How to create a world where no one dies waiting for a transplant | Luhan Yang

112,777 views ใƒป 2018-10-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JY Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Hi everyone.
0
12840
1216
์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
00:14
I would like to introduce you to Laika.
1
14080
2480
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ผ์ด์นด๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
To most of us, Laika is simply a very cute pig.
2
17680
4200
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์—๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์นด๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๋ผ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:22
However, to hundreds of thousands of patients in need of a lifesaving organ
3
22800
6536
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
00:29
Laika is a symbol of hope.
4
29360
2280
๋ผ์ด์นด๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
You see, ever since the 1970s,
5
32960
3096
๋Œ์ด์ผœ๋ณด๋ฉด 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์—
00:36
when organ transplants became a real option
6
36080
3296
์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์ด ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:39
for patients with kidney failure and other organ diseases,
7
39400
4216
์‹ ์žฅ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
00:43
organ supply has been an issue.
8
43640
2600
์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ๋Š˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Over the last few decades,
9
46920
1896
์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„
00:48
the issue only worsened as organ demand has exponentially increased.
10
48840
5040
์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:55
Currently in the US,
11
55400
2296
ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
00:57
there are close to 115,000 patients
12
57720
4176
์•ฝ 115,000 ๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด
01:01
in need of a lifesaving organ transplant.
13
61920
2760
์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
By the end of my talk,
14
65520
1816
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์น  ์ฆˆ์Œ์—
01:07
one more patient will be added to this list.
15
67360
3760
๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Today, about 100 people will get a new organ,
16
72120
4375
์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์•ฝ 100๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹๋ฐ›๊ณ 
01:16
a chance to start their life anew,
17
76519
2817
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ถ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
and yet by the end of today,
18
79360
2976
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
01:22
20 others will die waiting.
19
82360
2480
๋‹ค๋ฅธ 20๋ช…์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
The situation is heartbreaking
20
86240
2496
์ •๋ง ๊ฐ€์Šด ์•„ํ”ˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
for patients, for their families
21
88760
2896
ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋„
01:31
and for the doctors who want to do more.
22
91680
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:36
In some parts of the world,
23
96000
1936
์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:37
the situation also becomes a disturbing social issue.
24
97960
3600
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
In Asia, for example,
25
102120
1976
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:44
media outlets reported that desperate patients
26
104120
4056
์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด์‹์ด ์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์•”์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
are obtaining organs from the cruel black market.
27
108200
3920
01:53
It is clear that a solution is needed to this crisis.
28
113600
5416
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
Human lives are at stake.
29
119040
2560
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:03
As a biologist and a geneticist,
30
123160
3056
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ด์ž ์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
02:06
it has become my mission to help solve this problem.
31
126240
3680
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ž„๋ฌด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Today, I am optimistic to say that we are on our way there,
32
130760
5016
์˜ค๋Š˜, ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
thanks to Laika.
33
135800
1200
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ผ์ด์นด ๋•๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
02:17
Using gene editing technology,
34
137600
2336
์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
02:19
it's now possible to exquisitely create a human-transplantable organ
35
139960
5856
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์‹ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:25
that can be safely grown in pigs.
36
145840
2560
์ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Before we jump into the incredible science that makes it happen,
37
149920
4256
๊ทธ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ
02:34
let's have a better understanding what xenotransplantation is.
38
154200
4400
์ด์ข…๊ฐ„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
02:39
It's a process of transplanting animal organs into humans.
39
159120
4480
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
You may want to ask, why pig organs?
40
164480
3016
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋“œ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ . "์™œ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?"
02:47
Because some pigs carry organs with similar size and physiology
41
167520
4816
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€
๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
to human organs.
42
172360
1200
02:54
Over the last half a century,
43
174280
2416
์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„ ๊ฐ„
02:56
pioneers of transplantation have tried hard to make it happen,
44
176720
4856
์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์ˆ ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์ข… ์ด์‹์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
03:01
but with limited to no success.
45
181600
2880
์‹คํŒจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Why is that?
46
185080
1200
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
03:06
Two fundamental hurdles stood in the way.
47
186880
2760
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:10
First is a problem of rejection.
48
190240
3176
์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
When our immune system sees a new organ as foreign,
49
193440
3816
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด
03:17
it will reject it.
50
197280
1240
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Second, and this one is specific to the organs from the pig,
51
199400
4320
๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
03:24
every pig carries a virus that is benign to the pig,
52
204760
4416
๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ผ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ „์—ผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
but can be transmitted into humans.
53
209200
2656
03:31
It is called the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV),
54
211880
5496
๋‚ด์ธ์„ฑ ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค(PERV)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:37
and this virus has the potential to cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
55
217400
6000
์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์—์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Without an effective way to address these issues,
56
224280
4776
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—
03:49
the field of xenotransplantation has been on hold for more than one decade.
57
229080
5600
์ด์ข… ์ด์‹ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ •์ฒด๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Little progress has been made, until now.
58
235600
4080
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง„์ „์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:01
Let me share with you how I got here today with Laika.
59
241480
3680
์ด์ œ ๋ผ์ด์นด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
My journey started from Emei Mountain in China.
60
246280
4016
์ €์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์–ด๋ฉ”์ด ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
That is the place well described in a lot of legendary stories,
61
250320
4416
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ „์„ค์ด ์ „ํ•ด์ ธ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
04:14
like the "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon."
62
254760
2640
์™€ํ˜ธ์ž ๋ฃก์˜ ์ „์„ค๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
04:17
That is the place I call home.
63
257840
2320
๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์ œ ์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Growing up in the mountain,
64
260920
1736
์‚ฐ์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ
04:22
I started to have a strong connection with nature.
65
262680
3080
์ €๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
This is me when I was seven years old
66
266680
3056
์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 7์‚ด ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
standing in front of an ancient Buddhist temple
67
269760
3416
์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ ˆ ์•ž์— ์„œ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:33
with a monkey on my shoulder.
68
273200
2016
์–ด๊นจ์—๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•‰์•„์žˆ์ฃ .
04:35
I still vividly remember how my friends and I
69
275240
3576
์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์ƒ์ƒํžˆ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
would toss peanuts around to distract the monkeys
70
278840
3176
์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋•…์ฝฉ์„ ๋˜์ ธ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋”ด ๋ฐ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค์•ผ
04:42
so that we could cross to hike through the valley.
71
282040
2680
๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:45
I love nature.
72
285840
1496
์ €๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
When it was time to choose a field of study,
73
287360
2856
๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ• ์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
04:50
I chose to study biology at Peking University in Beijing.
74
290240
4000
์ €๋Š” ๋ถ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
However, the more I learned,
75
295760
2496
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
04:58
the more questions I had.
76
298280
1320
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
05:00
How could our genetic makeup be so similar to animals
77
300520
4536
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ๋ฐ๋„
05:05
and yet we look so different?
78
305080
1920
๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
05:07
How is our immune system capable of fighting off so many pathogens
79
307920
4856
์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
05:12
but smart enough not to attack ourselves.
80
312800
2720
์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
05:16
Questions like this tormented me.
81
316280
2520
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ดด๋กญํ˜”์ฃ .
05:19
I know it sounds nerdy, but you know I'm a scientist.
82
319880
2840
๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ.. ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:24
After college, I decided I didn't want to just ask the questions,
83
324000
5256
๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ , ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
I wanted to answer them, so I did.
84
329280
3160
๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:33
In 2008, I was lucky enough to be accepted
85
333560
4056
2008๋…„์— ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์šด์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:37
into the PhD program at Harvard University
86
337640
3536
05:41
and worked with Dr. George Church.
87
341200
2080
์กฐ์ง€ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
While working in Church's lab,
88
343920
1736
์ฒ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:45
I started to learn and experiment with the genetic makeup of mammals.
89
345680
4680
ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:51
Among all the experiments,
90
351200
2256
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„
05:53
one particular one took me closer to Laika.
91
353480
3200
ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด์นด์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
In 2013, my colleagues and I made changes in a human cell
92
357520
5936
2013๋…„, ์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š”
์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
using a tool you may have heard about
93
363480
2456
๋‹ค๋“ค ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฐ€์œ„์ธ CRISPR๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:05
called CRISPR.
94
365960
1536
06:07
We were one of the first two groups
95
367520
3216
๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด
06:10
to report the successful use of such a tool in changing our DNA.
96
370760
5376
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ DNA ์ˆ˜์ •์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
It was an exciting moment in scientific discovery.
97
376160
3520
์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:20
The gene-editing tool CRISPR has two components.
98
380800
4336
์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ CRISPR์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
It has a scissor called the enzyme CRISPR
99
385160
3496
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์œ„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ CRISPR์ด๊ณ 
06:28
and what is called a guide RNA.
100
388680
2680
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ๋„ RNA์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Think about it as genetic scissors with a microscope.
101
391920
4136
ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฐ€์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:36
The microscope is a guide RNA,
102
396080
3096
์œ ๋„ RNA๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
06:39
which brings the scissors to the place we want to cut
103
399200
4016
์ž๋ฅด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ๊ฐ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
and says, "Here it is,"
104
403240
2016
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ . "๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์•ผ,"
06:45
and the enzyme CRISPR just cuts and repairs the DNA in the way we want.
105
405280
5240
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํšจ์†Œ CRISPR๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ DNA๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:51
Shortly after we reported our study,
106
411720
3216
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋’ค์—
06:54
physicians at Mass General Hospital were intrigued by the medical applications
107
414960
5936
๋งค์Šค ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ๋‚ด๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ
07:00
of our research.
108
420920
1576
๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
They reached out to us,
109
422520
1496
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์™”๊ณ 
07:04
and together, we began to see the potential to use CRISPR
110
424040
4096
์ด์‹ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ CRISPR๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€
07:08
to solve the organ shortage crisis.
111
428160
2600
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
How do we do it?
112
431840
1616
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
07:13
It is simple, yet very complex.
113
433480
3120
๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
We started by making changes in a pig's cell to make it virus-free
114
438080
6016
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์ฒด์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ
์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฉด์—ญ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ท  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
and human-immune-compatible.
115
444120
2776
07:26
The nucleus of that cell is then implanted into a pig egg
116
446920
4776
๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌํ•ต์„ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ๋‚œ์ž์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๋’ค์—
07:31
and allowed to divide into an embryo.
117
451720
2896
๋ฐฐ์•„ ์ƒํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
The resulting embryo is then placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother
118
454640
5296
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋ชจ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์ž๊ถ์— ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:39
and allowed to divide into a pig.
119
459960
2040
์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด ๋ผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
Basically, it's a process of cloning.
120
462680
2360
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณต์ œ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜์ฃ .
07:45
The piglet then carries organs whose genetic makeup
121
465760
3856
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
hopefully wouldn't be rejected by the human immune system.
122
469640
3600
์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:54
In 2015, our team decided to tackle the viral transmission problem first.
123
474960
6416
2015๋…„์— ์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ „์—ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
We wanted to take out all 62 copies of the PERV virus
124
481400
6176
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
๋ผ์ง€ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ PERV ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค 62์ข…์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
from the pig genome,
125
487600
1400
08:10
but at the time, it was nearly mission impossible.
126
490200
4136
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ์ฃ .
08:14
Even with CRISPR,
127
494360
1416
CRISPR ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋„
08:15
we could only do one or two modifications within a cell.
128
495800
4816
์ƒˆํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•œ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ๋ฐ–์— ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
The record for number of modifications we can do in a particular cell was five.
129
500640
6536
ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:27
We had to increase the throughput by more than tenfold to achieve that.
130
507200
5240
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 10๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
With very careful design and hundreds of trials,
131
513400
3656
๋งค์šฐ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋์—
08:37
we successfully took out all the virus,
132
517080
3216
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
broke the record.
133
520320
1576
๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊นฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:41
More importantly, our studies showed
134
521920
2456
๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:44
that we could eliminate the possibility of this dangerous virus
135
524400
5056
์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„
08:49
being transmitted into humans.
136
529480
2319
์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Last year, with a modified cell and cloning technology,
137
533080
4376
์ž‘๋…„์—๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ณต์ œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
08:57
our startup, eGenesis, produced Laika,
138
537480
3840
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋ฒค์ฒ˜๊ธฐ์—…์ธ eGenesis๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์นด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
the first pig of its kind born without PERV.
139
542160
4480
PERV ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์—†์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
(Applause)
140
547480
3736
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:11
Laika represents the first critical step
141
551240
3976
๋ผ์ด์นด๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ด์ข…๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
09:15
in establishing safe xenotransplantation.
142
555240
3736
๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋–ผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
It is also a platform
143
559000
1896
๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํŒ์œผ๋กœ
09:20
that we can do further genetic modification on
144
560920
2976
์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ
09:23
to solve the immunology problem.
145
563920
2200
๋ฉด์—ญํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
Since then, we have created more than 30 pigs without PERV,
146
566760
5096
๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ PERV๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ผ์ง€๊ฐ€ 30๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
09:31
and they may be the most advanced geno-modified animal living on earth.
147
571880
5600
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋™๋ฌผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
We named Laika after the Soviet dog
148
578400
3296
๋ผ์ด์นด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€
๋™๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:41
who was the first animal to orbit the earth.
149
581720
3320
09:45
We hope Laika and her siblings
150
585600
2976
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์นด์™€ ๊ทธ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์ด
09:48
can lead us into a new frontier of science and medicine.
151
588600
4800
๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ƒˆ ์ง€ํ‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
Imagine a world where patients who suffer from liver failure
152
595360
5136
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
๊ฐ„ ์†์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
can be saved with a new liver
153
600520
2656
10:03
without having to wait for a donation
154
603200
3056
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:06
or another human to die.
155
606280
1800
10:09
Imagine a world where people with diabetes
156
609600
4096
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ๋„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹์‚ฌ ํ›„์— ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
do not have to rely on insulin after every meal
157
613720
3736
10:17
because we can provide them with good pancreatic cells
158
617480
4096
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด
10:21
that can produce insulin on their own.
159
621600
2280
์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:24
And imagine a world where patients with kidney failure
160
624600
4976
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ๋„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
์ฝฉํŒฅ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํˆฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
do not have to face the burden of dialysis.
161
629600
3680
10:34
We are striving to create that world,
162
634320
3736
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
a world without organ shortage.
163
638080
2800
๊ธฐ์ฆ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:41
We finally have the tool to tackle the problem
164
641720
3736
์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
์ „์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
we could never tackle before,
165
645480
2136
10:47
and Laika is just the beginning of our journey.
166
647640
3280
๋ผ์ด์นด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ •์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
We have to be very humble in front of nature,
167
652040
3536
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ž์—ฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
because there are more issues to be addressed,
168
655600
2616
์•„์ง๋„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
including immunology
169
658240
1616
๋ฉด์—ญํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด์„œ
10:59
and things we couldn't even anticipate at this point.
170
659880
3960
ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
However, it is our responsibility to translate the cutting-edge science
171
664760
6136
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š”
์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์˜ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด
11:10
into medicine to save the lives of all the patients who are waiting.
172
670920
5320
์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
Thank you very much.
173
677480
1256
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
(Applause)
174
678760
4840
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:29
Chris Anderson: I mean, Luhan, this is extraordinary work here.
175
689800
3496
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ(CA): ๋ฃจํ•œ, ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์—…์ ์ด๋„ค์š”.
11:33
Come forward.
176
693320
1200
์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์ฃ .
11:35
So what's the next steps here? You've got rid of the virus.
177
695640
4416
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:40
The next steps involve trying to get to the point
178
700080
2336
๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€..
11:42
where a human body won't reject a transplant.
179
702440
3776
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์ด์‹ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
11:46
What's involved in solving that?
180
706240
1800
๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
11:49
Luhan Yang: It's a very complicated process.
181
709160
2256
๋ฃจํ•œ ์–‘(LY): ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”.
11:51
So we need to take out the antigen of the pigs.
182
711440
4456
๋จผ์ € ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ํ•ญ์›์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
In addition, we can learn a lot from cancer.
183
715920
3416
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ์•” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:59
How can cancer invade or circumvent our immune system
184
719360
4176
์•” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
12:03
so that we can utilize the trick of cancer
185
723560
4456
์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:08
and implement that on the pig organ
186
728040
2336
๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
12:10
to fool our immune system to not attack the organ.
187
730400
3080
๋ฉด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ด์‹๋œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์†์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
CA: When would you estimate, when do you hope
188
735680
3376
CA: ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š”.. ์–ธ์ œ์ฏค..
12:19
that the first successful transplant would happen?
189
739080
3320
๊ทธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
12:23
LY: It would be irresponsible for me to give you any number.
190
743360
3880
LY: ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”..
12:28
CA: We're at TED. We're always irresponsible.
191
748200
2120
CA: TED ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”.
12:30
LY: But we are working day and night
192
750760
1736
LY: ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐค๋‚ฎ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
trying to make this happen for the patients.
193
752520
2080
12:35
CA: So not even, you won't say that you think it could happen
194
755440
2896
CA: ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์ด์ •๋„๋Š” ๋งํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
12:38
within a decade or within five years or something?
195
758360
2376
10๋…„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 5๋…„ ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์‹คํ˜„๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:40
LY: For sure we hope it happens within one decade.
196
760760
2400
LY: ์ €ํฌ๋„ 10๋…„ ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
12:44
(Laughter)
197
764080
1936
(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:46
CA: So there's a lot of people here who would be very, very excited at that,
198
766040
3616
CA: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
the potential is extraordinary.
199
769680
1496
์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:51
There will be some other people here who are going,
200
771200
2416
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
"๋ผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ท€์—ฝ์ž–์•„.
12:53
"That pig is too cute.
201
773640
1256
12:54
Humans shouldn't be exploiting something so cute for our benefit."
202
774920
4576
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„  ์•ˆ ๋ผ!"
12:59
Do you have any response to that?
203
779520
2440
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
13:03
LY: Yeah, sure.
204
783120
1256
LY: ๋„ค. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ..
13:04
So imagine one pig can save eight people's lives.
205
784400
4896
๋ผ์ง€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:09
In addition, similar to human donation,
206
789320
3096
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
13:12
if we only harvest one kidney from the pig,
207
792440
2736
๋ผ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋–ผ์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:15
the pig can still be alive,
208
795200
1896
๊ทธ ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:17
so we are very mindful about the issues,
209
797120
4056
์ €ํฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
but I think our goal is just to address the unmet medical need
210
801200
4376
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
for those patients and their families.
211
805600
2696
13:28
CA: Plus, no one can say that to you if they eat bacon, right?
212
808320
3280
CA: ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
13:32
LY: That's a good point.
213
812440
1216
LY: ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์”€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
(Laughter)
214
813680
1456
(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:35
CA: Luhan, thank you so much. LY: Thank you so much.
215
815160
2456
CA: ๋ฃจํ•œ, ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. LY: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
(Applause)
216
817640
2240
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7