Meet the microscopic life in your home -- and on your face | Anne Madden

Prevoditelj: Jasna Matek Recezent: Sanda L

I want you to touch your face.

Želim da si dotaknete lice.

Go on.

Slobodno.

What do you feel?

Što osjećate?

Soft? Squishy?

Mekano? Gnjecavo?

It's you, right? You're feeling you?

To ste vi, zar ne? Osjećate sebe?

Well, it's not quite true.

Pa, to nije posve točno.

You're actually feeling thousands of microscopic creatures

Zapravo osjećate na tisuće mikroskopskih stvorenja

that live on our face and fingers.

koja žive na vašem licu i prstima.

You're feeling some of the fungi

Osjećate neke od gljivica

that drifted down from the air ducts today.

koje su danas doletjele zračnim kanalima.

They set off our allergies

Stvaraju alergije

and smell of mildew.

i mirišu na plijesan.

You're feeling some of the 100 billion bacterial cells

Osjećate neke od 100 milijardi bakterijskih stanica

that live on our skin.

koje žive na našoj koži.

They've been munching away at your skin oils and replicating,

Grickaju masnoću s vaše kože, množe se,

producing the smells of body odor.

proizvodeći tjelesne mirise.

You're likely even touching the fecal bacteria

Vjerojatno dodirujete i fekalne bakterije

that sprayed onto you the last time you flushed a toilet,

koje su doletjele na vas zadnji put kada ste pustili vodu u zahodu,

or those bacteria that live in our water pipes

ili one bakterije koje žive u vodovodnim cijevima,

and sprayed onto you with your last shower.

koje su vas poprskale za posljednjeg tuširanja.

Sorry.

Žao mi je.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

You're probably even giving a microscopic high five

Vjerojatno dajete mikroskopski pet

to the two species of mites that live on our faces,

dvjema vrstama grinja koje žive na našim licima,

on all of our faces.

na licima svih nas.

They've spent the night squirming across your face

Provele su noć migoljeći se uzduž vašeg lica

and having sex on the bridge of your nose.

i seksajući se na vrhu vašeg nosa.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Many of them are now leaking their gut contents onto your pores.

Mnoge od njih sada ispuštaju sadržaj svojih crijeva na vaše pore.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Now look at your finger.

Sad pogledajte svoj prst.

How's it feel? Gross?

Kakav je osjećaj? Ljigav?

In desperate need of soap or bleach?

Očajnički treba sapun ili izbjeljivač?

That's how you feel now,

Tako se sada osjećate,

but it's not going to be how you feel in the future.

ali nećete se tako osjećati ubuduće.

For the last 100 years,

Posljednjih stotinu godina

we've had an adversarial relationship

imali smo neprijateljsku vezu

with the microscopic life nearest us.

s mikroskopskim životom u našoj neposrednoj blizini.

If I told you there was a bug in your house

Da sam vam rekla da je buba u vašoj kući

or bacteria in your sink,

ili bakterija u sudoperu,

there was a human-devised solution for that,

postojalo bi ljudsko rješenje za to,

a product to eradicate, exterminate,

proizvod koji će istrijebiti, potamaniti,

disinfect.

dezinficirati.

We strive to remove most of the microscopic life in our world now.

Danas težimo uklanjanju većine mikroskopskog života u našem svijetu.

But in doing so, we're ignoring the best source of new technology

No, čineći to, zanemarujemo najbolji izvor nove tehnologije

on this planet.

na ovom planetu.

The last 100 years have featured human solutions to microbial problems,

U posljednjih 100 godina svjedočili smo ljudskim rješenjima mikrobnih problema,

but the next 100 years will feature microbial solutions to human problems.

no u sljedećih 100 bit ćemo svjedoci mikrobnih rješenja za ljudske probleme.

I'm a scientist, and I work with researchers

Znanstvenica sam i radim s istraživačima

at North Carolina State University and the University of Colorado

na državnom sveučilištu Sjeverne Karoline i na Sveučilištu u Coloradu,

to uncover the microscopic life that is nearest us,

kako bismo otkrili mikroskopski život koji nam je najbliži,

and that's often in our most intimate and boring environments,

a to je često u našem najintimnijem i najdosadnijem okruženju,

be it under our couches, in our backyards,

bilo to ispod kauča, u dvorištu,

or in our belly buttons.

ili pupku.

I do this work because it turns out that we know very little

Radim na ovome jer se ispostavilo da jako malo znamo

about the microscopic life that's nearest us.

o mikroskopskom životu koji nam je tako blizu.

As of a few years ago, no scientist could tell you

Do nedavno nijedan znanstvenik nije vam mogao reći

what bugs or microorganisms live in your home --

koji kukci ili mikroorganizmi žive u vašem domu -

your home, the place you know better than anywhere else.

u vašem domu, mjestu koje najbolje poznajete.

And so I and teams of others

Tako sam ja s timovima drugih,

are armed with Q-tips and tweezers

naoružana štapićima za uši, pincetama

and advanced DNA techniques

i naprednim tehnikama DNK,

to uncover the microscopic life nearest us.

kako bismo otkrili taj mikroskopski život.

In doing so, we found over 600 species of bugs

Čineći to, našli smo preko 600 vrsta kukaca

that live in USA homes,

koji žive u američkim domovima,

everything from spiders and cockroaches

od paukova i žohara,

to tiny mites that cling to feathers.

do sitnih grinja koje se drže za perje.

And we found over 100,000 species of bacteria and fungi

Našli smo preko 100.000 vrsta bakterija i gljivica

that live in our dust bunnies,

koje žive u našoj prašini,

thousands more that live on our clothes or in our showers.

još na tisuće njih koje žive u našoj odjeći ili tušu.

We've gone further still,

Išli smo i korak dalje

and we looked at the microorganisms

te proučavali mikroorganizme

that live inside the bodies of each of those bugs in our home.

koji žive u tijelima svih kukaca u našem domu.

In each bug, for example, a wasp,

U svakom kukcu, primjerice, u osi,

we see a microscopic jungle unfold in a petri plate,

vidimo mikroskopsku džunglu u Petrijevoj zdjelici,

a world of hundreds of vibrant species.

svijet stotina živahnih vrsta.

Behold the biological cosmos!

Pogledajte biološki kozmos!

So many of the species you're looking at right now

Mnoge vrste koje sada gledate

don't yet have names.

još nemaju ni ime.

Most of the life around us remains unknown.

Većina života oko nas ostaje nepoznata.

I remember the first time I discovered and got to name a new species.

Sjećam se svog prvog otkrića i imenovanja nove vrste.

It was a fungus that lives in the nest of a paper wasp.

Bila je to gljivica koja živi u gnijezdu papirne ose.

It's white and fluffy,

Bijela je i čupava

and I named it "mucor nidicola,"

i nazvala sam je "mucor nidicola,"

meaning in Latin that it lives in the nest of another.

što na latinskom znači da živi u tuđem gnijezdu.

This is a picture of it growing on a dinosaur,

Ovo je slika te gljivice kako raste na dinosauru

because everyone thinks dinosaurs are cool.

jer svi misle da su dinosauri "kul".

At the time, I was in graduate school,

U to vrijeme, bila sam na početku studija

and I was so excited that I had found this new life form.

i jako uzbuđena jer sam našla taj novi oblik života.

I called up my dad, and I go,

Nazvala sam tatu i rekla,

"Dad! I just discovered a new microorganism species."

"Tata! Upravo sam otkrila novu vrstu mikroorganizma."

And he laughed and he goes,

Nasmijao se i odgovorio mi,

"That's great. I hope you also discovered a cure for it."

"Odlično. Nadam se da si našla i lijek za nju."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

"Cure it."

"Lijek."

Now, my dad is my biggest fan,

Moj tata je moj najveći obožavatelj,

so in that crushing moment where he wanted to kill my new little life form,

pa u tom trenutku kad je htio da ubijem svoj novi mali oblik života,

I realized that actually I had failed him,

shvatila sam da sam ga zapravo iznevjerila

both as a daughter and a scientist.

kao kćer i znanstvenica.

In my years toiling away in labs and in people's backyards,

Tijekom godina mukotrpnog rada u laboratorijima i dvorištima,

investigating and cataloging the microscopic life around us,

dok sam istraživala i popisivala mikroskopski život oko nas,

I'd never made clear my true mission to him.

nikad mu nisam objasnila svoju pravu misiju.

My goal is not to find technology

Moj cilj nije naći tehnologiju

to kill the new microscopic life around us.

koja će ubiti mikroskopski život koji nas okružuje.

My goal is to find new technology from this life, that will help save us.

Moj cilj je naći novu tehnologiju u tome životu, koji će nas spasiti.

The diversity of life in our homes is more than a list of 100,000 new species.

Raznolikost života u našim domovima više je od liste od 100.000 novih vrsta.

It is 100,000 new sources of solutions to human problems.

To je 100.000 novih izvora rješenja ljudskih problema.

I know it's hard to believe that anything that's so small

Znam da je teško vjerovati da išta tako sitno

or only has one cell

ili jednostanično

can do anything powerful,

može biti tako moćno,

but they can.

ali može.

These creatures are microscopic alchemists,

Ova bića su mikroskopski alkemičari,

with the ability to transform their environment

sposobni promijeniti svoje okruženje

with an arsenal of chemical tools.

arsenalom kemijskih sredstava.

This means that they can live anywhere on this planet,

To znači da mogu živjeti bilo gdje na ovom planetu

and they can eat whatever food is around them.

i mogu jesti bilo što oko sebe.

This means they can eat everything from toxic waste to plastic,

To znači da mogu jesti sve, od toksičnog otpada to plastike

and they can produce waste products like oil and battery power

i mogu proizvoditi otpad kao što je ulje i baterijski pogon

and even tiny nuggets of real gold.

pa čak i sitne komadiće pravog zlata.

They can transform the inedible into nutritive.

Oni nejestivo mogu pretvoriti u hranjivo.

They can make sugar into alcohol.

Šećer mogu pretvoriti u alkohol.

They give chocolate its flavor,

Oni čokoladi daju okus,

and soil the power to grow.

a tlu snagu za rast.

I'm here to tell you

Ovdje sam da vam kažem

that the next 100 years will feature these microscopic creatures

da ćemo sljedećih 100 godina gledati kako ova mikroskopska bića

solving more of our problems.

rješavaju naše probleme.

And we have a lot of problems to choose from.

Imamo problema na pretek.

We've got the mundane: bad-smelling clothes or bland food.

Imamo one dosadne: smrdljivu odjeću ili bezukusnu hranu.

And we've got the monumental:

Imamo i one ogromne:

disease, pollution, war.

bolest, zagađenje, rat.

And so this is my mission:

Ovo je moja misija:

to not just catalog the microscopic life around us,

ne samo popisati mikroskopski život koji nas okružuje,

but to find out what it's uniquely well-suited to help us with.

nego naći i ono jedinstveno što nam odgovara, kako bi nam pomoglo.

Here's an example.

Evo primjer.

We started with a pest,

Započeli smo sa štetočinom,

a wasp that lives on many of our homes.

osom koja živi u domovima mnogih od nas.

Inside that wasp, we plucked out a little-known microorganism species

Iz te ose iščupali smo slabo znanu vrstu mikroorganizma,

with a unique ability:

jedinstvenu po tome

it could make beer.

što može stvarati pivo.

This is a trait that only a few species on this planet have.

Ovo je osobina koju ima samo nekoliko vrsta na planetu.

In fact, all commercially produced beer you've ever had

Zapravo, sva komercijalna piva koja ste ikad kušali,

likely came from one of only three microorganism species.

vjerojatno su potekla od jedne od samo tri vrste mikroorganizama.

Yet our species, it could make a beer that tasted like honey,

No, naša vrsta može utjecati na to da pivo ima okus meda

and it could also make a delightfully tart beer.

ili da stvori izvrsno tart pivo.

In fact, this microorganism species that lives in the belly of a wasp,

Zapravo, ova vrsta mikroorganizma koja živi u trbuhu ose,

it could make a valuable sour beer

može napraviti kiselo pivo

better than any other species on this planet.

bolje nego ijedna druga vrsta na ovom planetu.

There are now four species that produce commercial beer.

Trenutno postoje četiri vrste koje proizvode komercijalno pivo.

Where you used to see a pest,

Dosad ste vidjeli štetočinu,

now think of tasting your future favorite beer.

a sad pomislite na kušanje vašeg budućeg najdražeg piva.

As a second example,

Za drugi primjer,

I worked with researchers to dig in the dirt in people's backyards.

radila sam s istraživačima i kopala po prljavštini tuđih dvorišta.

There, we uncovered a microorganism that could make novel antibiotics,

Otkrili smo mikroorganizam koji može sačinjavati nove antibiotike,

antibiotics that can kill the world's worst superbugs.

antibiotike koji mogu ubiti najgore superkukce svijeta.

This was an awesome thing to find,

To je bilo odlično otkriće,

but here's the secret:

ali evo tajne:

for the last 60 years,

posljednjih 60 godina,

most of the antibiotics on the market

većina antibiotika na tržištu

have come from similar soil bacteria.

potekla je od slične bakterije iz tla.

Every day, you and I and everyone in this room

Svaki dan, vas, mene i sve u ovoj prostoriji

and on this planet,

i na ovom planetu,

are saved by similar soil bacteria that produce most of our antibiotics.

spašava slična bakterija iz tla koja proizvodi i većinu naših antibiotika.

Where you used to see dirt,

Dosad ste vidjeli zemlju,

now think of medication.

sad mislite na lijekove.

Perhaps my favorite example comes from colleagues

Moj najdraži primjer dolazi od kolega

who are studying a pond scum microorganism,

koji proučavaju mikroorganizam u močvarnom otpadu,

which is tragically named after the cow dung it was first found in.

a koji je tragično nazvan prema kravljem izmetu u kojem je prvotno nađen.

It's pretty unremarkable and would be unworthy of discussion,

Prilično je neupečatljiv i ne bi bio vrijedan spomena,

except that the researchers found that if you feed it to mice,

da istraživači nisu otkrili da ako se time nahrani miševe,

it vaccinates against PTSD.

nastaje cjepivo protiv PTSP-a.

It vaccinates against fear.

To je cjepivo protiv straha.

Where you used to see pond scum, now think of hope.

Dosad ste vidjeli samo otpad, sad mislite na nadu.

There are so many more microbial examples

Još je mnogo primjera mikroba

that I don't have time to talk about today.

o kojima danas nemam vremena govoriti.

I gave you examples of solutions that came from just three species,

Dala sam vam primjere rješenja koja su došla od samo tri vrste,

but imagine what those other 100,000 species in your dust bunnies

no, zamislite što bi tih ostalih 100.000 vrsta u vašoj prašini

might be able to do.

moglo učiniti.

In the future, they might be able to make you sexier

U budućnosti bi vas mogli učiniti privlačnijima,

or smarter

ili pametnijima,

or perhaps live longer.

ili dugovječnijima.

So I want you to look at your finger again.

Stoga, želim da ponovno pogledate svoj prst.

Think about all those microscopic creatures

Pomislite na sva ta mikroskopska stvorenja

that are unknown.

koja su nepoznata.

Think about in the future what they might be able to do

Pomislite što bi oni mogli učiniti u budućnosti,

or make

ili stvoriti,

or whose life they might be able to save.

ili čiji život bi mogli spasiti.

How does your finger feel right now?

Kako sad osjećate svoj prst?

A little bit powerful?

Moćan je?

That's because you're feeling the future.

To je zato što osjećate budućnost.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)