
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전세계 수 μ–΅λͺ…이 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 페이슀뢁 μ†Œμœ μ˜ 왓츠앱도 κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
and used by hundreds of millions of people around the world,
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02:08
also has built strong encryption technology into its product,
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λ˜ν•œ 이 μ œν’ˆμ•ˆμ—” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ•”ν˜Έν™” κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ„€μΉ˜ 돼 있죠.
02:12
which means that people in the Global South can easily communicate
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κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­ κ΅­κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‰½κ²Œ μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:15
without their governments, often authoritarian,
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문자λ₯Ό 훔쳐 λ³΄λŠ” λ…μž¬μ μΈ μ •λΆ€μ˜ λ°©ν•΄μ—†μ΄μš”.
02:18
wiretapping their text messages.
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02:21
So, after 100 years of being able to listen to any telephone call --
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100λ…„ 이후에
톡화λ₯Ό μ˜…λ“€μ„ 수 있게된 ν›„μ—μš”.
02:26
anytime, anywhere --
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μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ μ–΄λ””μ„œλ‚˜μš”.
02:29
you might imagine that government officials are not very happy.
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μ•„λ§ˆ μƒμƒν•˜μ‹€ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
μ •λΆ€ κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ΄ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
02:32
And in fact, that's what's happening.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§„ 일이죠.
02:34
Government officials are extremely mad.
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κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ€ 맀우 ν™”κ°€ λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
And they're not mad because these encryption tools are now available.
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μ•”ν˜Έν™” 기술이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ Έ ν™”λ‚œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
What upsets them the most
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그듀을 κ°€μž₯ ν™”λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•œ 것은
02:42
is that the tech companies have built encryption features into their products
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기술 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ œν’ˆμ•ˆμ—
μ•”ν˜Έν™” μž₯치λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  그것이 κΈ°λ³Έ μ„€μ •μœΌλ‘œ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
and turned them on by default.
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02:48
It's the default piece that matters.
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κ·Έ 기본섀정이 λ¬Έμ œμ˜€λ˜ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
In short, the tech companies have democratized encryption.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ 말해 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ₯Ό λŒ€μ€‘ν™”ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
And so, government officials like British Prime Minister David Cameron,
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영ꡭ μˆ˜μƒμΈ 데이빗 μΉ΄λ©”λ‘  같은
μ •λΆ€ κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό
02:58
they believe that all communications -- emails, texts, voice calls --
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λͺ¨λ“  λŒ€ν™”, 이메일, 문자, μŒμ„± 톡화
03:03
all of these should be available to governments,
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μ •λΆ€κ°€ 이 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μž…μˆ˜ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
and encryption is making that difficult.
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μ•”ν˜Έν™”κ°€ 그것을 μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œν•˜μ£ .
03:09
Now, look -- I'm extremely sympathetic to their point of view.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„, μ €λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 견해에 맀우 κ³΅κ°ν•΄μš”.
03:12
We live in a dangerous time in a dangerous world,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ‹œλŒ€μ™€ 세상에 μ‚΄κ³  있죠.
03:15
and there really are bad people out there.
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μ €νŽΈμ— 정말 μ•…ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆκ³ μš”.
03:17
There are terrorists and other serious national security threats
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ν…ŒλŸ¬λ²”κ³Ό κ΅­κ°€ λ³΄μ•ˆμ— μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μœ„ν˜‘λ“€μ΄ 있죠.
03:20
that I suspect we all want the FBI and the NSA to monitor.
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ FBIλ‚˜ NSAμ—μ„œ κ°μ‹œν•˜κΈΈ μ›ν•˜μ£ .
03:25
But those surveillance features come at a cost.
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이런 κ°μ‹œμž₯μΉ˜λŠ” λŒ€κ°€κ°€ λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
The reason for that is
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그건 ν…ŒλŸ¬λ²” μ „μš© λ…ΈνŠΈλΆμ΄λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ•½μƒ μ „μš© 전화같은 건 μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:30
that there is no such thing as a terrorist laptop,
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03:33
or a drug dealer's cell phone.
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03:34
We all use the same communications devices.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 같은 톡신 μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
What that means is that if the drug dealers' telephone calls
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λ§ˆμ•½κ±°λž˜μƒμ˜ μ „ν™”λ‚˜
03:42
or the terrorists' telephone calls can be intercepted,
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ν…ŒλŸ¬λ²”λ“€μ˜ μ „ν™”κ°€ 차단될 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:44
then so can the rest of ours, too.
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€λ„ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
And I think we really need to ask:
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš”κ΅¬ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”:
03:48
Should a billion people around the world be using devices
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μ „ 세계 10μ–΅λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 도청 μΉœν™”μ μΈ μž₯치λ₯Ό 써야 ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:51
that are wiretap friendly?
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03:55
So the scenario of hacking of surveillance systems that I've described --
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μ œκ°€ μ„€λͺ…ν•œ κ°μ‹œμ²΄κ³„ ν•΄ν‚Ήμ˜ 각본은
03:59
this is not imaginary.
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가상이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
In 2009,
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2009년에 ꡬ글과 λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œμ†Œν”„νŠΈκ°€ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— μ„€μΉ˜ν•œ κ°μ‹œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€
04:02
the surveillance systems that Google and Microsoft built into their networks --
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04:06
the systems that they use to respond to lawful surveillance requests
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경찰의 합법적 κ°μ‹œ μš”μ²­μ— λŒ€μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
from the police --
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04:11
those systems were compromised by the Chinese government,
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쀑ꡭ 정뢀도 이것에 νƒ€ν˜‘ν–ˆμ£ .
04:14
because the Chinese government wanted to figure out
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미ꡭ이 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ–΄λŠ 기관을
04:16
which of their own agents the US government was monitoring.
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κ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
By the same token,
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 2004λ…„ κ·Έ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€
04:21
in 2004, the surveillance system built into the network
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그리슀의 보더폰에도 μ„€μΉ˜λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
of Vodafone Greece -- Greece's largest telephone company --
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그리슀의 κ°€μž₯ 큰 톡신사죠.
04:28
was compromised by an unknown entity,
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이건 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 기관이 νƒ€ν˜‘ν–ˆκ³ 
04:30
and that feature, the surveillance feature,
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κ·Έ κ°μ‹œκΈ°λŠ₯은
04:32
was used to wiretap the Greek Prime Minister
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그리슀의 총리와 κ°λ£Œλ“€μ„ λ„μ²­ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ“°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
and members of the Greek cabinet.
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04:37
The foreign government or hackers who did that were never caught.
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그것을 저지λ₯Έ ν•΄μ™Έ μ •λΆ€λ‚˜ ν•΄μ»€λŠ” κ²°μ½” μž‘νžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
And really, this gets to the very problem with these surveillance features,
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μ •λ§λ‘œ 그것이 κ°μ‹œκΈ°λŠ₯κ³Ό μ€λ°€ν•œ λ°©λ²•μ˜ 핡심 λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
or backdoors.
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04:46
When you build a backdoor into a communications network
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ν†΅μ‹ λ§μ΄λ‚˜ 기술의 ν•œ 뢀뢄에 μ€λ°€ν•œ 방법을 ꡬ좕해 λ†“μœΌλ©΄
04:50
or piece of technology,
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04:51
you have no way of controlling who's going to go through it.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λˆ„κ°€ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ ν†΅μ œν•  방법이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
You have no way of controlling
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ ν†΅μ œν•  방법이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
whether it'll be used by your side or the other side,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 편이 쓰건 μƒλŒ€νŽΈμ΄ 쓰건
04:59
by good guys, or by bad guys.
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쒋은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄κ±΄ λ‚˜μœ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄κ±΄ κ°„μ—μš”.
05:01
And so for that reason, I think that it's better
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œν•œ μ•ˆμ „ν•œ 톡신망을 κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ
05:04
to build networks to be as secure as possible.
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더 λ‚«λ‹€κ³  μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
Yes, this means that in the future,
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λ„€, 이것은 λ―Έλž˜μ—
05:10
encryption is going to make wiretapping more difficult.
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μ•”ν˜Έν™”κ°€ 도청을 λ”μš± μ–΄λ ΅κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
It means that the police are going to have a tougher time
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경찰이 λ²”μ£„μžλ₯Ό μž‘λŠ” 게 더 νž˜λ“€μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
catching bad guys.
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05:17
But the alternative would mean to live in a world
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 것이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 건
05:19
where anyone's calls or anyone's text messages could be surveilled
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μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬μ˜ ν†΅ν™”λ‚˜ λ¬Έμžκ°€
05:23
by criminals, by stalkers and by foreign intelligence agencies.
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λ²”μ£„μž, μŠ€ν† μ»€, μ™Έκ΅­ 정보뢀에 κ°μ‹œλ˜λŠ” 세상에 μ‚°λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:27
And I don't want to live in that kind of world.
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μ €λŠ” 그런 세상에 μ‚΄κ³  싢지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
And so right now, you probably have the tools
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μ§€κΈˆ λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„λ§ˆ 이 도ꡬ듀이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
05:32
to thwart many kinds of government surveillance
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이미 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 전화기와 μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆ μ†μ—μ„œ
05:35
already on your phones and already in your pockets,
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μ •λΆ€μ˜ κ°μ‹œλ₯Ό λ°©ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 데
05:38
you just might not realize how strong and how secure those tools are,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ·Έμ € 그것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³  κ°•λ ₯ν•œμ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ‹œκ±°λ‚˜
05:41
or how weak the other ways you've used to communicate really are.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ“°μ…¨λ˜ 톡신 방법이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ·¨μ•½ν•œμ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
And so, my message to you is this:
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
We need to use these tools.
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이 도ꡬλ₯Ό 써야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
We need to secure our telephone calls.
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우리 톡화기둝을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
We need to secure our text messages.
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우리 문자λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
I want you to use these tools.
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이 도ꡬ듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ‹œκΈΈ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
I want you to tell your loved ones, I want you to tell your colleagues:
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μ•„λΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό λ™λ£Œλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ € μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
이런 μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ 도ꡬλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
06:02
Use these encrypted communications tools.
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06:04
Don't just use them because they're cheap and easy,
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μ €λ ΄ν•˜κ³  쉽닀고 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ λ§ˆμ‹œκ³ 
06:07
but use them because they're secure.
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μ•ˆμ „ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
06:09
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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