Stand with Ukraine in the Fight against Evil | Garry Kasparov | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: 至磊Zi Le 黃Ng

Five years ago,

五年前，

I was on this stage

我曾經站在這個舞台上，

to talk about the relationships between humans and machines.

談人類和機器之間的關係。

Today, I'm here to talk only about the relationships between humans.

今天我在這裡， 只談人類之間的關係。

I regularly say

在我的人工智慧課程上，我常說，

in my lectures on artificial intelligence

that humans will always have a monopoly on evil.

邪惡永遠會是人類獨有的專利。

It's not a threat,

我不是在做威脅，

just a reminder that people choose.

我只是要提醒人們做選擇。

We are not algorithms.

我們不是演算法，

We are not bound by code or commandments or laws or treaties.

我們不會被規則、命令、 法則、協議給束縛。

We have them.

這些我們都有，

But we choose.

但我們會選擇。

So let us talk now about the choices we make.

那麼，現在讓我們來談談 我們做的選擇，

About things in black and white.

談談黑白分明的事，

About Russia's war on Ukraine.

談談俄羅斯對烏克蘭發動的戰爭，

And about good and evil.

也談談善惡。

My life experience prepared me to identify evil at an early age.

我的人生經歷讓我在年輕時 就能辨識邪惡。

Not my life as the chess player.

我指的不是我身為西洋棋手的人生，

Not even as the youngest world champion in history.

甚至也不是指我身為 史上最年輕世界冠軍的人生。

No.

不，我相關的經歷 來自我出生和成長的地方，

My relevant experience is where I was born and raised,

in what Ronald Reagan accurately called the “evil empire,”

雷根總統精確地稱為「邪惡帝國」，

the USSR.

就是蘇聯。

As a young star in the chess-crazed Soviet Union in the ’70s and ’80s,

在對西洋棋有所狂熱的蘇聯， 我在一九七○、八○年代是個新星，

I had many privileges my compatriots did not.

我擁有我同胞所沒有的許多特權：

I could travel to the West outside of the Iron Curtain,

我可以到鐵幕之外的西方，

where it was obvious to me very quickly

在那裡我很快就明顯看出，

that they were the free world and we were not,

他們才是自由世界，我們不是，

despite what communist propaganda told us.

儘管這和共產黨宣傳 告訴我們的不同。

I eventually got into trouble for sharing these views.

我後來因為分享這些觀點惹上麻煩，

What late American civil rights hero and Congressman John Lewis

已故的美國民權英雄及國會議員 約翰‧路易斯會說是「好的麻煩」。

would have called “good trouble.”

My criticism of the Soviet system

我對蘇聯體制的批評 以及對美國的讚揚已經夠糟了，

and my praise for America was bad enough.

But it was even worse because where it was published.

但刊登的管道還讓這一切火上加油。

[“Playboy” Interview: Garry Kasparov]

［《花花公子》訪談： 加里‧卡斯帕洛夫］（笑聲）

(Laughter)

My comments were almost as [much of] a scandal

我的評論幾乎可說是個醜聞，

as Soviet movie star Natalya Negoda’s nude photos in “Playboy” in the same year.

不輸給蘇聯影星娜塔莉亞‧內格達 同年在《花花公子》上的裸照。

I felt I had to speak out

我覺得我得公開發聲，

to use my fame to push the envelope of free speech

用我的名氣在戈巴契夫崩壞中的帝國 盡力推動言論自由的發展。

in Gorbachev's collapsing empire.

The next year, in October 1990,

隔年， 1990 年 10 月，

in my world championship match against Anatoly Karpov in New York City,

世界冠軍賽在紐約舉辦， 我對上阿納托利‧卡爾波夫，

I refused to play under Soviet hammer and sickle

我拒絕在蘇聯國旗之下比賽，

and demanded to play under Russian flag.

而是要求使用俄羅斯國旗。

The USSR staggered on for another year

蘇聯又再苟延殘喘了一年，

until it disintegrated on Christmas Day, 1991.

最終在 1991 年的聖誕節解體。

Oh, what a great moment in world history.

喔，那是世界史上多麼偉大的時刻。

How we celebrated,

我們大肆慶祝，

the evil empire had fallen, the future looked bright.

邪惡帝國隕落，未來看來一片光明。

And yet, eight years later, on December 31, 1999,

但是八年後，1999 年 12 月 31 日，

a former lieutenant colonel of the KGB became the president of Russia.

前國家安全委員會 KGB 中校 當上了俄羅斯的總統，

His name was Vladimir Putin.

他叫做弗拉迪米爾‧普丁。

How this happened

這件事的發生 是一個又長又痛苦的故事。

is a long, painful story.

And in fact, I wrote a book about it in 2015 called "Winter is Coming."

事實上，我在 2015 年 還為此寫了《凜冬將至》一書。

Not an original title, I have to admit.

我承認，這不是原創的書名，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But I'm a fan of "Game of Thrones."

但我是《權力遊戲》迷，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And also I felt it was appropriate because it was a warning.

而且我也覺得很適合， 因為它是一種警告。

The subtitle was more important:

副標題更重要：

"Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped."

《為什麼必須要阻止 普丁和自由世界的敵人》。

The publisher, by the way, didn't like it.

順道一提，出版商不太喜歡。

"Enemies."

「敵人」，太嚴厲了， 聽起來像冷戰。

It's too harsh.

Sounded like Cold War.

"Absolutely," I said.

「正是，」我說： 「凜冬將至，所以冷戰啊。」

"Cold War because winter is coming."

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Well, here we are, 17 years later.

現在我們到了十七年後，

And if I wrote a sequel,

如果我要寫續集，

it would be called “Winter Is Here.”

會叫做《凜冬已至》。

And the subtitle would be "I Bleeping Told You So."

而副標題會叫做 《我他 X 的告訴過你了》。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Actually, my first article of warning

事實上，我第一篇示警的文章

was published in “The Wall Street Journal”

刊載在 2001 年 1 月 4 日的 《華爾街日報》上。

on January 4, 2001.

I saw evil because I heard evil.

我能看到邪惡， 是因為我聽到了邪惡。

Putin was telling us what he was.

普丁一直告訴我們他的為人，

All we had to do was listen.

我們需要做的只有：聽。

When Putin said that there was no such thing as a former KGB agent,

當普丁說，沒有什麼前 KGB 特務，

I knew Russia's fragile democracy was in danger.

我就知道，

俄羅斯脆弱的民主有危險了；

When Putin said that the collapse of the Soviet Union

當普丁說，

蘇聯解體是二十世紀 最大的地緣政治災難，

was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century,

I knew Russia’s newly independent neighbors were at risk.

我就知道，

俄羅斯那些剛獨立的鄰國有危險了；

And when Putin talked at the Munich Security Conference in 2007

當普丁在 2007 年的 慕尼黑安全會議上

about a return to spheres of influence,

談到返回勢力範圍時，

I knew he was ready to launch his plan.

我就知道他準備好發動他的計畫了。

It was the language from the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939.

那個說辭來自於 1939 年《德蘇互不侵犯條約》，

The language Hitler and Stalin used to divide Europe.

希特勒和史達林 用來瓜分歐洲的說辭。

And a year later, in 2008,

一年後，2008 年，

Putin invaded the Republic of Georgia.

普丁入侵喬治亞。

2014, Ukraine.

2014 年，烏克蘭。

It's a paradox, isn't it?

很矛盾，不是嗎？

Dictators lie about everything they have done,

獨裁者對他們曾經 做過的一切都會說謊，

but often they tell us exactly what they're going to do.

但他們通常會明確告訴我們 他們將要做什麼，

Just listen.

去聽就知道了。

Anyone who is surprised at Putin's war crimes in Ukraine

如果你對於普丁在烏克蘭 所犯下的戰爭罪感到驚訝，

must not be aware about his long record,

那你一定不知道他罄竹難書的罪行，

beginning with the Second Chechen War in Grozny more than two decades ago.

從二十多年前格羅茲尼的 第二次車臣戰爭開始。

Vladimir Putin has been a war criminal from the start.

打從一開始，普丁就是個戰犯。

So in 2005, still being ranked number one,

2005 年，我仍排名世界第一，

I retired from professional chess

但我決定從職業西洋棋界退休，

to form a pro-democracy, anti-Putin movement in Russia.

在俄羅斯組織一場 支持民主、反對普丁的運動。

As you could see, it didn't go so well.

各位可以看到，運動並不順利。

But it was not about winning or losing.

但重點不是輸贏，

I knew it was my moral duty

我知道我有道德責任

in keeping with the slogan of Soviet dissidents:

去遵循蘇聯異見人士的標語：

"Do what you must and so be it."

「做好本分，順其自然。」

Ah, my friends and critics both kept telling me,

我的朋友和批評我的人 都一直告訴我：

"Gary, you are a chess player, you're not a politician.

「加里，你是棋手，你不是政治家。

This is not chess.

這不是西洋棋，

You see everything in black and white.

你看待一切都黑白分明，

Politics are gray.

但政治是灰色的，

You have to compromise."

你得妥協。」

Really?

真的嗎？

Those who peacefully marched with me for free Russia

和我一起為了自由的俄羅斯 而和平遊行的那些人，

are either in exile, like me.

若不是像我一樣被放逐，

Or in jail, like Alexei Navalny.

就是像阿列克謝‧納瓦尼 一樣在坐牢，

Or even murdered like Boris Nemtsov.

甚至是像鮑里斯‧涅姆佐夫 一樣被謀殺。

Compromise?

妥協？

Not black and white?

不黑白分明？

Are you sure?

你確定嗎？

Compromise with this?

和這個妥協？

You cannot look at the images from Ukraine in recent weeks

你不可能看著 最近幾週烏克蘭的照片，

and say there is no pure evil.

還說沒有純粹的邪惡！

Mariupol destroyed, Bucha slaughtered,

馬里烏波爾的毀壞、布查的殺戮、

Kramatorsk train station massacred.

克拉莫托斯克火車站的大屠殺，

And worse is yet to come.

而且更糟的還沒到呢。

And these horrors are not from Poland in 1945.

這些恐怖的事件 並非來自 1945 年的波蘭，

Not from Rwanda in 1994.

並非來自 1994 年的盧安達，

Not Aleppo 2016.

並非來自 2016 年的阿勒坡，

This is Europe this week.

這是這週的歐洲。

How could this happen?

這種事怎麼能發生？

How did we forget what evil can do?

我們怎麼會忘記邪惡會做出什麼？

We have lost the generation that saw World War II firsthand.

親眼目睹二戰的世代已經離開人世，

Otherwise we reserve absolute evil for fiction.

我們反而把絕對的邪惡留在小說中。

In fables, they believe in true evil.

寓言故事中有真正的邪惡。

Good is harder to define.

善卻很難定義，

There is no pure good.

世上沒有純粹的善。

If anyone says they know what pure good is,

如果有人說他知道純粹的善是什麼，

it's probably evil.

他很可能就是邪惡的。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

In fantasy tales of hobbits and elves and dwarves,

在哈比人、精靈、矮人的 奇幻故事中，

there was an idea that good comes in different forms and shapes,

有個想法是： 善會有不同的形式和樣貌，

often in conflict.

通常會有衝突，

But they had to be united when facing absolute evil.

但在面對絕對的邪惡時， 他們必須要團結起來。

Good will disagree.

善，就會意見不一；

Evil says, "No more disagreements ever."

邪惡才會說：「再也沒有歧見了。」

That was life in real Mordor, the Soviet Union.

那就是真實的魔多——蘇聯的生活，

That's what Putin wants for Russia and the world.

那就是普丁對俄羅斯及世界的期望。

We celebrated the end of the Cold War, but for too long,

我們慶祝冷戰結束， 但慶祝得太久了，

we forgot that evil doesn’t die.

我們忘了邪惡不會消失。

It can be buried for a while under the rubble of the Berlin Wall,

它可以被深埋在柏林圍牆的 瓦礫堆下好一陣子，

but it grows back through the cracks of our apathy.

但它會透過我們 懈怠的縫隙再次成長。

We called it diplomacy

我們用「外交」來形容

when Putin was embraced by the leaders of the free world

自由世界的領導人對普丁張開雙臂，

as equal despite his crimes.

與他平等交流，不顧他的罪行；

We called it engagement

我們用「往來」來形容

when we bought trillions of dollars in Russian oil and gas,

我們花數兆美金向俄羅斯 購買石油和天然氣，

money that built Putin's police state and his war machine.

這些錢被用來建造 普丁的警察國家和戰爭機器。

Let us call these things what they are:

我們就直呼其名吧：

it was appeasement, it was collaboration.

那就是姑息，那就是合作。

These days, we prefer to focus on domestic issues.

這陣子，我們比較想 把焦點放在國內的議題上。

We argue about the past,

我們爭論過去，幻想未來；

we fantasize about the future

while ignoring the present.

可是，

卻忽略了現在。

Once the move is made

走出一步棋之後，

you cannot change it.

你就不能改變它了。

Acknowledge the wrongdoings of the past,

承認過去犯下的錯誤，

but do not pretend it can be fixed.

但不要假裝過去可以修正，

It's the present that must be fixed.

要修正的是現在。

The heroes of the past were far from perfect.

過去的英雄一點也不完美，

But the world we live in is better because of them.

但他們讓我們的世界變得更好了。

We too cannot be perfect.

我們也不可能是完美的，

But we must always try to be better.

但我們一定要一直嘗試做得更好。

As a chess player,

身為棋手，

I know that strategy is the future impact of present decisions.

我知道策略就是 現在的決策對未來的影響。

However grand our plans are for two, five, even ten moves ahead,

不論我們的計畫有多宏大， 算到兩步、五步甚至十步棋之後，

it's the move that we make now that determines that future.

未來是由我們現在 要走的這一步棋所決定。

Ukraine is now on the front line of the war,

烏克蘭現在在戰爭的前線，

global war of freedom against tyranny.

自由對抗專制的全球戰爭。

The war the free world didn't want to admit existed.

自由世界不想承認這場戰爭的存在，

It cannot be ignored any longer.

但不能再忽視它了。

Brave Ukrainians

勇敢的烏克蘭人 現在正在賭上性命浴血奮戰，

are fighting like hell and dying right now

to remind us not to take liberty for granted.

提醒我們不要把自由視為理所當然。

Putin,

普丁，

like every dictator before him,

和他之前的所有獨裁者一樣，

underestimated the free will of free people.

低估了自由的人民追求自由的意志。

They deserve every weapon,

他們應該得到所有武器和資源

every resource

to win this war.

來打贏這場仗，

Because they're fighting for us.

因為他們在為我們而戰，

Not only for the whole and free Ukraine.

不只是為了完整自由的烏克蘭。

Everyone who told me a decade ago I was wrong,

十年前說我錯的每一個人 現在都說我是對的，

now is telling I'm right.

Unfortunately.

這很不幸。

But we're still repeating the same mistakes

但我們仍然在重蹈覆轍，

of thinking that we can muddle through

認為我們可以混過去，

without taking risks, without taking a stand.

不用承擔風險，不用選擇立場。

The price of stopping a dictator always goes up with every delay,

阻止獨裁者的代價一定會 隨著每次拖延、猶豫而越來越高。

every hesitation.

Meeting evil halfway,

和邪惡達成妥協仍然算是邪惡獲勝。

it's still a victory for evil.

Evil tempts us with our weakness,

邪惡會利用我們的弱點來誘惑我們，

with our desire for comfort, being comfortable,

利用我們對舒適的渴望，

利用我們對舒適、謹慎、 理性、愜意的渴望。

cautious, rational, civilized.

What kind of civilization [are we] fighting for,

如果我們再次容許 戰爭罪和種族滅絕，

if we allow war crimes and genocide again?

我們要為什麼樣的文明而戰？

What kind of world are we leaving for our children and grandchildren

我們會留給我們的子孫 什麼樣的世界，

if we only talk of the past and the future

如果我們只談過去和未來，

while ignoring murder and misery in the present?

卻忽視現在的殺戮和不幸？

This is not chess.

這不是西洋棋，

This is not a battle between opposite colors,

在交戰的不是不同的顏色，

but of opposite values.

而是相反的價值觀：

Freedom, life and love

自由、生命、愛，

versus tyranny, death and hatred.

對抗專制、死亡、恨。

This is not chess.

這不是西洋棋，

But sometimes things are black and white.

但有時事情就是黑白分明。

Sometimes you have to fight for what you believe.

有時，你得為信念而戰，

Or you lose it.

不然就會失去它。

This is not chess.

這不是西洋棋，

There are no draws, no compromises in our battle with true evil.

在我們對抗真正邪惡的戰爭中 是沒有平手和妥協的，

It's win or lose.

不是贏就是輸。

And so we must fight.

所以我們必須要挺身而戰，

And so we must win.

所以我們必須要贏。

(Ukrainian) Slava Ukraini!

（烏克蘭語）榮光歸烏克蘭！

Glory to Ukraine.

榮光歸烏克蘭，

Glory to freedom.

榮光歸自由。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）