Meet the microscopic life in your home -- and on your face | Anne Madden

Translator: Nazarbek Nazarov Reviewer: Azizbek Nazarov

I want you to touch your face.

Yuzingizga qo'lingizni tekkizing.

Go on.

Qani sinab ko'ringchi.

What do you feel?

Nimani his qilyapsiz?

Soft? Squishy?

Yumshoqmi? Mayinmi?

It's you, right? You're feeling you?

Siz o'zingizni his qilyapsiz, shunday emasmi?

Well, it's not quite true.

Aslida esa unday emas.

You're actually feeling thousands of microscopic creatures

Siz barmoqlarizda va yuzlaringizda yashaydigan minglab mikroskopik

that live on our face and fingers.

mavjudodlarni his qilyapsiz.

You're feeling some of the fungi

Siz bugun havo orqali kelgan mayda

that drifted down from the air ducts today.

zamburug' moddalarni his qilyapsiz.

They set off our allergies

Ular bizning allergiyamizni qo'zg'aydi

and smell of mildew.

va chrindi hidiga ega.

You're feeling some of the 100 billion bacterial cells

Siz bizning terimizda yashaydigan 100 milliardlab bakteriya

that live on our skin.

hujayralarini his qilyapsiz.

They've been munching away at your skin oils and replicating,

Ular terimizdagi yo'g'lardan oziqlanib yog' o'rnini qoplamoqda

producing the smells of body odor.

va tana hidini ishlab chiqarmoqda.

You're likely even touching the fecal bacteria

Ehtimol, siz kecha hojatxonaga kirgan paytingizdagi fekaliya

that sprayed onto you the last time you flushed a toilet,

bakteriyasini ushlamoqdasiz,

or those bacteria that live in our water pipes

yoki kecha sizga sepilgan suv quvurlarida yashaydigan

and sprayed onto you with your last shower.

bakteriyalarni his qilyapsiz.

Sorry.

Uzr.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

You're probably even giving a microscopic high five

Balkim siz yuzimizda yashaydigan ikki xil parazitlarga

to the two species of mites that live on our faces,

mikroskopik salom

on all of our faces.

berayotgandirsiz.

They've spent the night squirming across your face

Ular kechasi bilan yuzimiz bo'ylab aylanib chiqadi

and having sex on the bridge of your nose.

va burnimiz uchida yotadi.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Many of them are now leaking their gut contents onto your pores.

Ularni ko'plari hozir o'zlarini ichlarini sizning teshiklaringiz bo'shatyapdi.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

Now look at your finger.

Endi barmoqlarizga qarang.

How's it feel? Gross?

Qanday his qilyapsiz? Rasvo?

In desperate need of soap or bleach?

Yuvib tashlash uchun sovun kerakmi?

That's how you feel now,

Siz hozir shunday his qilyapsiz

but it's not going to be how you feel in the future.

lekin kelajakda siz bunday his qilmaysiz.

For the last 100 years,

Ohirgi 100 yil davomida

we've had an adversarial relationship

bizga yaqin turgan mikroskopik olam bilan

with the microscopic life nearest us.

hammamiz raqobatdosh munosabatda bo'ldik.

If I told you there was a bug in your house

Agar uyingizda parazit yoki rakovinangizda

or bacteria in your sink,

bakteriyalar bor desam,

there was a human-devised solution for that,

bunga inson yaratgan yechim bor, ya'ni

a product to eradicate, exterminate,

bunday mavjudodlarni yo'q qiladigan

disinfect.

vosita.

We strive to remove most of the microscopic life in our world now.

Hozirgi kunda biz ko'plab mikroskopik mavjudodlarni yo'q qilishga kurashamiz.

But in doing so, we're ignoring the best source of new technology

Ammo bu bilan biz yer yuzidagi eng zo'r texnologiya manbaini

on this planet.

inkor qilmoqdamiz.

The last 100 years have featured human solutions to microbial problems,

Ohirgi 100 yil davomida, insoniyat bakteriya muammolar yechimini kuzatdi,

but the next 100 years will feature microbial solutions to human problems.

lekin kelasi bir asrda bakteriyalarning insoniyat muammosi yechimi kuzatiladi.

I'm a scientist, and I work with researchers

Men olimman va izlanuvchi olimlar bilan

at North Carolina State University and the University of Colorado

Shimoliy Karolina va Kolorado universitetlarida

to uncover the microscopic life that is nearest us,

bizga eng yaqin hamda yashirin va no'malum atrof-muhitda mavjud bo'lgan;

and that's often in our most intimate and boring environments,

bizning yotog'imiz ostida, bizning bog'imizda

be it under our couches, in our backyards,

yoki bizning kindigimizda mavjud mikroskopik hayotni

or in our belly buttons.

fosh qilish ustida ishlayman.

I do this work because it turns out that we know very little

Men bu sohada ishlaganimni sababi biz bizga yaqin bo'lgan

about the microscopic life that's nearest us.

mikroskopik hayot haqida juda ham kam bilamiz.

As of a few years ago, no scientist could tell you

Bir necha yil muqaddam hech qaysi olim bizga yaxshi

what bugs or microorganisms live in your home --

tanish bo'lgan xonadonimizda qanday parazit yoki

your home, the place you know better than anywhere else.

mikroorganizm turishini aytolmasdi.

And so I and teams of others

Shuning uchun men va boshqa jamoalar

are armed with Q-tips and tweezers

paxta o'ralgan gurgurt cho'plari, pinsetlar va

and advanced DNA techniques

mikroskopik mavjudotlarni fosh qilishda

to uncover the microscopic life nearest us.

foydalaniladigan DNK metodlari bilan qurollanganmiz.

In doing so, we found over 600 species of bugs

Bu sohada biz o'rgimchakdan tortib suvarak va

that live in USA homes,

patda yashovchi kichik burgagacha

everything from spiders and cockroaches

bo'lgan parazitlarning 600dan ortiq

to tiny mites that cling to feathers.

turini aniqladik.

And we found over 100,000 species of bacteria and fungi

Bundan tashqari biz bizning chang bosgan yumshoq o'yinchoqlarimizda va kiyim

that live in our dust bunnies,

javonimiz hamda dushxonamizda yashaydigan

thousands more that live on our clothes or in our showers.

100 000 ortiq parazit va bakteriyalarni aniqladik.

We've gone further still,

Biz yanada chuqurroq kirdik va

and we looked at the microorganisms

har bitta parazitning tanasi ichida

that live inside the bodies of each of those bugs in our home.

yashaydigan mikroorganizmlarni o'rgandik.

In each bug, for example, a wasp,

Har bitta parazidda, masalan, arida,

we see a microscopic jungle unfold in a petri plate,

biz hali kashf qilinmagan

a world of hundreds of vibrant species.

yuzlab tirik mavjudodlarni kuzatishimiz mumkin.

Behold the biological cosmos!

Mana biologik kosmos qayerda!

So many of the species you're looking at right now

Siz kurib turgan mavjudodlarning ko'pini

don't yet have names.

nomi yo'q hali.

Most of the life around us remains unknown.

Atrofimizdagi olamning ko'p qismi hali no'malum.

I remember the first time I discovered and got to name a new species.

Men birinchi marta yangi kashf qilingan mavjudotni nomlashga

It was a fungus that lives in the nest of a paper wasp.

to'g'ri kelganini eslayman. Bu qog'oz arida yashovchi parazit edi.

It's white and fluffy,

U yumshoq va mayin edi,

and I named it "mucor nidicola,"

va men uni "mukur nidikola" deb atadim,

meaning in Latin that it lives in the nest of another.

lotin tilida birovning inida yashovchi deganini bildiradi.

This is a picture of it growing on a dinosaur,

Bu uning dinozavr ichida katta bo'layotganligining rasmi,

because everyone thinks dinosaurs are cool.

chunki hammaning fikricha dinozavrlar juda ham zo'r.

At the time, I was in graduate school,

Men magistratura bosqichida o'qiyotgan paytimda

and I was so excited that I had found this new life form.

men yangi mavjudodlar hayoti haqida topganimda juda ham hayajonda edim.

I called up my dad, and I go,

Men dadamni oldiga bordim va

"Dad! I just discovered a new microorganism species."

"Dada. men mavjudodlarning yangi turlarini topdim" dedim.

And he laughed and he goes,

U kulib,

"That's great. I hope you also discovered a cure for it."

"Bu yahshi. Men o'ylaymanki sen ularga davo ham topding" dedi.

(Laughter)

(Kulgu)

"Cure it."

"Buni davolash."

Now, my dad is my biggest fan,

Hozir dadam meni eng katta muxlisim,

so in that crushing moment where he wanted to kill my new little life form,

shuning uchun u mening yangi hayot shaklini o'ldirishni xohlagan payti

I realized that actually I had failed him,

men uni farzand va olim sifatida

both as a daughter and a scientist.

uyaltirib qo'yganimni anglab yetdim.

In my years toiling away in labs and in people's backyards,

Labaratoriyalarda hamda odamlarning bog'ida ishlab yurgan

investigating and cataloging the microscopic life around us,

va mikroskopik mavjudodlarning katalogini tuzgan paytlarimda, men unda

I'd never made clear my true mission to him.

mening asl ishim nimadan iboratligini aytmaganman.

My goal is not to find technology

Maqsad atrofimizdagi mikroskopik hayotni

to kill the new microscopic life around us.

o'ldirish uchun texnologiya topishdan iborat emas.

My goal is to find new technology from this life, that will help save us.

Mening maqsadim bizni asrash uchun mikroskopik hayotdan texnologiya topish.

The diversity of life in our homes is more than a list of 100,000 new species.

Bizning xonadonimizda mavjud mikroskopik hayotning 100 000 yangi turlari mavjud.

It is 100,000 new sources of solutions to human problems.

Bu degani 100 000 ta insoniyat muammolarining yechimi manbaidir.

I know it's hard to believe that anything that's so small

Men shunday kichik, bitta hujayraga ega bo'lgan mavjudot

or only has one cell

kuchli narsa qila olishi

can do anything powerful,

mumkinligiga ishonish

but they can.

qiyinligini bilaman, lekin

These creatures are microscopic alchemists,

ular qila oladi. Bu mavjudotlar o'z atrof muhitini

with the ability to transform their environment

kimyoviy arsenalga aylantira oladigan

with an arsenal of chemical tools.

mikroskopik alkimyogardir.

This means that they can live anywhere on this planet,

Bu ular har qanday muhitda yashay oladi degani va atrofidagi

and they can eat whatever food is around them.

istalgan narsadan ozuqa sifatida foydalana oladi.

This means they can eat everything from toxic waste to plastic,

Bu ularning zaharli moddadan to plastik chiqindigacha bo'lgan har qanday narsani

and they can produce waste products like oil and battery power

iste'mol qila oladi va ular yog' va quvvat batareykasi kabi chiqindi mahsulotlarini

and even tiny nuggets of real gold.

ishlab chiqara oladi. Ular hatto asl tillaning kichik

They can transform the inedible into nutritive.

bo'laklariniyam ishlab chiqara oladi. Ular iste'molga yaroqsiz mahsulotni

They can make sugar into alcohol.

yaroqli mahsulotga, alkogolni shakarga aylantira

They give chocolate its flavor,

oladi. Ular shokoladga ta'm berish va

and soil the power to grow.

tuproqqa kuch berish qudratiga ega.

I'm here to tell you

Men sizlarga aytamanki,

that the next 100 years will feature these microscopic creatures

kelasi 100 yil davomida ushbu mikroskopik mavjudotlarning bizning

solving more of our problems.

ko'p muammolarimizni hal etishini

And we have a lot of problems to choose from.

kuzatishimiz mumkin. Bizda muammolar ko'p.

We've got the mundane: bad-smelling clothes or bland food.

Bizda har kunlik badbo'y kiyim va yoqimsiz taom bor.

And we've got the monumental:

Shu bilan birga ulkan muammolarimiz bor:

disease, pollution, war.

kassaliklar, atrof muhit ifloslanishi va urushlar.

And so this is my mission:

Shuning uchun mening vazifam nafaqat

to not just catalog the microscopic life around us,

atrofimizdagi mikroskopik hayotni katalog qilishdan iborat

but to find out what it's uniquely well-suited to help us with.

balkim bizga aynan nima yordam bera olishini aniqlashdir.

Here's an example.

Sizlarga bir misol aytaman.

We started with a pest,

Biz zararkunanda va

a wasp that lives on many of our homes.

uyimizda uchraydigan ko'plab arilardan boshladik.

Inside that wasp, we plucked out a little-known microorganism species

Arining ichida hali to'liq o'rganilmagan noyob qobiliyatga ega bo'lgan pivo

with a unique ability:

tayyorlay oladigan mikro-

it could make beer.

organizmlardan boshladik.

This is a trait that only a few species on this planet have.

Bunday xususiyatga sayyoramizda faqatgina bir necha mavjudodlar ega.

In fact, all commercially produced beer you've ever had

To'g'risini aytganda, bozorda olgan har qanday pivongiz

likely came from one of only three microorganism species.

faqatgina uchta mikroorganizm turlari orqali tayyorlangan.

Yet our species, it could make a beer that tasted like honey,

Lekin bizning mavjudodlarimiz asal va tortning ta'mini beradigan

and it could also make a delightfully tart beer.

ajoyib pivo tayyorlay oladi.

In fact, this microorganism species that lives in the belly of a wasp,

Arining qornida yashovchi mikroorganizm turlari sayyoramizdagi

it could make a valuable sour beer

boshqa har qanday mikroorganizmdan yaxshiroq

better than any other species on this planet.

nordon pivo tayyorlay oladi.

There are now four species that produce commercial beer.

Hozirgi kunda to'rtta mikroorganizm turi pivo tayyorlay oladi.

Where you used to see a pest,

Zararkunandaning pivo tayyorlashini eshitib endi

now think of tasting your future favorite beer.

kelajakdagi pivoni ta'tib ko'rish haqida o'ylab ko'ring.

As a second example,

Ikkinchi misol sifatida shuni

I worked with researchers to dig in the dirt in people's backyards.

aytamanki, odamlarning bog'ida loy qazib olish uchun izlanuvchi

There, we uncovered a microorganism that could make novel antibiotics,

olimlar bilan ishladim. Biz u yerda yangi antibiotiklar tayyorlay oladigan mikro-

antibiotics that can kill the world's worst superbugs.

organizmlarni kashf qildik. Bunday antibiotiklar dunyoning eng

This was an awesome thing to find,

yomon superparazitlarini o'ldira oladi. Bu kashf qilingan ajoyib

but here's the secret:

narsa edi, lekin bir sir bor:

for the last 60 years,

ohirgi 60 yil davomida

most of the antibiotics on the market

bozordagi antibiotiklarning ko'plari

have come from similar soil bacteria.

shunga o'xshash tuproq bakteriyasidan kelgan.

Every day, you and I and everyone in this room

Har kuni siz va men, xonada o'tirgan va sayyoramizdagi

and on this planet,

har bir odam

are saved by similar soil bacteria that produce most of our antibiotics.

huddi shunga o'xshash bakteriyalar yordamida saqlanadi.

Where you used to see dirt,

Siz loyni eshitib

now think of medication.

endi dori darmon haqida o'ylab ko'ring.

Perhaps my favorite example comes from colleagues

Ehtimol eng yahshi misol, afsuski birinchi bor

who are studying a pond scum microorganism,

sigir gungidan topilganligi uchun shunday atalgan

which is tragically named after the cow dung it was first found in.

hovuzda yashaydigan mikroorganizmlarni o'rganayotgan hamkasblarimdan chiqadi.

It's pretty unremarkable and would be unworthy of discussion,

Bu faqatgina sichqonga yedirilganda travma dan keyingi stress buzilishi vaksinasini

except that the researchers found that if you feed it to mice,

o'rnini bosadi va boshqa hech qanday muzokaraga munosib

it vaccinates against PTSD.

hususiyati mavjud emas.

It vaccinates against fear.

Bu qo'rquvga qarshi vaksinadir.

Where you used to see pond scum, now think of hope.

Hovuz paraziti haqida eshitdingiz endi umid qiling.

There are so many more microbial examples

Bundan tashqari ko'plab mikrobik misollar mavjud,

that I don't have time to talk about today.

lekin bugun barini gapirishga vaqt yetmaydi.

I gave you examples of solutions that came from just three species,

Men sizga faqatgina uchta mikroorganizmdan kelgan yechimlar haqida gapirdim.

but imagine what those other 100,000 species in your dust bunnies

Tasavvur qilib ko'ring, sizning chang bosgan yumshoq o'yinchog'ingizdagi 100 000

might be able to do.

mavjudot nima qila oladi.

In the future, they might be able to make you sexier

Kelajakda ular sizni jozibaliroq yoki aqlliroq

or smarter

qilishi mumkin, yo balkim

or perhaps live longer.

ko'proq yashashingizga yordam berar.

So I want you to look at your finger again.

Yana birbor barmoqlaringizga qarang.

Think about all those microscopic creatures

Barcha noma'lum bo'lgan mikroskopik mavjudotlar

that are unknown.

haqida bir o'ylab ko'ring.

Think about in the future what they might be able to do

Kelajakda ular nima qilishi, yaratishi, kimningdir

or make

hayotini saqlab qolish

or whose life they might be able to save.

qobiliyatiga ega bo'lishi haqida bir o'ylang.

How does your finger feel right now?

Barmoqlaringizni qanday his qilyapsiz

A little bit powerful?

endi? Biroz qudratliroqmi?

That's because you're feeling the future.

Buning sababi siz kelajakni his qilyapsiz.

Thank you.

Rahmat

(Applause)

(qarsaklar)