Meet the microscopic life in your home -- and on your face | Anne Madden

146,420 views ใƒป 2017-08-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Meshi Blum ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
I want you to touch your face.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
00:15
Go on.
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ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
00:17
What do you feel?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื?
00:18
Soft? Squishy?
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ื”ื ืจื›ื™ื? ื•ื ืžืขื›ื™ื?
00:21
It's you, right? You're feeling you?
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ื–ื” ืืชื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื?
00:24
Well, it's not quite true.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:27
You're actually feeling thousands of microscopic creatures
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ืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื
00:30
that live on our face and fingers.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:34
You're feeling some of the fungi
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ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
00:36
that drifted down from the air ducts today.
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ืฉื ืกื—ืคื• ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:38
They set off our allergies
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ื”ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:40
and smell of mildew.
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ื•ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ื—ื‘.
00:43
You're feeling some of the 100 billion bacterial cells
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ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
00:48
that live on our skin.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:50
They've been munching away at your skin oils and replicating,
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ื”ื ืœื•ืขืกื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื
00:54
producing the smells of body odor.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:57
You're likely even touching the fecal bacteria
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืืชื™ื•ืช
01:00
that sprayed onto you the last time you flushed a toilet,
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ืฉื ืชื–ื• ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ืชื ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื.
01:04
or those bacteria that live in our water pipes
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ืื• ื‘ื›ืืœื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:07
and sprayed onto you with your last shower.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื–ื• ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
01:10
Sorry.
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ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช.
01:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:13
You're probably even giving a microscopic high five
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™
01:16
to the two species of mites that live on our faces,
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ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:20
on all of our faces.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:22
They've spent the night squirming across your face
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
01:25
and having sex on the bridge of your nose.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกืงืก ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:31
Many of them are now leaking their gut contents onto your pores.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื“ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
01:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:38
Now look at your finger.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื›ื.
01:40
How's it feel? Gross?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื”? ื“ื•ื—ื”?
01:42
In desperate need of soap or bleach?
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื ื•ืืฉ ืœืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”?
01:46
That's how you feel now,
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ื›ื›ื” ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:47
but it's not going to be how you feel in the future.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
01:51
For the last 100 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:53
we've had an adversarial relationship
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช
01:55
with the microscopic life nearest us.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื ื•.
01:57
If I told you there was a bug in your house
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
02:00
or bacteria in your sink,
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ืื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื
02:01
there was a human-devised solution for that,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”,
02:03
a product to eradicate, exterminate,
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ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืขืงื•ืจ, ื™ืฉืžื™ื“
02:06
disinfect.
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ื™ื—ื˜ื.
02:08
We strive to remove most of the microscopic life in our world now.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
02:13
But in doing so, we're ignoring the best source of new technology
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:18
on this planet.
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ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:20
The last 100 years have featured human solutions to microbial problems,
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ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
02:26
but the next 100 years will feature microbial solutions to human problems.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
02:32
I'm a scientist, and I work with researchers
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
02:34
at North Carolina State University and the University of Colorado
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ื‘ืื•ื ' ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื ' ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•
02:38
to uncover the microscopic life that is nearest us,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•
02:42
and that's often in our most intimate and boring environments,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืขืžืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
02:46
be it under our couches, in our backyards,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:49
or in our belly buttons.
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ืื• ื‘ืคื•ืคื™ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
02:51
I do this work because it turns out that we know very little
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“
02:54
about the microscopic life that's nearest us.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ื ื•.
02:58
As of a few years ago, no scientist could tell you
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืืฃ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
03:00
what bugs or microorganisms live in your home --
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ืจืงื™ื ืื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื›ื -
03:04
your home, the place you know better than anywhere else.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
03:08
And so I and teams of others
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:10
are armed with Q-tips and tweezers
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ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืชื•ืช
03:12
and advanced DNA techniques
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื "ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
03:14
to uncover the microscopic life nearest us.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•.
03:18
In doing so, we found over 600 species of bugs
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ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืขืœ 600 ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื
03:22
that live in USA homes,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
03:24
everything from spiders and cockroaches
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืงืงื™ื
03:26
to tiny mites that cling to feathers.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฆื•ืช.
03:29
And we found over 100,000 species of bacteria and fungi
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืขืœ 100,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
03:35
that live in our dust bunnies,
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืœื ื•,
03:37
thousands more that live on our clothes or in our showers.
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ื•ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:42
We've gone further still,
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ื•ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:43
and we looked at the microorganisms
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
03:45
that live inside the bodies of each of those bugs in our home.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื•.
03:50
In each bug, for example, a wasp,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื—ืจืง, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืฆืจืขื”,
03:53
we see a microscopic jungle unfold in a petri plate,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืคืจื•ืก ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ืคื˜ืจื™,
03:57
a world of hundreds of vibrant species.
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:01
Behold the biological cosmos!
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™!
04:05
So many of the species you're looking at right now
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
04:07
don't yet have names.
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ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช.
04:09
Most of the life around us remains unknown.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
04:13
I remember the first time I discovered and got to name a new species.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืฉื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:17
It was a fungus that lives in the nest of a paper wasp.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืขืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
04:20
It's white and fluffy,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืจื›ื”,
04:22
and I named it "mucor nidicola,"
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ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ืœื” "ืžื•ืงื•ืจ ื ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ืœื”",
04:25
meaning in Latin that it lives in the nest of another.
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ืฉื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
04:29
This is a picture of it growing on a dinosaur,
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ,
04:32
because everyone thinks dinosaurs are cool.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
04:36
At the time, I was in graduate school,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
04:38
and I was so excited that I had found this new life form.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:42
I called up my dad, and I go,
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœืื‘ื ืฉืœื™, ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
04:44
"Dad! I just discovered a new microorganism species."
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"ืื‘ื! ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ."
04:48
And he laughed and he goes,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ืง ื•ืืžืจ,
04:49
"That's great. I hope you also discovered a cure for it."
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"ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื’ื ืžืฆืืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืืœื™ื•."
04:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:54
"Cure it."
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"ืชืจืคืื™ ืืช ื–ื”."
04:57
Now, my dad is my biggest fan,
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™,
04:59
so in that crushing moment where he wanted to kill my new little life form,
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ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื•ื—ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื™,
05:04
I realized that actually I had failed him,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื›ื–ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•,
05:06
both as a daughter and a scientist.
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ื’ื ื›ื‘ืช ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช.
05:08
In my years toiling away in labs and in people's backyards,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
05:12
investigating and cataloging the microscopic life around us,
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ื•ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
05:16
I'd never made clear my true mission to him.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื‘ื”ืจืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
05:20
My goal is not to find technology
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
05:22
to kill the new microscopic life around us.
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ืฉืชื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
05:25
My goal is to find new technology from this life, that will help save us.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:31
The diversity of life in our homes is more than a list of 100,000 new species.
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ 100,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:37
It is 100,000 new sources of solutions to human problems.
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ืืœื• 100,000 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
05:42
I know it's hard to believe that anything that's so small
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ
05:44
or only has one cell
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ืื• ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืง ืชื ืื—ื“
05:46
can do anything powerful,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื“ื™ืจ,
05:47
but they can.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
05:48
These creatures are microscopic alchemists,
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืืœื›ืžืื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื,
05:51
with the ability to transform their environment
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื
05:54
with an arsenal of chemical tools.
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ืขื ืžื—ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:57
This means that they can live anywhere on this planet,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ื”"ื,
06:00
and they can eat whatever food is around them.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
06:04
This means they can eat everything from toxic waste to plastic,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
06:09
and they can produce waste products like oil and battery power
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืœื”
06:14
and even tiny nuggets of real gold.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™.
06:18
They can transform the inedible into nutritive.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื›ื™ืœ ืœืžื–ื™ืŸ.
06:22
They can make sugar into alcohol.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืกื•ื›ืจ ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
06:25
They give chocolate its flavor,
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื•,
06:27
and soil the power to grow.
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ื•ืœืื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื“ืœ.
06:30
I'm here to tell you
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ืื ื™ ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
06:31
that the next 100 years will feature these microscopic creatures
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ืฉืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:34
solving more of our problems.
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ื™ืคืชืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:36
And we have a lot of problems to choose from.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ.
06:39
We've got the mundane: bad-smelling clothes or bland food.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืขืžืžื•ืช: ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื™ื— ืจืข ืื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืชืคืœ
06:44
And we've got the monumental:
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช:
06:46
disease, pollution, war.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
06:51
And so this is my mission:
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™:
06:52
to not just catalog the microscopic life around us,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
06:56
but to find out what it's uniquely well-suited to help us with.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•.
07:00
Here's an example.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
07:01
We started with a pest,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ืžื–ื™ืง,
07:03
a wasp that lives on many of our homes.
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ืฆืจืขื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:06
Inside that wasp, we plucked out a little-known microorganism species
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ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืจืขื”, ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข
07:11
with a unique ability:
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ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช:
07:13
it could make beer.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื”.
07:15
This is a trait that only a few species on this planet have.
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ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ื”"ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”.
07:19
In fact, all commercially produced beer you've ever had
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฉืฉืชื™ืชื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื
07:22
likely came from one of only three microorganism species.
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ื‘ืื” ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
07:26
Yet our species, it could make a beer that tasted like honey,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื“ื‘ืฉ,
07:31
and it could also make a delightfully tart beer.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืจืช ื˜ืืจื˜ ื˜ืขื™ืžื”.
07:34
In fact, this microorganism species that lives in the belly of a wasp,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืขื”,
07:39
it could make a valuable sour beer
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืฆื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
07:41
better than any other species on this planet.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ื”"ื.
07:46
There are now four species that produce commercial beer.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข 4 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช.
07:51
Where you used to see a pest,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืง,
07:53
now think of tasting your future favorite beer.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื˜ืขื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœื™ื›ื.
07:57
As a second example,
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
07:59
I worked with researchers to dig in the dirt in people's backyards.
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื.
08:03
There, we uncovered a microorganism that could make novel antibiotics,
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ืฉื, ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
08:07
antibiotics that can kill the world's worst superbugs.
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:11
This was an awesome thing to find,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื,
08:14
but here's the secret:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื“:
08:16
for the last 60 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
08:18
most of the antibiotics on the market
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง
08:21
have come from similar soil bacteria.
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ื‘ืื• ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
08:24
Every day, you and I and everyone in this room
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
08:27
and on this planet,
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ื”"ื,
08:28
are saved by similar soil bacteria that produce most of our antibiotics.
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ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:35
Where you used to see dirt,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืš,
08:36
now think of medication.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
08:40
Perhaps my favorite example comes from colleagues
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœื™ื™ ื‘ืื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:42
who are studying a pond scum microorganism,
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉื "ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”"
08:45
which is tragically named after the cow dung it was first found in.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืฆื•ืืช ื”ืคืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
08:50
It's pretty unremarkable and would be unworthy of discussion,
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœืฉื™ื—,
08:54
except that the researchers found that if you feed it to mice,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืื ืชืื›ื™ืœื• ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื”,
08:57
it vaccinates against PTSD.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืกืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.
09:01
It vaccinates against fear.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืกืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืคื—ื“.
09:05
Where you used to see pond scum, now think of hope.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
09:09
There are so many more microbial examples
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
09:12
that I don't have time to talk about today.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:14
I gave you examples of solutions that came from just three species,
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
09:20
but imagine what those other 100,000 species in your dust bunnies
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื” 100,000 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืœื ื•
09:24
might be able to do.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:26
In the future, they might be able to make you sexier
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืกืงืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:30
or smarter
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ืื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:32
or perhaps live longer.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:36
So I want you to look at your finger again.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื•ื‘
09:39
Think about all those microscopic creatures
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื
09:41
that are unknown.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
09:42
Think about in the future what they might be able to do
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
09:45
or make
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ืื• ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ
09:47
or whose life they might be able to save.
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ืื• ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ.
09:50
How does your finger feel right now?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
09:53
A little bit powerful?
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ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ื—?
09:56
That's because you're feeling the future.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
09:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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