Inside the black hole image that made history | Sheperd Doeleman

3,053,856 views ใƒป 2019-05-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Chris Anderson: Shep, thank you so much for coming.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืฉืคืจื“, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืืช.
00:15
I think your plane landed literally two hours ago in Vancouver.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœืš ื ื—ืช ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ.
00:19
Such a treat to have you.
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ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืœืืจื— ืื•ืชืš.
00:21
So, talk us through how do you get from Einstein's equation to a black hole?
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ืื–, ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ?
00:27
Sheperd Doeleman: Over 100 years ago,
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ืฉืคืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืžืŸ: ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื”,
00:29
Einstein came up with this geometric theory of gravity
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
00:32
which deforms space-time.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
00:34
So, matter deforms space-time,
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ืื–, ืžืกื” ืžืขืงืžืช ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
00:36
and then space-time tells matter in turn how to move around it.
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ื•ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžืกื” ืื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
00:39
And you can get enough matter into a small enough region
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืก ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืกื” ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงื˜ืŸ
00:42
that it punctures space-time,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
00:45
and that even light can't escape,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—,
00:46
the force of gravity keeps even light inside.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:49
CA: And so, before that, the reason the Earth moves around the Sun
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ื›"ื: ืื ื›ืš, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
00:52
is not because the Sun is pulling the Earth as we think,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
00:54
but it's literally changed the shape of space
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•
00:57
so that we just sort of fall around the Sun.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:59
SD: Exactly, the geometry of space-time
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ืฉ"ื“: ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ
01:01
tells the Earth how to move around the Sun.
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ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:03
You're almost seeing a black hole puncture through space-time,
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ืืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื•ืื” ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื ืงื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ
01:06
and when it goes so deeply in,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
01:08
then there's a point at which light orbits the black hole.
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ืื– ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
01:12
CA: And so that's, I guess, is what's happening here.
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
01:14
This is not an image,
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ื–ื• ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื”,
01:15
this is a computer simulation of what we always thought,
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ื–ื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•,
01:18
like, the event horizon around the black hole.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
01:21
SD: Until last week, we had no idea what a black hole really looked like.
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ืฉ"ื“: ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื”.
01:25
The best we could do were simulations like this in supercomputers,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื–ื•, ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ืขืœ,
01:29
but even here you see this ring of light,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•,
01:31
which is the orbit of photons.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
01:33
That's where photons literally move around the black hole,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
01:36
and around that is this hot gas that's drawn to the black hole,
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ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื—ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
01:39
and it's hot because of friction.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
01:41
All this gas is trying to get into a very small volume, so it heats up.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ืœื ืคื— ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืžื.
01:45
CA: A few years ago, you embarked on this mission
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ื›"ื: ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”
01:47
to try and actually image one of these things.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:50
And I guess you took --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืœืงื—ืช --
01:52
you focused on this galaxy way out there.
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ื”ืชืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:54
Tell us about this galaxy.
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ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:56
SD: This is the galaxy --
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ืฉ"ื“: ื–ื• ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” --
01:58
we're going to zoom into the galaxy M87, it's 55 million light-years away.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” M87, ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 55 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ืžื›ืืŸ.
02:02
CA: Fifty-five million.
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ื›"ื: ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื-ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
02:03
SD: Which is a long way.
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ืฉ"ื“: ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.
02:05
And at its heart,
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ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
02:07
there's a six-and-a-half-billion- solar-mass black hole.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื”-ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืกื”-ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
02:09
That's hard for us to really fathom, right?
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ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:12
Six and a half billion suns compressed into a single point.
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ืฉืฉ-ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช.
02:16
And it's governing some of the energetics of the center of this galaxy.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:21
CA: But even though that thing is so huge, because it's so far away,
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขืฆื•ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง,
02:24
to actually dream of getting an image of it,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•,
02:27
that's incredibly hard.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
02:28
The resolution would be incredible that you need.
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ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
02:31
SD: Black holes are the smallest objects in the known universe.
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ืฉ"ื“: ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•.
02:34
But they have these outsize effects on whole galaxies.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
02:37
But to see one,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“,
02:38
you would need to build a telescope as large as the Earth,
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:41
because the black hole that we're looking at
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
02:43
gives off copious radio waves.
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ืคื•ืœื˜ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™-ืจื“ื™ื•.
02:44
It's emitting all the time.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:46
CA: And that's exactly what you did.
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ื›"ื: ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช.
02:47
SD: Exactly. What you're seeing here
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ืฉ"ื“: ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
02:49
is we used telescopes all around the world,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:51
we synchronized them perfectly with atomic clocks,
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ืกื ื›ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
02:54
so they received the light waves from this black hole,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืงืœื˜ื• ื’ืœื™-ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:56
and then we stitched all of that data together to make an image.
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ื•ืื– ืชืคืจื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื”.
03:00
CA: To do that
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ื›"ื: ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
03:03
the weather had to be right
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ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืื™ื
03:04
in all of those locations at the same time,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:06
so you could actually get a clear view.
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ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
03:08
SD: We had to get lucky in a lot of different ways.
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ืฉ"ื“: ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื.
03:11
And sometimes, it's better to be lucky than good.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ-ืžื–ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:14
In this case, we were both, I like to think.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
03:16
But light had to come from the black hole.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:19
It had to come through intergalactic space,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ืœืงื˜ื™,
03:23
through the Earth's atmosphere, where water vapor can absorb it,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืื“ื™-ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•,
03:27
and everything worked out perfectly,
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื,
03:29
the size of the Earth at that wavelength of light,
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:31
one millimeter wavelength,
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ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“,
03:33
was just right to resolve that black hole, 55 million light-years away.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 55 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ืžื›ืืŸ.
03:37
The universe was telling us what to do.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:40
CA: So you started capturing huge amounts of data.
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื ืœืชืขื“ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
03:43
I think this is like half the data from just one telescope.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืื—ื“.
03:46
SD: Yeah, this is one of the members of our team, Lindy Blackburn,
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ืฉ"ื“: ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืงื‘ืจืŸ,
03:49
and he's sitting with half the data
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
03:51
recorded at the Large Millimeter Telescope,
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ืฉืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค Large Millimeter,
03:53
which is atop a 15,000-foot mountain in Mexico.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 4,500 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
03:56
And what he's holding there is about half a petabyte.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืคื˜ืื‘ื™ื™ื˜.
03:59
Which, to put it in terms that we might understand,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
04:03
it's about 5,000 people's lifetime selfie budget.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืœืคื™ ืฉืœ 5,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
04:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:09
CA: It's a lot of data.
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ื›"ื: ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:10
So this was all shipped, you couldn't send this over the internet.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืœ, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:13
All this data was shipped to one place
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
04:15
and the massive computer effort began to try and analyze it.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชื•.
04:19
And you didn't really know
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื“ืขืชื
04:20
what you were going to see coming out of this.
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ืžื” ื™ืฆื ืžื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:23
SD: The way this technique works that we used --
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ืฉ"ื“: ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช --
04:25
imagine taking an optical mirror and smashing it
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื ืคืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื”
04:28
and putting all the shards in different places.
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ื•ืื– ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:30
The way a normal mirror works
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžืจืื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
04:32
is the light rays bounce off the surface, which is perfect,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง.
04:35
and they focus in a certain point at the same time.
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ื•ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:38
We take all these recordings,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
04:40
and with atomic clock precision
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™
04:41
we align them perfectly, later in a supercomputer.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ืขืœ.
04:45
And we recreate kind of an Earth-sized lens.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื“ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:47
And the only way to do that is to bring the data back by plane.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก.
04:50
You can't beat the bandwidth of a 747 filled with hard discs.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืคืก ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก 747 ืžืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื.
04:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:55
CA: And so, I guess a few weeks or a few months ago,
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ื›"ื: ืื–, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:58
on a computer screen somewhere,
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ืขืœ ืžืกืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื,
04:59
this started to come into view.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
05:03
This moment.
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ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”.
05:04
SD: Well, it took a long time.
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ืฉ"ื“: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
05:06
CA: I mean, look at this.
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ื›"ื: ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
05:09
That was it.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”.
05:11
That was the first image.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
05:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:18
So tell us what we're really looking at there.
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ืื– ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
05:20
SD: I still love it.
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ืฉ"ื“: ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:25
So what you're seeing is that last orbit of photons.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
05:29
You're seeing Einstein's geometry laid bare.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืคื”.
05:32
The puncture in space-time is so deep
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืง
05:35
that light moves around in orbit,
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ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ,
05:37
so that light behind the black hole, as I think we'll see soon,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘,
05:40
moves around and comes to us on these parallel lines
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ื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•
05:43
at exactly that orbit.
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ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
05:44
It turns out, that orbit is the square root of 27
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ 27
05:49
times just a handful of fundamental constants.
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ื›ืคื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ ื™ืกื•ื“.
05:52
It's extraordinary when you think about it.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:54
CA: When ...
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ื›"ื: ื›ืฉ...
05:56
In my head, initially, when I thought of black holes,
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™, ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
05:59
I'm thinking that is the event horizon,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื,
06:01
there's lots of matter and light whirling around in that shape.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกื” ื•ืื•ืจ ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:05
But it's actually more complicated than that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
06:08
Well, talk us through this animation, because it's light being lensed around it.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืชืขืงืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
06:12
SD: You'll see here that some light from behind it gets lensed,
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ืฉ"ื“: ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืžืชืขืงืœ,
06:16
and some light does a loop-the-loop around the entire orbit of the black hole.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
06:20
But when you get enough light
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ืืš ื›ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ืจ
06:22
from all this hot gas swirling around the black hole,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื—ื ืฉืžืกืชื—ืจืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
06:24
then you wind up seeing all of these light rays
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•
06:27
come together on this screen,
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ืžืชืจื›ื–ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
06:29
which is a stand-in for where you and I are.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
06:31
And you see the definition of this ring begin to come into shape.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ื“.
06:36
And that's what Einstein predicted over 100 years ago.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื”.
06:40
CA: Yeah, that is amazing.
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ื›"ื: ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
06:42
So tell us more about what we're actually looking at here.
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ืื– ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
06:48
First of all, why is part of it brighter than the rest?
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืœืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืืจ?
06:50
SD: So what's happening is that the black hole is spinning.
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ืฉ"ื“: ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
06:54
And you wind up with some of the gas moving towards us below
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื– ื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื ื• ืœืžื˜ื”
06:57
and receding from us on the top.
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ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”.
06:59
And just as the train whistle has a higher pitch
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:02
when it's coming towards you,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื™ืš,
07:03
there's more energy from the gas coming towards us than going away from us.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ื’ื– ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื ื• ืžืืฉืจ ืžื”ื’ื– ื”ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืืชื ื•.
07:07
You see the bottom part brighter
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:08
because the light is actually being boosted in our direction.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืืฅ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:12
CA: And how physically big is that?
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ื›"ื: ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช?
07:14
SD: Our entire solar system would fit well within that dark region.
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ืฉ"ื“: ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
07:20
And if I may,
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ื•ืื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื™,
07:22
that dark region is the signature of the event horizon.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
07:26
The reason we don't see light from there,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื,
07:28
is that the light that would come to us from that place
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:30
was swallowed by the event horizon.
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ื ื‘ืœืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
07:32
So that -- that's it.
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ืื– -- ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
07:34
CA: And so when we think of a black hole,
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
07:36
you think of these huge rays jetting out of it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
07:39
which are pointed directly in our direction.
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ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:41
Why don't we see them?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ?
07:42
SD: This is a very powerful black hole.
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ืฉ"ื“: ื–ื” ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
07:44
Not by universal standards, it's still powerful,
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ืœื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
07:48
and from the north and south poles of this black hole
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ื•ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:50
we think that jets are coming.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
07:52
Now, we're too close to really see all the jet structure,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื,
07:56
but it's the base of those jets that are illuminating the space-time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืžืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
07:59
And that's what's being bent around the black hole.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืขืงืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
08:03
CA: And if you were in a spaceship whirling around that thing somehow,
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ื›"ื: ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืžืกืชื—ืจืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•,
08:07
how long would it take to actually go around it?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•?
08:09
SD: First, I would give anything to be in that spaceship.
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ืฉ"ื“: ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
08:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:14
Sign me up.
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ืชืจืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื™.
08:16
Thereโ€™s something called the -- if I can get wonky for one moment --
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื -- ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืจื’ืข--
08:19
the innermost stable circular orbit,
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:21
that's the innermost orbit at which matter can move around a black hole
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ืžืกื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื•ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
08:25
before it spirals in.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืฉืื‘ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”.
08:26
And for this black hole, it's going to be between three days and about a month.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ืจื›ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
08:32
CA: It's so powerful, it's weirdly slow at one level.
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ื›"ื: ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™, ื–ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ืื—ืช.
08:35
I mean, you wouldn't even notice
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื ืœื‘
08:38
falling into that event horizon if you were there.
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ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื.
08:42
SD: So you may have heard of "spaghettification,"
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ืฉ"ื“: ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ "ืกืคื’ื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”",
08:45
where you fall into a black hole
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ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
08:46
and the gravitational field on your feet is much stronger than on your head,
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ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื’ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœืš,
08:50
so you're ripped apart.
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื” ื ืงืจืข ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื.
08:51
This black hole is so big
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
08:54
that you're not going to become a spaghetti noodle.
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ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ืกืคื’ื˜ื™.
08:57
You're just going to drift right through that event horizon.
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ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื—ืฃ ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืง ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
09:00
CA: So, it's like a giant tornado.
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ืขืฆื•ื.
09:02
When Dorothy was whipped by a tornado, she ended up in Oz.
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ื›ืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ ื ืกื—ืคื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื•ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขื•ืฅ.
09:05
Where do you end up if you fall into a black hole?
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ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข ืื ืชื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ?
09:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:09
SD: Vancouver.
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ืฉ"ื“: ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ.
09:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:13
CA: Oh, my God.
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ื›"ื: ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
09:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:16
It's the red circle, that's terrifying.
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ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
09:20
No, really.
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ืœื, ื‘ืืžืช.
09:21
SD: Black holes really are the central mystery of our age,
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ืฉ"ื“: ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื•,
09:25
because that's where the quantum world and the gravitational world come together.
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ื›ื™ ืฉื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื.
09:29
What's inside is a singularity.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื–ืืช ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
09:30
And that's where all the forces become unified,
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ื•ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื,
09:33
because gravity finally is strong enough to compete with all the other forces.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช.
09:37
But it's hidden from us,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืชืจ ืžืืชื ื•,
09:39
the universe has cloaked it in the ultimate invisibility cloak.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
09:43
So we don't know what happens in there.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
09:45
CA: So there's a smaller one of these in our own galaxy.
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:47
Can we go back to our own beautiful galaxy?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ื•?
09:49
This is the Milky Way, this is home.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
09:51
And somewhere in the middle of that there's another one,
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“,
09:54
which you're trying to find as well.
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ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื.
09:56
SD: We already know it's there, and we've already taken data on it.
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ืฉ"ื“: ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืขื“ื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
09:59
And we're working on those data right now.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ืขืช.
10:01
So we hope to have something in the near future, I can't say when.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืชื™.
10:05
CA: It's way closer but also a lot smaller,
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ื›"ื: ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ,
10:07
maybe the similar kind of size to what we saw?
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•?
10:09
SD: Right. So it turns out that the black hole in M87,
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ืฉ"ื“: ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื– ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘M87,
10:13
that we saw before,
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
10:14
is six and a half billion solar masses.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืกื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
10:16
But it's so far away that it appears a certain size.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
10:20
The black hole in the center of our galaxy is a thousand times less massive,
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ,
10:23
but also a thousand times closer.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘.
10:25
So it looks the same angular size on the sky.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
10:29
CA: Finally, I guess, a nod to a remarkable group of people.
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ื›"ื: ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:32
Who are these guys?
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ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
10:33
SD: So these are only some of the team.
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ืฉ"ื“: ืื– ืืœื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
10:36
We marveled at the resonance that this image has had.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืคืขืœื ื• ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื”.
10:42
If you told me that it would be above the fold in all of these newspapers,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:45
I'm not sure I would have believed you, but it was.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœืš, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
10:48
Because this is a great mystery,
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ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
10:49
and it's inspiring for us, and I hope it's inspiring to everyone.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื.
10:53
But the more important thing is that this is just a small number of the team.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช.
10:57
We're 200 people strong with 60 institutes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื 200 ืื™ืฉ ืž60 ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
10:59
and 20 countries and regions.
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ื•-20 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช.
11:01
If you want to build a global telescope you need a global team.
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
11:04
And this technique that we use of linking telescopes around the world
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:08
kind of effortlessly sidesteps some of the issues that divide us.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืงืคืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
11:13
And as scientists, we naturally come together to do something like this.
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ื•ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
11:17
CA: Wow, boy, that's inspiring for our whole team this week.
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ื›"ื: ื•ืื•ื•, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
11:21
Shep, thank you so much for what you did and for coming here.
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ืฉืคืจื“, ืžืžืฉ ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืืช ืœื›ืืŸ.
11:24
SD: Thank you.
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ืฉ"ื“: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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