Stand with Ukraine in the Fight against Evil | Garry Kasparov | TED

207,292 views ใƒป 2022-04-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Michal Ilani ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:04
Five years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
00:06
I was on this stage
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ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ื–ื•
00:08
to talk about the relationships between humans and machines.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:13
Today, I'm here to talk only about the relationships between humans.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:19
I regularly say
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ
00:21
in my lectures on artificial intelligence
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ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืชื™ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
00:24
that humans will always have a monopoly on evil.
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ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืข.
00:29
It's not a threat,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื™ื•ื,
00:30
just a reminder that people choose.
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ืืœื ืจืง ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
00:34
We are not algorithms.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
00:35
We are not bound by code or commandments or laws or treaties.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื.
00:42
We have them.
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00:43
But we choose.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
00:46
So let us talk now about the choices we make.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:51
About things in black and white.
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ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ.
00:55
About Russia's war on Ukraine.
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ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”.
00:58
And about good and evil.
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ื•ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข.
01:02
My life experience prepared me to identify evil at an early age.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืจื•ืข ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
01:08
Not my life as the chess player.
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ืœื ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜.
01:11
Not even as the youngest world champion in history.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:15
No.
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ืœื.
01:16
My relevant experience is where I was born and raised,
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื•ื—ื•ื ื›ืชื™,
ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื•ื ืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
01:21
in what Ronald Reagan accurately called the โ€œevil empire,โ€
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โ€œืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืขโ€,
01:27
the USSR.
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ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
01:29
As a young star in the chess-crazed Soviet Union in the โ€™70s and โ€™80s,
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ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืชืื‘ืช ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ื”-80,
01:36
I had many privileges my compatriots did not.
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ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™ ืžืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื•.
01:40
I could travel to the West outside of the Iron Curtain,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
01:43
where it was obvious to me very quickly
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ืฉื ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ืœื™ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“
01:48
that they were the free world and we were not,
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืคืฉื™ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื,
01:51
despite what communist propaganda told us.
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžื” ืฉืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื ื•.
01:56
I eventually got into trouble for sharing these views.
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ืœื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ืชื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื”.
02:01
What late American civil rights hero and Congressman John Lewis
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ืก
02:05
would have called โ€œgood trouble.โ€
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื” โ€œื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”โ€œ.
02:09
My criticism of the Soviet system
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช
02:12
and my praise for America was bad enough.
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ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื.
02:17
But it was even worse because where it was published.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื•.
02:21
[โ€œPlayboyโ€ Interview: Garry Kasparov]
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[ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘โ€œืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™โ€œ: ื’ืืจื™ ืงืกืคืจื•ื‘]
02:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:25
My comments were almost as [much of] a scandal
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื•
02:30
as Soviet movie star Natalya Negodaโ€™s nude photos in โ€œPlayboyโ€ in the same year.
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื ื’ื•ื“ื” ื‘โ€œืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™โ€
ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
02:38
I felt I had to speak out
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02:42
to use my fame to push the envelope of free speech
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชืคื•ืจืจืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืืฆโ€™ื‘.
02:46
in Gorbachev's collapsing empire.
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02:49
The next year, in October 1990,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1990,
ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืงืจืคื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
02:53
in my world championship match against Anatoly Karpov in New York City,
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ืกื™ืจื‘ืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ืชื—ืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื’ืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
02:57
I refused to play under Soviet hammer and sickle
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03:00
and demanded to play under Russian flag.
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ื•ื“ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™.
03:05
The USSR staggered on for another year
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ื‘ืจื™ื”โ€œืž ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืงืจื˜ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
03:08
until it disintegrated on Christmas Day, 1991.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“, 1991.
03:14
Oh, what a great moment in world history.
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ืื•, ืื™ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
03:19
How we celebrated,
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ืื™ืš ื—ื’ื’ื ื•,
03:20
the evil empire had fallen, the future looked bright.
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ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื ืคืœื”, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, 1999,
03:24
And yet, eight years later, on December 31, 1999,
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ืกื’ืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืง.ื’.ื‘, ื”ืคืš ืœื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
03:30
a former lieutenant colonel of the KGB became the president of Russia.
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03:36
His name was Vladimir Putin.
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:39
How this happened
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงืจื”
03:41
is a long, painful story.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ื•ื›ื•ืื‘.
03:43
And in fact, I wrote a book about it in 2015 called "Winter is Coming."
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืกืคืจ ื‘-2015, ืฉืฉืžื• โ€œื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžื’ื™ืขโ€.
ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื ืžืงื•ืจื™. ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
03:50
Not an original title, I have to admit.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:52
(Laughter)
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03:54
But I'm a fan of "Game of Thrones."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืœ โ€œืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื›ืกโ€œ.
03:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:01
And also I felt it was appropriate because it was a warning.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื–ื”ืจื”.
04:06
The subtitle was more important:
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ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ:
04:08
"Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped."
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โ€œืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.โ€
04:13
The publisher, by the way, didn't like it.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ืื’ื‘, ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
04:15
"Enemies."
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โ€œืื•ื™ื‘ื™ืโ€
04:18
It's too harsh.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™.
04:19
Sounded like Cold War.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืจื”.
04:20
"Absolutely," I said.
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โ€œื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜โ€œ, ืืžืจืชื™.
04:22
"Cold War because winter is coming."
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โ€œืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžืชืงืจื‘.โ€
04:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:26
Well, here we are, 17 years later.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ 17 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:30
And if I wrote a sequel,
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ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืš,
04:31
it would be called โ€œWinter Is Here.โ€
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื โ€œื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืืŸโ€œ.
04:35
And the subtitle would be "I Bleeping Told You So."
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ื•ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” โ€œืื ื™ (ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืค) ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื.โ€
04:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:43
Actually, my first article of warning
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžืืžืจ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
04:47
was published in โ€œThe Wall Street Journalโ€
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ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ ื”โ€œื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’โ€™ื•ืจื ืืœโ€
04:49
on January 4, 2001.
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ื‘-4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 2001.
04:53
I saw evil because I heard evil.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืข ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืจื•ืข.
04:56
Putin was telling us what he was.
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ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”.
04:58
All we had to do was listen.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•.
05:02
When Putin said that there was no such thing as a former KGB agent,
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ื›ืฉืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืง.ื’.ื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
05:07
I knew Russia's fragile democracy was in danger.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
05:13
When Putin said that the collapse of the Soviet Union
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ื›ืฉืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉื ืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช
ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
05:16
was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century,
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช-ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
05:19
I knew Russiaโ€™s newly independent neighbors were at risk.
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
05:25
And when Putin talked at the Munich Security Conference in 2007
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ื•ื›ืฉืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ 2007
05:30
about a return to spheres of influence,
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ืขืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
05:34
I knew he was ready to launch his plan.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืชื•.
05:39
It was the language from the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ื‘-ืจื™ื‘ื ื˜ืจื•ืค, 1939.
ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
05:44
The language Hitler and Stalin used to divide Europe.
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ื•ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-2008,
05:48
And a year later, in 2008,
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05:51
Putin invaded the Republic of Georgia.
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ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืœืฉ ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:53
2014, Ukraine.
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2014 โ€“ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”.
05:57
It's a paradox, isn't it?
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ื–ื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก, ืœื ื›ืŸ?
05:59
Dictators lie about everything they have done,
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ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืงืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•,
06:03
but often they tell us exactly what they're going to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘
06:07
Just listen.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืคืชืข ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”
06:10
Anyone who is surprised at Putin's war crimes in Ukraine
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืจืงื•ืจื“ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื•,
06:16
must not be aware about his long record,
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืฆโ€™ืฆโ€™ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ื–ื ื™
06:20
beginning with the Second Chechen War in Grozny more than two decades ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
06:26
Vladimir Putin has been a war criminal from the start.
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ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื.
06:33
So in 2005, still being ranked number one,
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ืื– ื‘-2005, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
06:37
I retired from professional chess
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ืคืจืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืžื—ื˜ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™
06:40
to form a pro-democracy, anti-Putin movement in Russia.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคืจื•-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
06:45
As you could see, it didn't go so well.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
ื–ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:50
But it was not about winning or losing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืคืกื“.
06:54
I knew it was my moral duty
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
06:57
in keeping with the slogan of Soviet dissidents:
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ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™:
07:00
"Do what you must and so be it."
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โ€œืขืฉื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.โ€
07:03
Ah, my friends and critics both kept telling me,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืจื• ืœื™,
07:06
"Gary, you are a chess player, you're not a politician.
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โ€œื’ืืจื™, ืืชื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื—ืžื˜, ืืชื” ืœื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™.
07:10
This is not chess.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื—ืžื˜.
07:12
You see everything in black and white.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ.
07:14
Politics are gray.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืืคื•ืจื”.
07:16
You have to compromise."
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ.โ€
07:19
Really?
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ื‘ืืžืช?
07:21
Those who peacefully marched with me for free Russia
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ืืœื” ืฉืฆืขื“ื• ืื™ืชื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื—ืคืฉื™ื”,
07:25
are either in exile, like me.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
07:28
Or in jail, like Alexei Navalny.
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ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื”ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ื ื‘ืœื ื™,
07:31
Or even murdered like Boris Nemtsov.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื ืžืฆื•ื‘.
07:36
Compromise?
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ืคืฉืจื”?
07:44
Not black and white?
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ืœื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ?
07:47
Are you sure?
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื?
07:48
Compromise with this?
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ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขื ื–ื”?
07:51
You cannot look at the images from Ukraine in recent weeks
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืข ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
07:56
and say there is no pure evil.
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08:01
Mariupol destroyed, Bucha slaughtered,
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ืžืืจื™ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื”, ื‘ื•ืฆโ€™ื” ื ืฉื—ื˜ื”,
08:03
Kramatorsk train station massacred.
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ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืงืจืืžื˜ื•ืจืกืง ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื”.
08:07
And worse is yet to come.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš.
08:11
And these horrors are not from Poland in 1945.
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ื•ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-1945.
08:16
Not from Rwanda in 1994.
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ืœื ืžืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื‘-1994.
08:19
Not Aleppo 2016.
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ืœื ื—ืืœื‘ 2016.
08:22
This is Europe this week.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
08:27
How could this happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช?
08:30
How did we forget what evil can do?
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ืื™ืš ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืžื” ืจื•ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ?
08:35
We have lost the generation that saw World War II firsthand.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”-II ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื•.
ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจืช.
08:40
Otherwise we reserve absolute evil for fiction.
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08:53
In fables, they believe in true evil.
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ื‘ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืข ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:57
Good is harder to define.
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ.
08:59
There is no pure good.
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
09:01
If anyone says they know what pure good is,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
09:05
it's probably evil.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืจื•ืข.
09:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:13
In fantasy tales of hobbits and elves and dwarves,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ืžื“ื™ื,
09:20
there was an idea that good comes in different forms and shapes,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
09:25
often in conflict.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช.
09:26
But they had to be united when facing absolute evil.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืจื•ืข ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
09:30
Good will disagree.
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ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื.
09:31
Evil says, "No more disagreements ever."
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ื”ืจื•ืข ืื•ืžืจ, โ€œืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื.โ€
09:35
That was life in real Mordor, the Soviet Union.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื”โ€œืž.
09:39
That's what Putin wants for Russia and the world.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:47
We celebrated the end of the Cold War, but for too long,
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ื—ื’ื’ื ื• ืืช ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ.
ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืฉื”ืจื•ืข ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืžื•ืช.
09:51
we forgot that evil doesnโ€™t die.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ,
09:55
It can be buried for a while under the rubble of the Berlin Wall,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
10:00
but it grows back through the cracks of our apathy.
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10:07
We called it diplomacy
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื–ื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”
10:10
when Putin was embraced by the leaders of the free world
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ื›ืฉืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
10:14
as equal despite his crimes.
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ื›ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืคืฉืขื™ื•.
10:18
We called it engagement
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช
10:21
when we bought trillions of dollars in Russian oil and gas,
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ื›ืฉืจื›ืฉื ื• ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื•ื’ื– ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื,
10:25
money that built Putin's police state and his war machine.
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ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื•.
10:29
Let us call these things what they are:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื:
10:31
it was appeasement, it was collaboration.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ื ืคื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
10:37
These days, we prefer to focus on domestic issues.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคื ื™ื.
10:42
We argue about the past,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
10:43
we fantasize about the future
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ืžืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
10:45
while ignoring the present.
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ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื”.
10:51
Once the move is made
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื”ืœืš ืงื•ืจื”
10:53
you cannot change it.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
10:56
Acknowledge the wrongdoings of the past,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
10:58
but do not pretend it can be fixed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
11:02
It's the present that must be fixed.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืงื ื•.
11:06
The heroes of the past were far from perfect.
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ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
11:09
But the world we live in is better because of them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื.
11:12
We too cannot be perfect.
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
11:14
But we must always try to be better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:20
As a chess player,
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ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื—ืžื˜,
11:22
I know that strategy is the future impact of present decisions.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช,ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ืืฃ ืœืขืฉืจื” ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
11:27
However grand our plans are for two, five, even ten moves ahead,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืชื™ื“.
11:31
it's the move that we make now that determines that future.
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ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช
11:40
Ukraine is now on the front line of the war,
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11:44
global war of freedom against tyranny.
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช.
11:51
The war the free world didn't want to admit existed.
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื”.
11:56
It cannot be ignored any longer.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื” ืขื•ื“.
12:00
Brave Ukrainians
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ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื
12:02
are fighting like hell and dying right now
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ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ื•ืžืชื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
12:05
to remind us not to take liberty for granted.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•,
ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
12:08
Putin,
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ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
12:10
like every dictator before him,
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12:12
underestimated the free will of free people.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง,
12:20
They deserve every weapon,
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12:25
every resource
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื‘,
12:28
to win this war.
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ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
12:31
Because they're fighting for us.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
12:32
Not only for the whole and free Ukraine.
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
12:38
Everyone who told me a decade ago I was wrong,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”,
12:42
now is telling I'm right.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง.
12:44
Unfortunately.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ.
12:46
But we're still repeating the same mistakes
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
12:51
of thinking that we can muddle through
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ืขื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืขื ื–ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•
12:56
without taking risks, without taking a stand.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืขืžื“ื”.
13:00
The price of stopping a dictator always goes up with every delay,
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ, ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”,
ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ืก.
13:05
every hesitation.
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13:07
Meeting evil halfway,
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ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
13:09
it's still a victory for evil.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ืข.
13:12
Evil tempts us with our weakness,
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ื”ืจื•ืข ืžืคืชื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:15
with our desire for comfort, being comfortable,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื– ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื ื•ื—,
13:21
cautious, rational, civilized.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื™ื.
13:28
What kind of civilization [are we] fighting for,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื,
13:32
if we allow war crimes and genocide again?
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจืฆื— ืขื?
13:36
What kind of world are we leaving for our children and grandchildren
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ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•
13:42
if we only talk of the past and the future
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“
13:45
while ignoring murder and misery in the present?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืจืฆื— ื•ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”?
13:53
This is not chess.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื—ืžื˜.
13:56
This is not a battle between opposite colors,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื,
14:00
but of opposite values.
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ืืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื.
14:03
Freedom, life and love
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื”ื‘ื”
14:07
versus tyranny, death and hatred.
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ื ื’ื“ ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช, ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืื”.
14:12
This is not chess.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื—ืžื˜.
14:15
But sometimes things are black and white.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ.
14:19
Sometimes you have to fight for what you believe.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื.
14:23
Or you lose it.
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ืื• ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
14:25
This is not chess.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื—ืžื˜.
14:27
There are no draws, no compromises in our battle with true evil.
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ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•, ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
14:34
It's win or lose.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื— ืื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“.
14:37
And so we must fight.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื.
14:41
And so we must win.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืฆื—.
14:45
(Ukrainian) Slava Ukraini!
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(ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืช) ืกืœืื‘ื” ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™!
14:47
Glory to Ukraine.
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ื™ื—ื™ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”.
14:49
Glory to freedom.
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ื™ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
14:50
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
14:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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