Inside the black hole image that made history | Sheperd Doeleman

Prevoditelj: Gordan Prakiš Recezent: Sanda Liker

Chris Anderson: Shep, thank you so much for coming.

Chris Anderson: Shep, puno ti hvala što si došao.

I think your plane landed literally two hours ago in Vancouver.

Čini mi se da je tvoj avion sletio prije dva sata u Vancouveru.

Such a treat to have you.

Užitak je imati te ovdje.

So, talk us through how do you get from Einstein's equation to a black hole?

Dakle, ispričaj nam kojim putem doći od Einsteinove formule do crne rupe.

Sheperd Doeleman: Over 100 years ago,

Sheperd Doeleman: Prije više od 100 godina

Einstein came up with this geometric theory of gravity

Einstein je postavio geometrijsku teoriju gravitacije

which deforms space-time.

koja mijenja prostor-vrijeme.

So, matter deforms space-time,

Dakle, tvar mijenja prostor-vrijeme

and then space-time tells matter in turn how to move around it.

i tada zauzvrat prostor-vrijeme govori tvari kako se kretati.

And you can get enough matter into a small enough region

Možete staviti dovoljno tvari u dovoljno malo područje

that it punctures space-time,

tako da probije prostor-vrijeme

and that even light can't escape,

i tada čak niti svjetlost ne može pobjeći,

the force of gravity keeps even light inside.

gravitacijska sila zadržava čak i svjetlost unutra.

CA: And so, before that, the reason the Earth moves around the Sun

CA: Dakle, prije toga, razlog zašto se Zemlja okreće oko Sunca

is not because the Sun is pulling the Earth as we think,

nije bio zbog toga što Sunce vuče Zemlju kao što mislimo,

but it's literally changed the shape of space

nego doslovce mijenja oblik prostora

tako da na neki način padamo oko Sunca.

so that we just sort of fall around the Sun.

SD: Exactly, the geometry of space-time

SD: Upravo tako, geometrija prostor-vremena

govori Zemlji kako se kretati oko Sunca.

tells the Earth how to move around the Sun.

You're almost seeing a black hole puncture through space-time,

Gotovo vidite kako crna rupa probija prostor-vrijeme

and when it goes so deeply in,

i kada u njega duboko uđe,

then there's a point at which light orbits the black hole.

to je točka u kojoj svjetlost kruži oko crne rupe.

CA: And so that's, I guess, is what's happening here.

CA: Dakle to je, čini mi se, ono što se ovdje događa.

This is not an image,

Ovo nije fotografija,

this is a computer simulation of what we always thought,

ovo je računalna simulacija onoga što smo oduvijek mislili,

like, the event horizon around the black hole.

kao, horizont događaja oko crne rupe.

SD: Until last week, we had no idea what a black hole really looked like.

SD: Do prije prošlog tjedna nismo imali pojma kako crna rupa zbilja izgleda.

The best we could do were simulations like this in supercomputers,

Najbolje što smo mogli su bile simulacije kao ova putem superračunala,

but even here you see this ring of light,

ali čak i ovdje vidite ovaj prsten svjetlosti

which is the orbit of photons.

koji je orbita fotona.

That's where photons literally move around the black hole,

Tu se fotoni doslovno kreću oko crne rupe

and around that is this hot gas that's drawn to the black hole,

i oko toga je vrući plin koji privlači crna rupa,

and it's hot because of friction.

a vruć je zbog trenja.

All this gas is trying to get into a very small volume, so it heats up.

Sav taj plin pokušava ući u vrlo mali volumen i zato se zagrijava.

CA: A few years ago, you embarked on this mission

CA: Prije nekoliko godina započeli ste misiju

to try and actually image one of these things.

kako biste pokušali uslikati jednu od tih stvari.

And I guess you took --

Mislim da ste,

you focused on this galaxy way out there.

fokusirali ste se na jednu jako udaljenu galaksiju.

Tell us about this galaxy.

Reci nam nešto o toj galaksiji.

SD: This is the galaxy --

SD: To je galaksija -

we're going to zoom into the galaxy M87, it's 55 million light-years away.

zumirat ćemo galaksiju M87, ona je udaljena 55 milijuna svjetlosnih godina.

CA: Fifty-five million.

CA: 55 milijuna.

SD: Which is a long way.

SD: Što je daleki put.

And at its heart,

I u njenom središtu

there's a six-and-a-half-billion- solar-mass black hole.

nalazi se crna rupa mase šest i pol milijardi masa Sunca.

That's hard for us to really fathom, right?

To nam je zaista teško dokučiti, zar ne?

Six and a half billion suns compressed into a single point.

Šest i pol milijardi Sunaca zbijenih u jednu točku.

And it's governing some of the energetics of the center of this galaxy.

I upravlja energijom centra galaksije.

CA: But even though that thing is so huge, because it's so far away,

CA: Ali čak i ako je toliko ogromna, zato što je toliko udaljena

to actually dream of getting an image of it,

sanjati da je uslikamo,

that's incredibly hard.

to je nevjerojatno teško.

The resolution would be incredible that you need.

Bila bi potrebna nevjerojatna rezolucija.

SD: Black holes are the smallest objects in the known universe.

SD: Crne rupe su najmanji objekti u poznatom svemiru.

But they have these outsize effects on whole galaxies.

Ali imaju jako veliki efekt na cijele galaksije.

But to see one,

Ali za vidjeti je

you would need to build a telescope as large as the Earth,

morali biste napraviti teleskop veličine Zemlje

because the black hole that we're looking at

zato što nam crna rupa koju gledamo

gives off copious radio waves.

daje ogromne radio valove.

It's emitting all the time.

Emitira ih cijelo vrijeme.

CA: And that's exactly what you did.

CA: To je upravo ono što ste napravili.

SD: Exactly. What you're seeing here

SD: Tako je. Ovo što vidite:

is we used telescopes all around the world,

Koristili smo teleskope iz cijelog svijeta,

we synchronized them perfectly with atomic clocks,

savršeno ih sinkronizirali s atomskim satovima,

so they received the light waves from this black hole,

tako da su primili svjetlosne valove iz te crne rupe

and then we stitched all of that data together to make an image.

i tada smo spojili sve podatke zajedno kako bismo kreirali fotografiju.

CA: To do that

CA: Kako biste to napravili,

the weather had to be right

vrijeme je moralo biti povoljno

in all of those locations at the same time,

na svim tim lokacijama u isto vrijeme

so you could actually get a clear view.

kako biste imali bistri pogled.

SD: We had to get lucky in a lot of different ways.

SD: Morali smo imati sreće na mnogo razina.

And sometimes, it's better to be lucky than good.

A ponekad je bolje imati sreće nego pameti.

In this case, we were both, I like to think.

U ovom slučaju mislim da smo imali oboje.

But light had to come from the black hole.

Ali svjetlost je morala doći iz crne rupe.

It had to come through intergalactic space,

Morala je doći kroz intergalaktički prostor,

through the Earth's atmosphere, where water vapor can absorb it,

kroz Zemljinu atmosferu gdje ju je vodena para mogla apsorbirati,

and everything worked out perfectly,

i sve se savršeno poklopilo,

the size of the Earth at that wavelength of light,

veličina Zemlje na toj valnoj duljini svjetlosti,

one millimeter wavelength,

jedan milimetar valne duljine,

was just right to resolve that black hole, 55 million light-years away.

bilo je taman dovoljno kako bi otkrilo tu crnu rupu udaljenu 55 milijuna svjetlosnih godina.

The universe was telling us what to do.

Svemir nam je govorio što moramo učiniti.

CA: So you started capturing huge amounts of data.

CA: Dakle počeli ste primati velike količine podataka.

I think this is like half the data from just one telescope.

Mislim da je ovo polovica podataka iz samo jednog teleskopa.

SD: Yeah, this is one of the members of our team, Lindy Blackburn,

SD: Da, ovo je jedan od članova našeg tima, Lindy Blackburn,

and he's sitting with half the data

i pokazuje polovicu podataka

recorded at the Large Millimeter Telescope,

snimljenih teleskopom Large Millimeter

which is atop a 15,000-foot mountain in Mexico.

koji se nalazi na 4,5 kilometarskoj planini u Meksiku.

And what he's holding there is about half a petabyte.

I pokazuje pola petabajta podataka.

Which, to put it in terms that we might understand,

Što je, da stavimo u razumljivi termin,

it's about 5,000 people's lifetime selfie budget.

količina cjeloživotnih selfija 5000 osoba.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

CA: It's a lot of data.

To je mnogo podataka.

So this was all shipped, you couldn't send this over the internet.

Dakle, ovo je sve poslano brodom, niste to mogli poslati preko interneta.

All this data was shipped to one place

Svi ovi podaci su poslani na jedno mjesto

and the massive computer effort began to try and analyze it.

i počeo je masovni napor računala kako bi ih analizirali.

And you didn't really know

I niste mogli znati

what you were going to see coming out of this.

što ćete vidjeti kao krajnji rezultat.

SD: The way this technique works that we used --

SD: Način na koji ova tehnika radi je -

imagine taking an optical mirror and smashing it

zamislite da uzmete optičko zrcalo i razbijete ga

and putting all the shards in different places.

i stavite sve komadiće na različita mjesta.

The way a normal mirror works

Način na koji standardno zrcalo funkcionira

is the light rays bounce off the surface, which is perfect,

je da se zrake svjetlosti odbijaju od površine, što je savršeno,

and they focus in a certain point at the same time.

i fokusiraju se u određenoj točki u isto vrijeme.

We take all these recordings,

Uzmemo sve te zapise

and with atomic clock precision

i preciznošću atomskog sata

we align them perfectly, later in a supercomputer.

savršeno ih uskladimo kasnije u superračunalu.

And we recreate kind of an Earth-sized lens.

Rekreiramo, recimo, leće veličine Zemlje.

And the only way to do that is to bring the data back by plane.

I jedini način za to postići je dopremiti podatke natrag avionom.

You can't beat the bandwidth of a 747 filled with hard discs.

Ništa nije brže od Boeinga 747 kad je riječ o tvrdim diskovima.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

CA: And so, I guess a few weeks or a few months ago,

CA: Dakle, prije par tjedana ili par mjeseci

on a computer screen somewhere,

na nekom zaslonu računala negdje

this started to come into view.

ovo se počelo vidjeti.

This moment.

Ovaj moment.

SD: Well, it took a long time.

SD: Pa, trebalo je dosta vremena.

CA: I mean, look at this.

CA: Mislim, pogledajte ovo.

That was it.

To je to.

That was the first image.

To je prva fotografija.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

So tell us what we're really looking at there.

Reci nam što zapravo ovdje gledamo.

SD: I still love it.

SD: Još sam zaljubljen.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So what you're seeing is that last orbit of photons.

Dakle ono što vidite je ta poslijednja orbita fotona.

You're seeing Einstein's geometry laid bare.

Vidite golu Einsteinovu geometriju.

The puncture in space-time is so deep

Rupa u prostor-vremenu je toliko duboka

that light moves around in orbit,

da se svjetlost kreće oko nje u orbiti,

so that light behind the black hole, as I think we'll see soon,

tako da se svjetlost iza crne rupe, što ćemo, mislim, uskoro vidjeti,

moves around and comes to us on these parallel lines

kreće okolo i prilazi nam ovim paralelnim linijama

at exactly that orbit.

u upravo toj orbiti.

It turns out, that orbit is the square root of 27

Ispada da je ta orbita korijen od 27

times just a handful of fundamental constants.

puta samo pregršt fundamentalnih konstanti.

It's extraordinary when you think about it.

To je zbilja izvanredno kada razmislite.

CA: When ...

CA: Kada...

In my head, initially, when I thought of black holes,

U mojoj glavi, pomisao o crnim rupama

I'm thinking that is the event horizon,

je pomisao na horizont događaja,

there's lots of matter and light whirling around in that shape.

tamo je mnoštvo tvari i svjetlosti koji se vrte u krug u tom obliku.

But it's actually more complicated than that.

Ali je zapravo kompliciranije od toga.

Well, talk us through this animation, because it's light being lensed around it.

Provedi nas kroz ovu animaciju, jer se svjetlost izobličuje oko nje.

SD: You'll see here that some light from behind it gets lensed,

SD: Ovdje vidite da se nešto svjetlosti odostraga izobličuje,

and some light does a loop-the-loop around the entire orbit of the black hole.

dok nešto svjetlosti kruži oko orbite crne rupe.

But when you get enough light

Ali kada imate dovoljno svjetlosti

from all this hot gas swirling around the black hole,

iz svog tog vrućeg plina koji kruži oko crne rupe,

then you wind up seeing all of these light rays

tada vidite sve te svjetlosne zrake

come together on this screen,

kako se sakupljaju na ovom ekranu,

which is a stand-in for where you and I are.

što je zamjena za ono gdje se ti i ja nalazimo.

And you see the definition of this ring begin to come into shape.

I vidite kako prsten poprima oblik.

And that's what Einstein predicted over 100 years ago.

I to je ono što je Einstein predvidio prije preko 100 godina.

CA: Yeah, that is amazing.

CA: Da, to je nevjerojatno.

So tell us more about what we're actually looking at here.

Reci nam nešto više o tome što zapravo gledamo.

First of all, why is part of it brighter than the rest?

Kao prvo, zašto su neki dijelovi svjetliji od drugih?

SD: So what's happening is that the black hole is spinning.

SD: Ono što se događa jest da se crna rupa okreće.

And you wind up with some of the gas moving towards us below

Tako da se dio plina kreće prema nama odozdo,

and receding from us on the top.

a udaljava odozgo.

And just as the train whistle has a higher pitch

I kao što sirena na vlaku ima viši ton

when it's coming towards you,

kada vlak ide prema vama,

there's more energy from the gas coming towards us than going away from us.

više energije dolazi iz plina koji ide prema nama nego iz onoga koji se odmiče.

You see the bottom part brighter

Donji dio vidite svjetlije

because the light is actually being boosted in our direction.

zato što je ta svjetlost izbačena prema nama.

CA: And how physically big is that?

CA: I koliko je to u stvarnosti veliko?

SD: Our entire solar system would fit well within that dark region.

SD: Cijeli naš Sunčev sustav bi stao unutar crnog kruga.

And if I may,

I, ako smijem,

that dark region is the signature of the event horizon.

taj crni krug je ustvari otisak horizonta događaja.

The reason we don't see light from there,

Razlog zašto tamo ne vidimo svjetlost

is that the light that would come to us from that place

je to što je svjetlost koja nam je od tamo trebala doći

was swallowed by the event horizon.

progutao horizont događaja.

So that -- that's it.

Tako da, to je to.

CA: And so when we think of a black hole,

Dakle kada pomislimo na crnu rupu,

you think of these huge rays jetting out of it,

pomislimo na te ogromne zrake kako izbijaju iz nje

which are pointed directly in our direction.

točno u našem pravcu.

Why don't we see them?

Zašto ih ne vidimo?

SD: This is a very powerful black hole.

SD: Ovo je vrlo moćna crna rupa.

Not by universal standards, it's still powerful,

Ne prema univerzalnim standardima, ali ipak moćna,

and from the north and south poles of this black hole

i smatramo da iz sjevernog i južnog pola ove crne rupe

we think that jets are coming.

dolaze zrake.

Now, we're too close to really see all the jet structure,

Mi smo preblizu da zbilja vidimo sve te zrake.

but it's the base of those jets that are illuminating the space-time.

Ali korijeni tih zraka osvjetljuju prostor-vrijeme.

And that's what's being bent around the black hole.

I to je ono što se ovija oko crne rupe.

CA: And if you were in a spaceship whirling around that thing somehow,

CA: Da se nalazimo u svemirskom brodu koji nekako kruži oko toga,

how long would it take to actually go around it?

koliko bi mu zbilja dugo trebalo da prođe oko nje?

SD: First, I would give anything to be in that spaceship.

SD: Prvo, dao bih sve da budem na tom svemirskom brodu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Sign me up.

Zapišite me.

There’s something called the -- if I can get wonky for one moment --

Postoji nešto što se zove, ako mogu biti nesiguran na trenutak,

the innermost stable circular orbit,

najunutarnjija stabilna kružna orbita

that's the innermost orbit at which matter can move around a black hole

koja je najunutarnjija orbita na kojoj se tvar može kretati oko crne rupe

before it spirals in.

prije nego potone unutra.

And for this black hole, it's going to be between three days and about a month.

I za ovu crnu rupu iznosila bi između tri dana i otprilike jednog mjeseca.

CA: It's so powerful, it's weirdly slow at one level.

CA: Toliko je moćna, čudno spora na nekoj razini.

I mean, you wouldn't even notice

Mislim, ne biste niti primijetili

falling into that event horizon if you were there.

da padate kroz horizont događaja da ste tamo.

SD: So you may have heard of "spaghettification,"

SD; Možda ste čuli za efekt "špagetifikacije",

where you fall into a black hole

dok padate u crnu rupu

and the gravitational field on your feet is much stronger than on your head,

gravitacijsko polje na vašim nogama je mnogo jače nego na glavi

so you're ripped apart.

tako da ste rastrgani.

This black hole is so big

Ova crna rupa je toliko velika

that you're not going to become a spaghetti noodle.

da nećete postati špaget.

You're just going to drift right through that event horizon.

Samo ćete tonuti ravno kroz taj horizont događaja.

CA: So, it's like a giant tornado.

CA: Dakle, to je kao ogromni tornado.

When Dorothy was whipped by a tornado, she ended up in Oz.

Kada je Dorothy šibao tornado, završila je u Ozu.

Where do you end up if you fall into a black hole?

Gdje mi završimo ako upadnemo u crnu rupu?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

SD: Vancouver.

SD: U Vancouveru.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

CA: Oh, my God.

CA: O, moj Bože.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

It's the red circle, that's terrifying.

Taj crveni krug je ono što je zastrašujuće.

No, really.

Ne, zbilja.

SD: Black holes really are the central mystery of our age,

SD: Crne rupe su zbilja središnja misterija našeg vremena

because that's where the quantum world and the gravitational world come together.

zato što se tamo susreću kvantni i gravitacijski svijet.

Ono što je unutra je singularnost.

What's inside is a singularity.

And that's where all the forces become unified,

I tamo se sve sile ujedinjuju

because gravity finally is strong enough to compete with all the other forces.

zato što je gravitacijska sila konačno dovoljno jaka kako bi se natjecala sa svim ostalim silama.

But it's hidden from us,

Ali sve je skriveno od nas,

the universe has cloaked it in the ultimate invisibility cloak.

svemir je to sakrio ultimativnim plaštom nevidljivosti,

So we don't know what happens in there.

zato ne znamo što se tamo događa.

CA: So there's a smaller one of these in our own galaxy.

CA: Dakle, postoji manja crna rupa u našoj galaksiji.

Can we go back to our own beautiful galaxy?

Možemo li se vratiti na našu predivnu galaksiju?

This is the Milky Way, this is home.

Ovo je Mliječni put, ovo je naš dom.

And somewhere in the middle of that there's another one,

I negdje u njegovom središtu nalazi se još jedna crna rupa,

koju također pokušavate pronaći.

which you're trying to find as well.

SD: Već znamo da je tamo i već smo prikupili podatke o njoj.

SD: We already know it's there, and we've already taken data on it.

Trenutno radimo na tim podacima.

And we're working on those data right now.

So we hope to have something in the near future, I can't say when.

Tako da se nadamo da ćemo u budućnosti imati nešto, ne mogu reći kada.

CA: It's way closer but also a lot smaller,

CA: Puno je bliža, ali također i puno manja,

maybe the similar kind of size to what we saw?

možda slične veličine kao ona koju smo vidjeli?

SD: Right. So it turns out that the black hole in M87,

SD: Točno. Ispada da crna rupa u galaksiji M87,

that we saw before,

koju smo maloprije vidjeli,

is six and a half billion solar masses.

ima šest i pol milijardi masa Sunca.

But it's so far away that it appears a certain size.

Ali je toliko udaljena da se čini određene veličine.

The black hole in the center of our galaxy is a thousand times less massive,

Crna rupa u središtu naše galaksije je tisuću puta manje mase,

but also a thousand times closer.

ali je i tisuću puta bliža.

So it looks the same angular size on the sky.

Tako da ima istu prividnu veličinu na nebu.

CA: Finally, I guess, a nod to a remarkable group of people.

CA: Završno, naklon za izvanrednu skupinu ljudi.

Who are these guys?

Tko je ova ekipa?

SD: So these are only some of the team.

SD: Dakle, ovo je samo dio ekipe.

We marveled at the resonance that this image has had.

Divili smo se odazivu koji je ova slika imala.

If you told me that it would be above the fold in all of these newspapers,

Da ste mi rekli da će biti na svim tim naslovnicama,

I'm not sure I would have believed you, but it was.

nisam siguran da bih vam vjerovao, ali bila je.

Zato jer je ovo velika misterija

Because this is a great mystery,

and it's inspiring for us, and I hope it's inspiring to everyone.

i inspirirala nas je i nadam se da je inspirirajuća za sve.

But the more important thing is that this is just a small number of the team.

Ali važnija stvar je da je ovo samo manji dio ekipe.

We're 200 people strong with 60 institutes

Ima nas 200 u 60 instituta

and 20 countries and regions.

i 20 zemalja i regija.

If you want to build a global telescope you need a global team.

Ako želite napraviti globalni teleskop, morate imati globalnu ekipu.

And this technique that we use of linking telescopes around the world

A tehnologija koju smo koristili umrežuje teleskope diljem svijeta

kind of effortlessly sidesteps some of the issues that divide us.

i nekako lako zaobilazi kroz neke probleme koji nas dijele.

And as scientists, we naturally come together to do something like this.

I kao znanstvenicima prirodno nam je okupiti se kako bismo učinili nešto ovakvo.

CA: Wow, boy, that's inspiring for our whole team this week.

CA: Ovo je inspirativno za svu našu ekipu koju imamo ovaj tjedan.

Shep, thank you so much for what you did and for coming here.

Shep, puno ti hvala za ono što si napravio i što si došao.

SD: Thank you.

SD: Hvala tebi.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)