How to create a world where no one dies waiting for a transplant | Luhan Yang

112,777 views ใƒป 2018-10-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: maor madmon ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Hi everyone.
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ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื.
00:14
I would like to introduce you to Laika.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืœื™ื™ืงื”.
00:17
To most of us, Laika is simply a very cute pig.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืœื™ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืกืชื ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ื—ืžื•ื“ื”.
00:22
However, to hundreds of thousands of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
00:29
Laika is a symbol of hope.
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ืœื™ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
00:32
You see, ever since the 1970s,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
00:36
when organ transplants became a real option
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
00:39
for patients with kidney failure and other organ diseases,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:43
organ supply has been an issue.
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ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
00:46
Over the last few decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:48
the issue only worsened as organ demand has exponentially increased.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื—ืžืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื” ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™.
00:55
Currently in the US,
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื,
00:57
there are close to 115,000 patients
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ื™ืฉื ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ115,000 ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
01:01
in need of a lifesaving organ transplant.
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ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:05
By the end of my talk,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™,
01:07
one more patient will be added to this list.
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ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:12
Today, about 100 people will get a new organ,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:16
a chance to start their life anew,
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
01:19
and yet by the end of today,
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ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:22
20 others will die waiting.
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20 ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”.
01:26
The situation is heartbreaking
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘
01:28
for patients, for their families
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:31
and for the doctors who want to do more.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
01:36
In some parts of the world,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:37
the situation also becomes a disturbing social issue.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”.
01:42
In Asia, for example,
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ื‘ืืกื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
01:44
media outlets reported that desperate patients
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื
01:48
are obtaining organs from the cruel black market.
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ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™.
01:53
It is clear that a solution is needed to this crisis.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:59
Human lives are at stake.
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ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฃ.
02:03
As a biologist and a geneticist,
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ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช,
02:06
it has become my mission to help solve this problem.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
02:10
Today, I am optimistic to say that we are on our way there,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื ืจื’ืฉืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื,
02:15
thanks to Laika.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื™ืงื”.
02:17
Using gene editing technology,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ื ื™ื,
02:19
it's now possible to exquisitely create a human-transplantable organ
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”
02:25
that can be safely grown in pigs.
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ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
02:29
Before we jump into the incredible science that makes it happen,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช,
02:34
let's have a better understanding what xenotransplantation is.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ืงืกื ื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคืœื ื˜ืฆื™ื” (ื”ืฉืชืœื” ืฉืœื ืžื‘ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื•).
02:39
It's a process of transplanting animal organs into humans.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืข"ื— ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
02:44
You may want to ask, why pig organs?
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ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”- ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื?
02:47
Because some pigs carry organs with similar size and physiology
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื ื”
02:52
to human organs.
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ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
02:54
Over the last half a century,
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:56
pioneers of transplantation have tried hard to make it happen,
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ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
03:01
but with limited to no success.
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ืืš ื”ื ื ื—ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช.
03:05
Why is that?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
03:06
Two fundamental hurdles stood in the way.
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ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
03:10
First is a problem of rejection.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:13
When our immune system sees a new organ as foreign,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื•ื•ื’ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืจ,
03:17
it will reject it.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื•.
03:19
Second, and this one is specific to the organs from the pig,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ,
03:24
every pig carries a virus that is benign to the pig,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•,
03:29
but can be transmitted into humans.
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ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
03:31
It is called the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืจื˜ืจื•-ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ ืื ื“ืจื•ื’ื ื™ (PERV),
03:37
and this virus has the potential to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื’ื™ืคื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
03:44
Without an effective way to address these issues,
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ืœืœื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
03:49
the field of xenotransplantation has been on hold for more than one decade.
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืงืกื ื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคืœื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืขืฉื•ืจ.
03:55
Little progress has been made, until now.
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ื ืจืฉืžื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื”, ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:01
Let me share with you how I got here today with Laika.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ืงื”.
04:06
My journey started from Emei Mountain in China.
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ืจ ืืžืื™ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
04:10
That is the place well described in a lot of legendary stories,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชื•ืืจ (ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง) ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช,
04:14
like the "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon."
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ื›"ื ืžืจ ื›ื•ืจืข, ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื ืกืชืจ".
04:17
That is the place I call home.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืชื™.
04:20
Growing up in the mountain,
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™, ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ,
04:22
I started to have a strong connection with nature.
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ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:26
This is me when I was seven years old
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ื–ื• ืื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข
04:29
standing in front of an ancient Buddhist temple
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™
04:33
with a monkey on my shoulder.
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ืขื ืงื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชืฃ.
04:35
I still vividly remember how my friends and I
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืื ื™
04:38
would toss peanuts around to distract the monkeys
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื
04:42
so that we could cross to hike through the valley.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืื“ื™.
04:45
I love nature.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:47
When it was time to choose a field of study,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข,
04:50
I chose to study biology at Peking University in Beijing.
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืงื™ื ื’, ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ืŸ.
04:55
However, the more I learned,
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™,
04:58
the more questions I had.
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
05:00
How could our genetic makeup be so similar to animals
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:05
and yet we look so different?
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
05:07
How is our immune system capable of fighting off so many pathogens
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช
05:12
but smart enough not to attack ourselves.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•?
05:16
Questions like this tormented me.
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืขื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™.
05:19
I know it sounds nerdy, but you know I'm a scientist.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฉืžืขืช ื—ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื”ืจื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช.
05:24
After college, I decided I didn't want to just ask the questions,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช,
05:29
I wanted to answer them, so I did.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
05:33
In 2008, I was lucky enough to be accepted
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ื‘-2008 ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ
05:37
into the PhD program at Harvard University
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ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
05:41
and worked with Dr. George Church.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื“"ืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆ'ืจืฅ.
05:43
While working in Church's lab,
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืฆ'ืจืฅ,
05:45
I started to learn and experiment with the genetic makeup of mammals.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
05:51
Among all the experiments,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™,
05:53
one particular one took me closer to Laika.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืงื™ืจื‘ ืื•ืชื™ ืืœ ืœื™ื™ืงื”.
05:57
In 2013, my colleagues and I made changes in a human cell
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ื‘-2013, ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืขืจื›ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื ื•ืฉื™
06:03
using a tool you may have heard about
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
06:05
called CRISPR.
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ืฉื ืงืจื CRISPR.
06:07
We were one of the first two groups
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
06:10
to report the successful use of such a tool in changing our DNA.
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ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื "ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
06:16
It was an exciting moment in scientific discovery.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื“ืขื™.
06:20
The gene-editing tool CRISPR has two components.
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช CRISPR ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื:
06:25
It has a scissor called the enzyme CRISPR
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื ื–ื™ื CRISPR
06:28
and what is called a guide RNA.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืฉื ืงืจื RNA ืžื“ืจื™ืš.
06:31
Think about it as genetic scissors with a microscope.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
06:36
The microscope is a guide RNA,
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ื•ื ื”-RNA ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš,
06:39
which brings the scissors to the place we want to cut
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš
06:43
and says, "Here it is,"
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ื ื” ื–ื”, ื›ืืŸ"
06:45
and the enzyme CRISPR just cuts and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื™ื CRISPR ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื•.
06:51
Shortly after we reported our study,
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ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคืจืกืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
06:54
physicians at Mass General Hospital were intrigued by the medical applications
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
07:00
of our research.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื•.
07:02
They reached out to us,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ,
07:04
and together, we began to see the potential to use CRISPR
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-CRISPR
07:08
to solve the organ shortage crisis.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”.
07:11
How do we do it?
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ืื™ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช?
07:13
It is simple, yet very complex.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
07:18
We started by making changes in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
07:24
and human-immune-compatible.
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ื•ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
07:26
The nucleus of that cell is then implanted into a pig egg
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ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจ
07:31
and allowed to divide into an embryo.
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ื•ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืชืคืชื— ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ.
07:34
The resulting embryo is then placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—, ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ืช
07:39
and allowed to divide into a pig.
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ื•ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืœื“.
07:42
Basically, it's a process of cloning.
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ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜.
07:45
The piglet then carries organs whose genetic makeup
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ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
07:49
hopefully wouldn't be rejected by the human immune system.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
07:54
In 2015, our team decided to tackle the viral transmission problem first.
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ื‘-2015, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
08:01
We wanted to take out all 62 copies of the PERV virus
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ 62 ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก PERV
08:07
from the pig genome,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ,
08:10
but at the time, it was nearly mission impossible.
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ืืš ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
08:14
Even with CRISPR,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื CRISPR,
08:15
we could only do one or two modifications within a cell.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื.
08:20
The record for number of modifications we can do in a particular cell was five.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืชื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื”.
08:27
We had to increase the throughput by more than tenfold to achieve that.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื ื•.
08:33
With very careful design and hundreds of trials,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
08:37
we successfully took out all the virus,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื›ื•ืœื•,
08:40
broke the record.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื.
08:41
More importantly, our studies showed
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ - ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจืื”
08:44
that we could eliminate the possibility of this dangerous virus
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
08:49
being transmitted into humans.
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ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
08:53
Last year, with a modified cell and cloning technology,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืœืงื—ื ื• ืชื ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜,
08:57
our startup, eGenesis, produced Laika,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ืงืžื ื•, eGenesis , ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ืœื™ื™ืงื”,
09:02
the first pig of its kind born without PERV.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœืœื PERV.
09:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:11
Laika represents the first critical step
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ืœื™ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
09:15
in establishing safe xenotransplantation.
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืกื ื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคืœื ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
09:19
It is also a platform
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”
09:20
that we can do further genetic modification on
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ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
09:23
to solve the immunology problem.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:26
Since then, we have created more than 30 pigs without PERV,
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ืžืื–, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืœื PERV,
09:31
and they may be the most advanced geno-modified animal living on earth.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:38
We named Laika after the Soviet dog
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœืœื™ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช
09:41
who was the first animal to orbit the earth.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื’ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:45
We hope Laika and her siblings
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื™ืงื” ื•ืื—ื™ื”
09:48
can lead us into a new frontier of science and medicine.
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ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืชื•ื— ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
09:55
Imagine a world where patients who suffer from liver failure
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืงื•ืจืก
10:00
can be saved with a new liver
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
10:03
without having to wait for a donation
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœืชืจื•ืžื”
10:06
or another human to die.
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ืื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ืžื•ืช.
10:09
Imagine a world where people with diabetes
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื›ืจืช
10:13
do not have to rely on insulin after every meal
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ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ื”
10:17
because we can provide them with good pancreatic cells
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ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืชืื™ ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื
10:21
that can produce insulin on their own.
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื.
10:24
And imagine a world where patients with kidney failure
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช
10:29
do not have to face the burden of dialysis.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื”.
10:34
We are striving to create that world,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื›ื–ื”,
10:38
a world without organ shortage.
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ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”.
10:41
We finally have the tool to tackle the problem
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
10:45
we could never tackle before,
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคืชื™ืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื”,
10:47
and Laika is just the beginning of our journey.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืกืข.
10:52
We have to be very humble in front of nature,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžื“ื ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
10:55
because there are more issues to be addressed,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
10:58
including immunology
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
10:59
and things we couldn't even anticipate at this point.
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ื•ื›ืืœื• ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื.
11:04
However, it is our responsibility to translate the cutting-edge science
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ื”
11:10
into medicine to save the lives of all the patients who are waiting.
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื›ื™ื.
11:17
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
11:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:29
Chris Anderson: I mean, Luhan, this is extraordinary work here.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื‘ืืžืช, ืœื•ื”ืืŸ, ื”ืฆื’ืช ืœื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
11:33
Come forward.
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ื‘ื•ืื™ ื”ื ื”.
11:35
So what's the next steps here? You've got rid of the virus.
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ืžื”ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื? ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจืชื ืžื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
11:40
The next steps involve trying to get to the point
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘
11:42
where a human body won't reject a transplant.
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ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืœ.
11:46
What's involved in solving that?
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ืื™ืš ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•?
11:49
Luhan Yang: It's a very complicated process.
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ืœื•ื”ืืŸ ื™ืื ื’: ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
11:51
So we need to take out the antigen of the pigs.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
11:55
In addition, we can learn a lot from cancer.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
11:59
How can cancer invade or circumvent our immune system
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ืื™ืš ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื• ืขื•ืงืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื•,
12:03
so that we can utilize the trick of cancer
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง
12:08
and implement that on the pig organ
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจ.
12:10
to fool our immune system to not attack the organ.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ.
12:15
CA: When would you estimate, when do you hope
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ื›"ื: ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืชืš, ืžืชื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ื•ื”
12:19
that the first successful transplant would happen?
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ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”?
12:23
LY: It would be irresponsible for me to give you any number.
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ืœ"ื™: ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืš ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
12:28
CA: We're at TED. We're always irresponsible.
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ื›"ื: ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘-TED, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:30
LY: But we are working day and night
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ืœ"ื™: ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื
12:32
trying to make this happen for the patients.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
12:35
CA: So not even, you won't say that you think it could happen
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ื›"ื: ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
12:38
within a decade or within five years or something?
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”?
12:40
LY: For sure we hope it happens within one decade.
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ืœ"ื™: ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
12:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:46
CA: So there's a lot of people here who would be very, very excited at that,
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชืจื’ืฉื• ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
12:49
the potential is extraordinary.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
12:51
There will be some other people here who are going,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื•,
12:53
"That pig is too cute.
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"ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืžื•ื“,
12:54
Humans shouldn't be exploiting something so cute for our benefit."
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืžื•ื“ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช."
12:59
Do you have any response to that?
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื?
13:03
LY: Yeah, sure.
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ืœ"ื™: ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™.
13:04
So imagine one pig can save eight people's lives.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:09
In addition, similar to human donation,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
13:12
if we only harvest one kidney from the pig,
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืจืง ื›ืœื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ,
13:15
the pig can still be alive,
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
13:17
so we are very mindful about the issues,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•,
13:21
but I think our goal is just to address the unmet medical need
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœ,
13:25
for those patients and their families.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
13:28
CA: Plus, no one can say that to you if they eat bacon, right?
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ื›"ื: ื•ื’ื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:32
LY: That's a good point.
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ืœ"ื™: ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
13:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:35
CA: Luhan, thank you so much. LY: Thank you so much.
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ื›"ื: ืœื•ื”ืืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš. ืœ"ื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
13:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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