How we read each other's minds | Rebecca Saxe

561,739 views ใƒป 2009-09-11

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: InHyuk Song ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sunphil Ga
00:12
Today I'm going to talk to you about the problem of other minds.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ '๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
And the problem I'm going to talk about
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์˜
00:17
is not the familiar one from philosophy,
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"๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
00:20
which is, "How can we know
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๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กด์žฌ์ผ๊นŒ?" ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:22
whether other people have minds?"
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๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
That is, maybe you have a mind,
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์ฆ‰, ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ผ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
00:26
and everyone else is just a really convincing robot.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด์‹ธํ•œ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:29
So that's a problem in philosophy,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž–์•„์š”.
00:31
but for today's purposes I'm going to assume
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋‹จ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๊ฐ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
00:33
that many people in this audience have a mind,
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์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:35
and that I don't have to worry about this.
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์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ ‘์–ด๋‘๋„๋ก ํ• ๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:37
There is a second problem that is maybe even more familiar to us
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์ด์ œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
as parents and teachers and spouses
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‚˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
00:43
and novelists,
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๋” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:45
which is, "Why is it so hard
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"๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ
00:47
to know what somebody else wants or believes?"
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด๊ฐ€?" ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:49
Or perhaps, more relevantly,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์™€ ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด
00:51
"Why is it so hard to change what somebody else wants or believes?"
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"๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์†Œ์›์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€?" ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:54
I think novelists put this best.
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์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
00:56
Like Philip Roth, who said,
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ํ•„๋ฆฝ ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
"And yet, what are we to do about this terribly significant business
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"๋”์ฐํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” '๋‚จ์˜ ์ผ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:01
of other people?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
01:03
So ill equipped are we all,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜
01:05
to envision one another's interior workings
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๋‚ด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ˆจ์€ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
01:07
and invisible aims."
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ํ„ฑ ์—†์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค."
01:09
So as a teacher and as a spouse,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์ด์ž, ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์ž์ธ ์ € ์ž์‹ ๋„
01:12
this is, of course, a problem I confront every day.
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๋งค์ผ ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
But as a scientist, I'm interested in a different problem of other minds,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
and that is the one I'm going to introduce to you today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ทธ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:20
And that problem is, "How is it so easy
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ž์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ "๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
01:22
to know other minds?"
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€?" ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
So to start with an illustration,
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์‹ค๋ก€(ๅฏฆไพ‹)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ• ๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:26
you need almost no information,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„
01:28
one snapshot of a stranger,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„
01:30
to guess what this woman is thinking,
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์ด ๋‚ฏ์„  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
or what this man is.
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์ด ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์š”.
01:35
And put another way, the crux of the problem is
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด, ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€
01:37
the machine that we use for thinking about other minds,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
01:40
our brain, is made up of pieces, brain cells,
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๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
01:43
that we share with all other animals, with monkeys
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฅ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋“ค๋„
01:45
and mice and even sea slugs.
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๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
And yet, you put them together in a particular network,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์—ฎ์ด๋ฉด
01:51
and what you get is the capacity to write Romeo and Juliet.
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๋กœ๋ฏธ์˜ค์™€ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์—ฃ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:54
Or to say, as Alan Greenspan did,
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์•จ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ŠคํŽ€์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
01:56
"I know you think you understand what you thought I said,
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
but I'm not sure you realize that what you heard
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”."
02:01
is not what I meant."
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์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:06
So, the job of my field of cognitive neuroscience
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์€
02:08
is to stand with these ideas,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ํ•œ์†์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋“ค๊ณ ,
02:10
one in each hand.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:12
And to try to understand how you can put together
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์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์—ฎ์ด๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
02:15
simple units, simple messages over space and time, in a network,
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด '๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”' ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
02:19
and get this amazing human capacity to think about minds.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
So I'm going to tell you three things about this today.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Obviously the whole project here is huge.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ์ „์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
02:29
And I'm going to tell you just our first few steps
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ
02:32
about the discovery of a special brain region
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'๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ'์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”
02:34
for thinking about other people's thoughts.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ตฌ์š”,
02:36
Some observations on the slow development of this system
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ณ„๋ฐœ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:38
as we learn how to do this difficult job.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ธ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:42
And then finally, to show that some of the differences
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:44
between people, in how we judge others,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚จ๋“ค์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:47
can be explained by differences in this brain system.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘๋‡Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋“ค์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
So first, the first thing I want to tell you is that
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:53
there is a brain region in the human brain, in your brains,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:56
whose job it is to think about other people's thoughts.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:59
This is a picture of it.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:01
It's called the Right Temporo-Parietal Junction.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ์ธก ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€(RTPJ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
03:03
It's above and behind your right ear.
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์œ„์ชฝ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ท€ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:05
And this is the brain region you used when you saw the pictures I showed you,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์…จ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:07
or when you read Romeo and Juliet
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๋˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฏธ์˜ค์™€ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์—ฃ์„ ์ฝ์„ ๋•Œ๋„์š”,
03:09
or when you tried to understand Alan Greenspan.
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์•จ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ŠคํŽ€์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
And you don't use it for solving any other kinds of logical problems.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
So this brain region is called the Right TPJ.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ด ์˜์—ญ์„ RTPJ(Right Temporo-Parietal Junction)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:19
And this picture shows the average activation
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
03:21
in a group of what we call typical human adults.
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ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:23
They're MIT undergraduates.
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MIT ํ•™๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:29
The second thing I want to say about this brain system
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๋‘๋‡Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”
03:31
is that although we human adults
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๋น„๋ก ์„ฑ์ธ์ด
03:33
are really good at understanding other minds,
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
03:35
we weren't always that way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
It takes children a long time to break into the system.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
I'm going to show you a little bit of that long, extended process.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ธธ์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
The first thing I'm going to show you is a change between age three and five,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ์€, 3์‚ด๊ณผ 5์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:47
as kids learn to understand
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
03:49
that somebody else can have beliefs that are different from their own.
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ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
So I'm going to show you a five-year-old
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5์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:54
who is getting a standard kind of puzzle
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์ค€์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:56
that we call the false belief task.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ์ œ(False Belief Task)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:59
Rebecca Saxe (Video): This is the first pirate. His name is Ivan.
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๋น„๋””์˜ค: ์š”๊ฑด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ด์ ์ด์•ผ. ์–˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด๊ณ 
04:02
And you know what pirates really like?
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ํ•ด์ ์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์•„๋‹ˆ?
04:04
Child: What? RS: Pirates really like cheese sandwiches.
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ํ•ด์ ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์น˜์ฆˆ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€.
04:07
Child: Cheese? I love cheese!
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์•„์ด: ์น˜์ฆˆ์š”? ์ €๋„ ์น˜์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”!
04:10
RS: Yeah. So Ivan has this cheese sandwich,
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R.S: ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์€ ์น˜์ฆˆ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹จ๋‹ค.
04:12
and he says, "Yum yum yum yum yum!
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด "๋ƒ  ๋ƒ  ๋ƒ  ๋ƒ !
04:14
I really love cheese sandwiches."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์น˜์ฆˆ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„!" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜
04:16
And Ivan puts his sandwich over here, on top of the pirate chest.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ƒ์ž์— ๋‘๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด
04:20
And Ivan says, "You know what? I need a drink with my lunch."
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"๋„ˆ ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์•Œ์•„? ๋‚œ ์ ์‹ฌ ๋•Œ ๋จน์„ ๋ฌผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด"
04:24
And so Ivan goes to get a drink.
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์–ด
04:27
And while Ivan is away
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๋– ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์—†๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
04:29
the wind comes,
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์™”๋‹จ๋‹ค
04:32
and it blows the sandwich down onto the grass.
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์„œ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ž”๋””์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด
04:34
And now, here comes the other pirate.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์ ์ด ์™”๋‹จ๋‹ค
04:38
This pirate is called Joshua.
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์ด ํ•ด์ ์€ ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ
04:41
And Joshua also really loves cheese sandwiches.
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์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๋„ ์น˜์ฆˆ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด.
04:43
So Joshua has a cheese sandwich and he says,
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์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด,
04:45
"Yum yum yum yum yum! I love cheese sandwiches."
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"๋ƒ ๋ƒ ๋ƒ ๋ƒ ๋ƒ ! ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด!"
04:49
And he puts his cheese sandwich over here on top of the pirate chest.
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์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๋„ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ƒ์ž์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“์•˜๋‹จ๋‹ค.
04:52
Child: So, that one is his.
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์•„์ด: ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ €๊ฑด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๊บผ๋„ค์š”!
04:54
RS: That one is Joshua's. That's right.
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R.S.: ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์ €๊ฑด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๊บผ๋ž€๋‹ค.
04:56
Child: And then his went on the ground.
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์•„์ด: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜๊บผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
04:58
RS: That's exactly right.
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R.S.: ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งž๋‹จ๋‹ค!
05:00
Child: So he won't know which one is his.
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์•„์ด: ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๊บผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
05:02
RS: Oh. So now Joshua goes off to get a drink.
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R.S.: ์˜ค ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๋„ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
05:05
Ivan comes back and he says, "I want my cheese sandwich."
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด. "์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด!"
05:09
So which one do you think Ivan is going to take?
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์ž ์–˜์•ผ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑธ ์ง‘์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ˆ?
05:12
Child: I think he is going to take that one.
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Child: ์ €๊ฑธ(๋ณด๋ฌผ์ƒ์ž์œ„์˜ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜) ์ง‘์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
05:14
RS: Yeah, you think he's going to take that one? All right. Let's see.
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R.S.: ๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์ €๊ฑธ ์ง‘์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€? ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ?
05:16
Oh yeah, you were right. He took that one.
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์˜ค ๊ทธ๋ž˜, ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋งž์•˜์–ด. ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์ €๊ฑธ ์ง‘์—ˆ๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
05:19
So that's a five-year-old who clearly understands
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
05:21
that other people can have false beliefs
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:23
and what the consequences are for their actions.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ธ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์•Œ์ฃ .
05:25
Now I'm going to show you a three-year-old
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์ด์ œ ์ด์ „์˜ ์•„์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ
05:28
who got the same puzzle.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
RS: And Ivan says, "I want my cheese sandwich."
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๋น„๋””์˜ค: R.S.: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด "๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด."
05:32
Which sandwich is he going to take?
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์–ด๋–ค๊ฑธ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ˆ?
05:35
Do you think he's going to take that one? Let's see what happens.
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์ €๊ฑธ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„? ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ?
05:37
Let's see what he does. Here comes Ivan.
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์ž๊พธ๋‚˜. ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์™”์–ด.
05:39
And he says, "I want my cheese sandwich."
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด "์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด,
05:42
And he takes this one.
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์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
05:44
Uh-oh. Why did he take that one?
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์–ด-์˜ค. ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์™œ ์ €๊ฑธ ๊ณจ๋ž์„๊นŒ?
05:47
Child: His was on the grass.
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์•„์ด: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜๊บผ๋Š” ์ž”๋”” ์œ„์— ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:51
So the three-year-old does two things differently.
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R.S. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
First, he predicts Ivan will take the sandwich
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์ง„์งœ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ
05:57
that's really his.
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์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
And second, when he sees Ivan taking the sandwich where he left his,
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๋‘˜์งธ, ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
06:03
where we would say he's taking that one because he thinks it's his,
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๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง‘์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:06
the three-year-old comes up with another explanation:
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์„ธ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
He's not taking his own sandwich because he doesn't want it,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
06:11
because now it's dirty, on the ground.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋”๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
So that's why he's taking the other sandwich.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„์˜ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
Now of course, development doesn't end at five.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด ๋•Œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:19
And we can see the continuation of this process
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:21
of learning to think about other people's thoughts
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”
06:23
by upping the ante
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ์š”
06:25
and asking children now, not for an action prediction,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:28
but for a moral judgment.
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๋„๋•์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:30
So first I'm going to show you the three-year-old again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ธ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:32
RS.: So is Ivan being mean and naughty for taking Joshua's sandwich?
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Video: R.S.: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„์˜ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชปํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ง€?
06:35
Child: Yeah.
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์•„์ด: ์˜ˆ.
06:36
RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich?
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R.S.: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„๊บผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ๊นŒ?
06:39
Child: Yeah.
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์•„์ด: ์˜ˆ.
06:41
So it's maybe not surprising he thinks it was mean of Ivan
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R.S.: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„์˜ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชป๋œ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
06:43
to take Joshua's sandwich,
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
since he thinks Ivan only took Joshua's sandwich
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:47
to avoid having to eat his own dirty sandwich.
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์กฐ์Šˆ์•„ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:50
But now I'm going to show you the five-year-old.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Remember the five-year-old completely understood
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„์˜ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ
06:54
why Ivan took Joshua's sandwich.
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๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
RS: Was Ivan being mean and naughty
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Video: R.S.: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์กฐ์Šˆ์•„ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด
06:58
for taking Joshua's sandwich?
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๋ชป๋˜๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ–‰๋™์ด์ง€?
07:00
Child: Um, yeah.
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์•„์ด: ์Œ, ์˜ˆ.
07:02
And so, it is not until age seven
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R.S.: ์ผ๊ณฑ์‚ด์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
07:04
that we get what looks more like an adult response.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์–ด๋ฅธ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:07
RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich?
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Video: R.S.: ์•„์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊นŒ?
07:10
Child: No, because the wind should get in trouble.
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์•„์ด: ์•„๋‡จ, ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
07:12
He says the wind should get in trouble
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R.S. ์ด ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ๋น ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:15
for switching the sandwiches.
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์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:19
And now what we've started to do in my lab
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์€
07:21
is to put children into the brain scanner
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์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ 
07:23
and ask what's going on in their brain
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ
07:26
as they develop this ability to think about other people's thoughts.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋‡Œ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜€์ฃ .
07:29
So the first thing is that in children we see this same brain region, the Right TPJ,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ, RTPJ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:33
being used while children are thinking about other people.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
But it's not quite like the adult brain.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
So whereas in the adults, as I told you,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
this brain region is almost completely specialized --
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์ด ๋‡Œ์˜์—ญ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:43
it does almost nothing else except for thinking about other people's thoughts --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด์ผ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:46
in children it's much less so,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:48
when they are age five to eight,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋ž์‚ด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด,
07:50
the age range of the children I just showed you.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:52
And actually if we even look at eight to 11-year-olds,
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8์‚ด์—์„œ 11์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„
07:55
getting into early adolescence,
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์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ๋„
07:57
they still don't have quite an adult-like brain region.
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์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜์—ญ๋งŒํผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:00
And so, what we can see is that over the course of childhood
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด์„œ
08:03
and even into adolescence,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„
08:05
both the cognitive system,
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์ธ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ
08:07
our mind's ability to think about other minds,
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
08:09
and the brain system that supports it
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
08:11
are continuing, slowly, to develop.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ, ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
But of course, as you're probably aware,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์œผ์…จ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
even in adulthood,
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์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋„
08:18
people differ from one another in how good they are
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ž˜ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:20
at thinking of other minds, how often they do it
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ,
08:22
and how accurately.
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๋˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
And so what we wanted to know was, could differences among adults
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
in how they think about other people's thoughts
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์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
08:29
be explained in terms of differences in this brain region?
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๋‡Œ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
So, the first thing that we did is we gave adults a version
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•ด์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ฅธ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
of the pirate problem that we gave to the kids.
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ํ•ด์ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
And I'm going to give that to you now.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:39
So Grace and her friend are on a tour of a chemical factory,
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฒฌํ•™์„ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
and they take a break for coffee.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ปคํ”ผ๋กœ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
And Grace's friend asks for some sugar in her coffee.
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ปคํ”ผ์— ์„คํƒ•์„ ํƒˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
Grace goes to make the coffee
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณ 
08:50
and finds by the coffee a pot
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์ปคํ”ผํŒŸ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ฃ 
08:52
containing a white powder, which is sugar.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ•˜์–€ ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„คํƒ•์ด์ฃ .
08:55
But the powder is labeled "Deadly Poison,"
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์—๋Š” "๋…์•ฝ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์”Œ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
so Grace thinks that the powder is a deadly poison.
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋Š” ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๊ฐ€ ๋…์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
And she puts it in her friend's coffee.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ์— ํƒ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
And her friend drinks the coffee, and is fine.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๊ณ , ๋ฉ€์ฉกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
How many people think it was morally permissible
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
09:08
for Grace to put the powder in the coffee?
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ปคํ”ผ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:12
Okay. Good. (Laughter)
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๋„ค, ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
09:15
So we ask people, how much should Grace be blamed
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
in this case, which we call a failed attempt to harm?
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ํ•ด์•… ์‹œ๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
And we can compare that to another case,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:22
where everything in the real world is the same.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
The powder is still sugar, but what's different is what Grace thinks.
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ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์„คํƒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
Now she thinks the powder is sugar.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” (๋…์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์”Œ์—ฌ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„) ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๊ฐ€ ์„คํƒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
And perhaps unsurprisingly, if Grace thinks the powder is sugar
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๋†€๋ž์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๋ฅผ ์„คํƒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:33
and puts it in her friend's coffee,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„คํƒ•์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:35
people say she deserves no blame at all.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
Whereas if she thinks the powder was poison, even though it's really sugar,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„คํƒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๋ฅผ ๋…์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด
09:41
now people say she deserves a lot of blame,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:44
even though what happened in the real world was exactly the same.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
And in fact, they say she deserves more blame
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์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ 
09:49
in this case, the failed attempt to harm,
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์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์œ ํ•ด์‹œ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:51
than in another case,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๊ณ (accident)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
09:53
which we call an accident.
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๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
Where Grace thought the powder was sugar,
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๋ฅผ ์„คํƒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
09:57
because it was labeled "sugar" and by the coffee machine,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ผ๋ฒจ์— "์„คํƒ•"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ฐ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ปคํ”ผ๋จธ์‹  ์˜†์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”,
09:59
but actually the powder was poison.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋…์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
10:01
So even though when the powder was poison,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”์— ๋…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
10:04
the friend drank the coffee and died,
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์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:07
people say Grace deserves less blame in that case,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:10
when she innocently thought it was sugar,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ•ด์•…์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ
10:12
than in the other case, where she thought it was poison
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์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„คํƒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
10:14
and no harm occurred.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
People, though, disagree a little bit
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
10:19
about exactly how much blame Grace should get
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
10:21
in the accident case.
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๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
Some people think she should deserve more blame,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
10:25
and other people less.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
And what I'm going to show you is what happened when we look inside
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
the brains of people while they're making that judgment.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š”
10:31
So what I'm showing you, from left to right,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ
10:33
is how much activity there was in this brain region,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
and from top to bottom, how much blame
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์œ„์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
10:38
people said that Grace deserved.
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
And what you can see is, on the left
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์ขŒ์ธก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:42
when there was very little activity in this brain region,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ
10:44
people paid little attention to her innocent belief
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๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
and said she deserved a lot of blame for the accident.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ค์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜€๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:50
Whereas on the right, where there was a lot of activity,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ชฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:52
people paid a lot more attention to her innocent belief,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:55
and said she deserved a lot less blame
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ ๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:57
for causing the accident.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:59
So that's good, but of course
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๋„ค, ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
11:01
what we'd rather is have a way to interfere
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‡Œ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—
11:03
with function in this brain region,
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๊ฐ„์„ญํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„
11:05
and see if we could change people's moral judgment.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:08
And we do have such a tool.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋น„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
It's called Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Trans-Cranial ์ „์ž ์ž๊ทน๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
11:12
or TMS.
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TMS๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
This is a tool that lets us pass a magnetic pulse
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:16
through somebody's skull, into a small region of their brain,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€,
11:20
and temporarily disorganize the function of the neurons in that region.
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์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
So I'm going to show you a demo of this.
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์‹œํ˜„ ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ป˜์š”.
11:26
First, I'm going to show you that this is a magnetic pulse.
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๋จผ์ € ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:29
I'm going to show you what happens when you put a quarter on the machine.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ 1/4์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
When you hear clicks, we're turning the machine on.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ผค ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ
11:42
So now I'm going to apply that same pulse to my brain,
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๋‡Œ์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒŒ๋™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
to the part of my brain that controls my hand.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†์„ ์ปจํŠธ๋กคํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
So there is no physical force, just a magnetic pulse.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํž˜์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
Woman (Video): Ready, Rebecca? RS: Yes.
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๋น„๋””์˜ค: ์—ฌ์„ฑ: ์ค€๋น„๋๋‚˜์š”? ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด: ๋„ค
11:57
Okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†์— ์ˆ˜์ถ• ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:00
by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain.
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๋‡Œ์— ์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:03
And we can use that same pulse,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒŒ๋™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:05
now applied to the RTPJ,
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RTPJ์— ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:07
to ask if we can change people's moral judgments.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
12:10
So these are the judgments I showed you before, people's normal moral judgments.
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์•ž์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ํŒ๋‹จ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
And then we can apply TMS to the RTPJ
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ TMS์—์„œ RTPJ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:15
and ask how people's judgments change.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
And the first thing is, people can still do this task overall.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
So their judgments of the case when everything was fine
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:23
remain the same. They say she deserves no blame.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:26
But in the case of a failed attempt to harm,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์œ ํ•ด์‹œ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ:
12:30
where Grace thought that it was poison, although it was really sugar,
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„คํƒ•์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
12:33
people now say it was more okay, she deserves less blame
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ค์ผ€์ด์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:36
for putting the powder in the coffee.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋œ ๋ฐ›์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:39
And in the case of the accident, where she thought that it was sugar,
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์„คํƒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
12:41
but it was really poison and so she caused a death,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
12:44
people say that it was less okay, she deserves more blame.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ์˜ค์ผ€์ด์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:50
So what I've told you today is that
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:52
people come, actually, especially well equipped
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ
12:56
to think about other people's thoughts.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ค„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
We have a special brain system
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋‡Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žˆ์–ด
13:00
that lets us think about what other people are thinking.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
This system takes a long time to develop,
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ณ„๋ฐœ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:05
slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence.
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์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ 
13:08
And even in adulthood, differences in this brain region
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์„ฑ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋“ค์€
13:11
can explain differences among adults
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์™œ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:13
in how we think about and judge other people.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
But I want to give the last word back to the novelists,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ง์„ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:19
and to Philip Roth, who ended by saying,
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ํ•„๋ฆฝ ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:22
"The fact remains that getting people right
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"์˜ณ์€ ์„ ํƒ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค
13:24
is not what living is all about anyway.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
It's getting them wrong that is living.
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ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ถ์ด๋‹ค
13:28
Getting them wrong and wrong and wrong,
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋„๋ก ๋‘๋ผ,
13:31
and then on careful reconsideration,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค,
13:33
getting them wrong again."
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ํ‹€๋ ค๋ผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ."
13:35
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:37
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:47
Chris Anderson: So, I have a question. When you start talking about using
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์ž๊ธฐ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„
13:49
magnetic pulses to change people's moral judgments,
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๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์š”,
13:52
that sounds alarming.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์•Œ๋žŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์•˜์–ด์š”.
13:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:56
Please tell me that you're not taking phone calls from the Pentagon, say.
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๋ ˆ๋ฒ ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋”” ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ค˜์š”,
14:00
RS: I'm not.
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Rebecca Saxe: ์ „ ์•„๋…œ์š”.
14:02
I mean, they're calling, but I'm not taking the call.
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ›์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
14:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:06
CA: They really are calling?
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C.A.: ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„์งœ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
14:08
So then seriously,
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์Œ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ์š” ์ง„์งœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์  ๋ฐ
14:11
you must lie awake at night sometimes
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด
14:14
wondering where this work leads.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•œ๋ฐค ์ค‘์— ์ž ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
14:16
I mean, you're clearly an incredible human being,
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์ด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
but someone could take this knowledge
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
14:21
and in some future
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
14:23
not-torture chamber,
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๊ณ ๋ฌธ์‹ค์—์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:25
do acts that people here might be worried about.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
14:28
RS: Yeah, we worry about this.
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R.S.: ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ ค์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ฃ .
14:30
So, there's a couple of things to say about TMS.
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TMS์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:33
One is that you can't be TMSed without knowing it.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ์—†์ด๋Š” TMS๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ ,
14:35
So it's not a surreptitious technology.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
14:38
It's quite hard, actually, to get those very small changes.
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์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
The changes I showed you are impressive to me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
14:44
because of what they tell us about the function of the brain,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
14:46
but they're small on the scale
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์š”,
14:48
of the moral judgments that we actually make.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:50
And what we changed was not people's
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ 
14:52
moral judgments when they're deciding what to do,
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๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”,
14:55
when they're making action choices.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ๋•Œ
14:57
We changed their ability to judge other people's actions.
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:00
And so, I think of what I'm doing not so much as
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
15:02
studying the defendant in a criminal trial,
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
15:04
but studying the jury.
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๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:06
CA: Is your work going to lead to any recommendations
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C.A: ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์ด ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:09
in education, to perhaps bring up
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๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€, ํ˜น์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„
15:12
a generation of kids able to make fairer moral judgments?
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๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณณ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:17
RS: That's one of the idealistic hopes.
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R.S.: ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ง ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
15:20
The whole research program here of studying
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์ด๊ณณ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์€
15:24
the distinctive parts of the human brain is brand new.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ณ ์œ  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ž‘๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
Until recently, what we knew about the brain
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์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
15:30
were the things that any other animal's brain could do too,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
so we could study it in animal models.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
We knew how brains see, and how they control the body
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
15:37
and how they hear and sense.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
And the whole project of understanding
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š”
15:42
how brains do the uniquely human things --
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์ฆ‰
15:44
learn language and abstract concepts,
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์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”์ง€
15:47
and thinking about other people's thoughts -- that's brand new.
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
And we don't know yet what the implications will be
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์•„์ง์€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง•ํ›„๋“ค์—์„œ
15:51
of understanding it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
CA: So I've got one last question. There is this thing called
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C.A.: ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
15:55
the hard problem of consciousness,
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๋‚œํ•ด(Hard Problem; ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ• ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
15:57
that puzzles a lot of people.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์˜ˆ์š”.
15:59
The notion that you can understand
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๋…๋“ค
16:02
why a brain works, perhaps.
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๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค ๋ง์˜ˆ์š”.
16:04
But why does anyone have to feel anything?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ปด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
16:07
Why does it seem to require these beings who sense things
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
16:10
for us to operate?
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
16:12
You're a brilliant young neuroscientist.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
16:15
I mean, what chances do you think there are
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
16:17
that at some time in your career,
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๋‹น์‹  ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์ ์—์„œ
16:19
someone, you or someone else,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
16:21
is going to come up with some paradigm shift
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋“ค
16:23
in understanding what seems an impossible problem?
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๊นŒ์š”.
16:27
RS: I hope they do. And I think they probably won't.
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R.S.: ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž˜์š”. ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
16:31
CA: Why?
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C.A: ์™œ์ฃ ?
16:34
RS: It's not called the hard problem of consciousness for nothing.
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R.S.: ๋ฌด(็„ก)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜์‹์˜ ๋‚œํ•ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
16:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:39
CA: That's a great answer. Rebecca Saxe, thank you very much. That was fantastic.
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C.A.: ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด๋„ค์š”. ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด ์ƒ‰์Šค, ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
16:42
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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