How we could change the planet's climate future | David Wallace-Wells

68,582 views ใƒป 2020-04-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shimon Rottenberg ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
I'm here to talk about climate change,
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ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
00:14
but I'm not really an environmentalist.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืคืขื™ืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:18
In fact, I've never really thought of myself as a nature person.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:21
I have never gone camping, never gone hiking,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืงืืžืคื™ื ื’, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื’ืœ,
00:25
never even owned a pet.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืžื“.
00:27
I've lived my whole life in cities,
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ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ื,
00:29
actually just one city.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช.
00:31
And while I like to take trips to visit nature,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:33
I always thought it was something that was happening elsewhere,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ,
00:37
far away,
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื“,
00:38
with all of modern life a fortress against its forces.
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ื•ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•.
00:44
In other words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:45
like just about everybody I knew,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™,
00:48
I lived my life complacent
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ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืฉืื ื ื•ืช
00:51
and deluded
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ื•ืชื—ืช ืจื•ืฉื ืžื•ื˜ืขื”
00:53
about the threat from global warming.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
00:56
Which I took to be happening slowly,
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
00:59
happening at a distance
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง
01:01
and representing only a modest threat to the way that I lived.
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ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:07
In each of these ways,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:09
I was very, very wrong.
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ื˜ืขื™ืชื™ ืžืื“.
01:13
Now most people, if they were telling you about climate change,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ืกืคืจื• ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
01:16
will tell you a story about the future.
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ื™ืกืคืจื• ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
01:18
If I was doing that, I would say,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
01:19
"According to the UN, if we don't change course,
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"ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•"ื, ืื ืœื ื ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”,
01:22
by the end of the century,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš."
01:23
we're likely to get about four degrees Celsius of warming."
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ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื
01:26
That would mean, some scientists believe,
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01:29
twice as much war,
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ืœื”ื›ืคืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
01:31
half as much food,
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ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:33
a global GDP possibly 20 percent smaller than it would be without climate change.
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ื•ืชืœ"ื’ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘-20% ืžื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.
01:39
That's an impact that's deeper than the Great Depression,
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ืืœื” ื ื–ืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ "ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ",
01:42
and it would be permanent.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื™ื.
01:44
But the impacts are actually happening a lot faster than 2100.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืฉืจ 2100.
01:48
By just 2050, it's estimated,
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขื“ 2050,
01:50
many of the biggest cities in South Asia and the Middle East
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:53
will be almost literally unlivably hot in summer.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
01:57
These are cities that today are home to 10, 12, 15 million people.
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื 10, 12, 15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
02:04
And in just three decades,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:07
you wouldn't be able to walk around outside in them
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
02:09
without risking heatstroke or possibly death.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืช ื—ื•ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:13
The planet is now 1.1 degrees Celsius warmer
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘-1.1 ืžืขืœื•ืช
02:16
than it was before industrialization.
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ืžืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ.
02:18
That may not sound like a lot,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื”ืจื‘ื”,
02:20
but it actually puts us entirely outside the window of temperatures
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
02:24
that enclose all of human history.
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ืฉื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:28
That means that everything we have ever known as a species,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืŸ,
02:34
the evolution of the human animal,
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:36
the development of agriculture,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
02:38
the development of rudimentary civilization
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
02:40
and modern civilization and industrial civilization,
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉืช,
02:43
everything we know about ourselves as biological creatures,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
02:47
as social creatures, as political creatures,
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ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:51
all of it is the result of climate conditions
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ื›ื•ืœื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืืงืœื™ื
02:53
we have already left behind.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืืจื ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
02:57
It's like we've landed on an entirely different planet,
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื—ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:02
with an entirely different climate.
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ื‘ืขืœ ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:04
And we now have to figure out
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:06
what of the civilization that we've brought with us
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ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื™ืชื ื•
03:09
can endure these new conditions
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:12
and what can't.
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืœื.
03:14
And things will get worse from here.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื—ืžื™ืจ ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš.
03:17
Now for a very long time,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
03:19
we were told that climate change was a slow saga.
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ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ื™.
03:23
It started with the industrial revolution,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
03:25
and it had fallen to us
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”
03:27
to clean up the mess left by our grandparents
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ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:29
so our grandchildren wouldn't be dealing with the results.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
03:32
It was a story of centuries.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
03:35
In fact, half of all of the emissions
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–
03:37
that have ever been produced from the burning of fossil fuels
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ
03:41
in the entire history of humanity
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
03:43
have been produced in just the last 30 years.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:47
That's since Al Gore published his first book on warming.
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.
03:51
It's since the UN established its IPCC climate change body.
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ืื•"ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช IPCC - ื”ืคืื ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
03:55
We've done more damage since then
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ืžืื– ื’ืจืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื–ืง
03:58
than in all the centuries, all the millennia before.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
04:02
Now I'm 37 years old,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 37,
04:04
which means my life contains this entire story.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:07
When I was born, the planet's climate seemed stable.
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™, ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืจืื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
04:13
Today,
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ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:15
we are on the brink of catastrophe.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืืกื•ืŸ.
04:19
The climate crisis is not the legacy of our ancestors.
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
04:23
It is the work of a single generation.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
04:27
Ours.
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:29
This may all sound like bad news.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
04:31
Which it is, really bad news.
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ื•ืืœื• ืื›ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
04:33
But it also contains, I think,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื
04:36
some good news, at least relatively speaking.
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ืงืฆืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™.
04:39
These impacts are terrifyingly large.
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ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:42
But they are also, I think, exhilarating.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื.
04:47
Because they are ultimately a reflection
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื
04:49
of how much power we have over the climate.
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ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
04:53
If we get to those hellish scenarios,
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ืื ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื,
04:56
it will be because we have made them happen,
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ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื”ื,
04:58
because we have chosen to make them happen.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
05:02
Which means we can choose to make other scenarios happen, too.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื ืฉืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื•.
05:08
Now that may seem too rosy to believe
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื“ื™
05:10
and the political obstacles are in fact enormous.
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ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
05:15
But it is a simple fact --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” --
05:16
the main driver of global warming is human action:
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื:
05:18
How much carbon we put into the atmosphere.
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ื›ืžื” ืคื—ืžืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
05:20
Our hands are on those levers.
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:23
And we can write the story of the planet's climate future ourselves.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:27
Not just can -- but are.
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ืœื ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื -- ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
05:30
Since inaction is a kind of action,
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ื›ื™ ืื™-ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
05:33
we'll be writing that story ourselves whether we like it or not.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื ื ืจืฆื” ื•ืื ืœื ื ืจืฆื”.
05:39
This is not just any story,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกืชื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
05:41
all of us holding the future of the planet in our hands.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:45
It's the kind of story we used to recognize only in mythology
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:50
and theology.
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:51
A single generation
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ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“
05:53
that has brought the future of humanity into doubt
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
05:56
now tasked with securing a new future.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืชื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ.
06:01
So what would that look like?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจืื”?
06:03
It could mean solar arrays barnacling the planet,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:08
really everywhere you looked.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
06:10
It could mean if we developed better technology,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื ืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:13
we wouldn't even need to deploy them that broadly,
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ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืคืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”,
06:15
because it's been estimated that just a sliver of the Sahara desert
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ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื”
06:19
absorbs enough solar power to provide all the world's energy needs.
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ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
06:23
But we'd probably need a new electric grid,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื—ื“ืฉื”,
06:26
one that doesn't lose two-thirds of its power to waste heat,
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœื ืชืคืกื™ื“ ืฉื ื™-ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื–ืจื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–,
06:29
as is today the case in the US.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
06:31
We could use some more nuclear power, perhaps,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
06:34
although it would have to be an entirely different kind of nuclear power,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
06:37
because today's technology simply isn't cost-competitive
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ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืฉืชืœืžืช
06:40
with renewable energy whose costs are falling so rapidly.
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ืขื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
06:44
We'd need a new kind of plane,
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ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก,
06:46
because I don't think it's particularly practical
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื™
06:48
to ask the entire world to give up on air travel,
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ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช,
06:51
especially as so much of the global South
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™
06:53
is, for the very first time, able to afford it.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื.
06:56
We need planes that won't produce carbon.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืคืœื˜ื• ืคื—ืžืŸ.
06:58
We need a new kind of agriculture.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:01
Because we probably can't ask people to entirely give up on meat and go vegan,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื™ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื,
07:05
it would mean a new way of raising beef.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจ.
07:06
Or perhaps an old way,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉื ื”,
07:08
since we already know that traditional pasturing practices
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
07:12
can turn cattle farms
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ
07:14
from what are called carbon sources, which produce CO2,
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ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
07:17
into carbon sinks, which absorb them.
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ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืฉืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
07:19
If you prefer a techno solution,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
07:21
maybe we can grow some of that mean in the lab.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
07:23
Probably, we could also feed some real cattle seaweed,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืฆื•ืช,
07:26
because that cuts their methane emissions by as much as 95 or 99 percent.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงืฆืฅ ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘-95 ืขื“ 99 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:31
Probably, we'd have to do all of these things,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:34
because as with every aspect of this puzzle,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคืื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
07:36
the problem is simply too vast and complicated
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื“ื™
07:39
to solve in any single silver-bullet way.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงืกื ืื—ื“.
07:44
And no matter how many solutions we deploy,
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ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืชืžืฉ,
07:46
we probably won't be able to decarbonize in time.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
07:50
That's the terrifying math that we face.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœื ื•.
07:53
We won't be able to beat climate change,
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ืœื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
07:56
only live with it and limit it.
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ืืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
07:59
And that means we'd probably need
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ื–ื“ืงืง
08:01
some amount of what are called negative emissions,
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ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ "ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช",
08:03
which take carbon out of the atmosphere as well.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ืคื’ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
08:06
Billions of new trees, maybe trillions of new trees.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
08:10
And whole plantations of carbon-capture machines.
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ื•ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ "ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช-ืคื—ืžืŸ".
08:13
Perhaps an industry twice or four times the size
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื”
08:17
of today's oil and gas business
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ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
08:19
to undo the damage that was done by those businesses in past decades.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
08:24
We would need a new kind of infrastructure,
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ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
08:26
poured by a different kind of cement,
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืœื˜,
08:29
because today, if cement were a country,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ืžืœื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
08:31
it would be the world's third biggest emitter.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื˜ ื”ื’ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:33
And China is pouring as much cement every three years
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืงืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืœื˜ ื–ื”ื”
08:36
as the US poured in the entire 20th century.
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ืœื–ื• ืฉื™ืฆืงื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.
08:40
We would need to build seawalls and levees
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ืกื›ืจื™ื
08:42
to protect those people living on the coast,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื,
08:45
many of whom are too poor to build them today,
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
08:48
which is why it must mean an end to a narrowly nationalistic geopolitics
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืช
08:55
that allows us to define the suffering of those living elsewhere in the world
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
08:59
as insignificant,
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ื›ื—ืกืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช,
09:00
when we even acknowledge it.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•.
09:02
This better future won't be easy.
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
09:05
But the only obstacles are human ones.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
09:08
That may not be much of a comfort,
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ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ื—ืžื”,
09:10
if you know what I know about human brutality and indifference,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
09:13
but I promise you, it is better than the alternative.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื”.
09:16
Science isn't stopping us from taking action,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
09:18
and neither is technology.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:21
We have the tools we need today to begin.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
09:25
Of course, we also have the tools we need to end global poverty,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
09:29
epidemic disease
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ืœืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช,
09:30
and the abuse of women as well.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ื.
09:33
Which is why more than new tools, we need a new politics,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
09:37
a way of overcoming all those human obstacles --
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ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
09:40
our culture, our economics,
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
09:42
our status quo bias,
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืงื™ื™ื,
09:44
our disinterest in taking seriously anything that really scares us.
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ืื™-ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
09:48
Our shortsightedness.
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ืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:49
Our sense of self-interest.
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ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
09:51
And the selfishness of the world's rich and powerful
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ื•ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
09:55
who have the least incentive to change anything.
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ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
09:58
Now, they will suffer too,
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ื’ื ื”ื ื™ืกื‘ืœื•,
10:01
but not as much as those with the least,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช,
10:04
who have done the least to produce warming
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ืืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื• ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช
10:06
and have benefited the least
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช
10:08
from the processes that have brought us to this crisis point
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ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืืช
10:11
but will be burdened most in the decades ahead.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
10:15
A new politics
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
10:16
would make the matter of managing that burden,
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ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
10:19
where it falls and how heavily,
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ืขืœ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื‘ื“,
10:22
the top priority of our time.
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ืœืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•.
10:26
No matter what we do, climate change will transform modern life.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื ืขืฉื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
10:33
Some amount of warming is already baked in and is inevitable,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช,
10:37
which means probably some amount of additional suffering is, too.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
10:41
And even if we take dramatic action
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช
10:43
and avoid some of these truly terrifying worst-case scenarios,
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ื•ื ืžื ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:46
it would mean living on an entirely different planet.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:51
With a new politics, a new economics,
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ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
10:54
a new relationship to technology
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:56
and a new relationship to nature --
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:58
a whole new world.
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ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
11:02
But a relatively livable one.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
11:05
Relatively prosperous.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’.
11:07
And green.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืง.
11:10
Why not choose that one?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื–ื”?
11:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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