How a long-forgotten virus could help us solve the antibiotics crisis | Alexander Belcredi

328,425 views ใƒป 2018-12-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Weisman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nurit Noy
00:12
Take a moment
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ืงื—ื• ืจื’ืข
00:14
and think about a virus.
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
00:16
What comes to your mind?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื?
00:18
An illness?
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ืžื—ืœื”?
00:20
A fear?
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ืคื—ื“?
00:21
Probably something really unpleasant.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืœื ื ืขื™ื.
00:23
And yet, viruses are not all the same.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
00:25
It's true, some of them cause devastating disease.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช.
00:29
But others can do the exact opposite -- they can cure disease.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
00:33
These viruses are called "phages."
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื "ืคืื’'ื™ื".
00:36
Now, the first time I heard about phages was back in 2013.
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ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืคืื’'ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘-2013.
00:39
My father-in-law, who's a surgeon,
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ื—ืžื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืชื— ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•,
00:41
was telling me about a woman he was treating.
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ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ืืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื•.
00:44
The woman had a knee injury, required multiple surgeries,
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ืœืืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฆื™ืขืช ื‘ืจืš, ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
00:47
and over the course of these,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
00:48
developed a chronic bacterial infection in her leg.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืœื”.
00:51
Unfortunately for her,
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ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื”,
00:52
the bacteria causing the infection also did not respond
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘
00:55
to any antibiotic that was available.
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ืœืฉื•ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
00:58
So at this point, typically, the only option left is to amputate the leg
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ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ,
01:02
to stop the infection from spreading further.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื”ืœืื”.
01:05
Now, my father-in-law was desperate for a different kind of solution,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื—ืžื™ ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
01:08
and he applied for an experimental, last-resort treatment using phages.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื-ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืื’'ื™ื.
01:13
And guess what? It worked.
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”? ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
01:15
Within three weeks of applying the phages, the chronic infection had healed up,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืื’'ื™ื, ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื ืจืคื,
01:19
where before, no antibiotic was working.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื ืขื‘ื“.
01:22
I was fascinated by this weird conception:
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ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”:
01:27
viruses curing an infection.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืžืจืคืื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
01:30
To this day, I am fascinated by the medical potential of phages.
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืื’'ื™ื.
01:34
And I actually quit my job last year to build a company in this space.
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ืคืจืฉืชื™ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
01:38
Now, what is a phage?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื–ื” ืคืื’'?
01:41
The image that you see here was taken by an electron microscope.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™.
01:45
And that means what we see on the screen is in reality extremely tiny.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื•ื ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
01:49
The grainy thing in the middle with the head, the long body
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืขืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืจื•ืš,
01:53
and a number of feet --
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
01:54
this is the image of a prototypical phage.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืื’' ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
01:57
It's kind of cute.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื—ืžื•ื“.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:00
Now, take a look at your hand.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:03
In our team, we've estimated that you have more than 10 billion phages
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ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืขืจื›ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืœ ืคืื’'ื™ื
02:08
on each of your hands.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ื›ื.
02:09
What are they doing there?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื?
02:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:12
Well, viruses are good at infecting cells.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
02:15
And phages are great at infecting bacteria.
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ื•ืคืื’'ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:18
And your hand, just like so much of our body,
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ื•ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืคื ื•,
02:20
is a hotbed of bacterial activity,
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ื”ื™ื ื” ื—ืžืžื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช (ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช),
02:22
making it an ideal hunting ground for phages.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื“ื” ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืื’'ื™ื.
02:26
Because after all, phages hunt bacteria.
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ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืคืื’'ื™ื ืฆื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:29
It's also important to know that phages are extremely selective hunters.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืคืื’'ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
02:34
Typically, a phage will only infect a single bacterial species.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืคืื’' ืžื–ื”ื ืจืง ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
02:38
So in this rendering here, the phage that you see
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ืื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืคื”, ื”ืคืื’' ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
02:41
hunts for a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus,
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ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื˜ืืคื™ืœื•ืงื•ืง ื–ื”ื•ื‘,
02:44
which is known as MRSA in its drug-resistant form.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›-MRSA ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”-ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:48
It causes skin or wound infections.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืฆืขื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
02:51
The way the phage hunts is with its feet.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืคืื’' ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืขืดื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื•.
02:54
The feet are actually extremely sensitive receptors,
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ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
02:56
on the lookout for the right surface on a bacterial cell.
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ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžืชืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
03:00
Once it finds it,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืื•ืชื•,
03:01
the phage will latch on to the bacterial cell wall
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ื”ืคืื’' ื ื ืขืœ ืขืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืชื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง
03:04
and then inject its DNA.
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ื•ืื– ืžื–ืจื™ืง ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœื•.
03:06
DNA sits in the head of the phage
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ื”-DNA ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืื’'
03:08
and travels into the bacteria through the long body.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื“ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืืจื•ืš.
03:11
At this point, the phage reprograms the bacteria
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืคืื’' ืžืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง
03:14
into producing lots of new phages.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืื’'ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:16
The bacteria, in effect, becomes a phage factory.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœืคืื’'ื™ื.
03:19
Once around 50-100 phages have accumulated within the bacteria cell,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืขื“ 100 ืคืื’'ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง,
03:23
the phages are then able to release a protein
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ื”ืคืื’'ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื– ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ
03:26
that disrupts the bacteria cell wall.
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ืฉืžืจืกืง ืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืชื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
03:28
As the bacteria bursts, the phages move out
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื”ืคืื’'ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
03:31
and go on the hunt again for a new bacteria to infect.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื—ื“ืฉ
03:35
Now, I'm sorry, this probably sounded like a scary virus again.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
03:39
But it's exactly this ability of phages --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืื’'ื™ื,
03:41
to multiply within the bacteria and then kill them --
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ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืื– ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื.
03:44
that make them so interesting from a medical point of view.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
03:47
The other part that I find extremely interesting
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
03:50
is the scale at which this is going on.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
03:52
Now, just five years ago, I really had no clue about phages.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ื ืคืื’'ื™ื.
03:55
And yet, today I would tell you they are part of a natural principle.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
03:59
Phages and bacteria go back to the earliest days of evolution.
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ืคืื’'ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:03
They have always existed in tandem, keeping each other in check.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”, ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™.
04:07
So this is really the story of yin and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’, ืฉืœ ื”ืฆึทื™ึธึผื™ื“ ื•ื”ื˜ืจืฃ,
04:11
at a microscopic level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช.
04:14
Some scientists have even estimated
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื•
04:16
that phages are the most abundant organism on our planet.
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ืฉื”ืคืื’'ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ื”ืดื.
04:20
So even before we continue talking about their medical potential,
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ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื,
04:23
I think everybody should know about phages and their role on earth:
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื ืคืื’'ื™ื ื•ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
04:27
they hunt, infect and kill bacteria.
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ื”ื ืฆื“ื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
04:30
Now, how come we have something that works so well in nature,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
04:33
every day, everywhere around us,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
04:35
and yet, in most parts of the world,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:37
we do not have a single drug on the market
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
04:39
that uses this principle to combat bacterial infections?
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื?
04:43
The simple answer is: no one has developed this kind of a drug yet,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืคื™ืชื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”,
04:47
at least not one that conforms to the Western regulatory standards
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
04:50
that set the norm for so much of the world.
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ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:53
To understand why, we need to move back in time.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
04:57
This is a picture of Fรฉlix d'Herelle.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ื“'ื”ืจืœ.
04:59
He is one of the two scientists credited with discovering phages.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคืื’'ื™ื.
05:02
Except, when he discovered them back in 1917, he had no clue
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื‘-1917,
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื”.
05:06
what he had discovered.
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05:08
He was interested in a disease called bacillary dysentery,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื“ื™ื–ื ื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืœืจื™ืช,
05:12
which is a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉืœืฉื•ืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
05:14
and back then, was actually killing a lot of people,
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ื•ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
05:17
because after all, no cure for bacterial infections had been invented.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจืคื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื.
05:21
He was looking at samples from patients who had survived this illness.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
05:25
And he found that something weird was going on.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืื– ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืงื•ืจื”.
05:27
Something in the sample was killing the bacteria
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ืจื’ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
05:29
that were supposed to cause the disease.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื”.
05:31
To find out what was going on, he did an ingenious experiment.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™:
05:35
He took the sample, filtered it
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื”, ืกื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื”,
05:37
until he was sure that only something very small could have remained,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”
05:40
and then took a tiny drop and added it to freshly cultivated bacteria.
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื— ื˜ื™ืคื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
05:45
And he observed that within a number of hours,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช,
05:47
the bacteria had been killed.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื•.
05:49
He then repeated this, again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื™ื ืŸ, ืœืงื— ื˜ื™ืคื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”,
05:53
adding it to the next batch of fresh bacteria.
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ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื‘ืฅ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
05:55
He did this in sequence 50 times,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช 50 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ,
05:58
always observing the same effect.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
06:00
And at this point, he made two conclusions.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช.
06:02
First of all, the obvious one: yes, something was killing the bacteria,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืืœื™ื”: ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
06:06
and it was in that liquid.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
06:07
The other one: it had to be biologic in nature,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื”: ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•,
06:10
because a tiny drop was sufficient to have a huge impact.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
06:14
He called the agent he had found an "invisible microbe"
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”"
06:18
and gave it the name "bacteriophage,"
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ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ "ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืคืื’ืณ",
06:19
which, literally translated, means "bacteria eater."
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ืืฉืจ, ืื ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• "ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื".
06:22
And by the way, this is one of the most fundamental discoveries
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ืื’ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
06:25
of modern microbiology.
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06:27
So many modern techniques go back to our understanding of how phages work --
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื ืช ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืคืื’'ื™ื.
06:31
in genomic editing, but also in other fields.
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:33
And just today, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was announced
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืฉืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
06:36
for two scientists who work with phages and develop drugs based on that.
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ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืคืื’'ื™ื ื•ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
06:41
Now, back in the 1920s and 1930s,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื,
06:43
people also immediately saw the medical potential of phages.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืื’'ื™ื.
06:46
After all, albeit invisible,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”,
06:48
you had something that reliably was killing bacteria.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
06:51
Companies that still exist today, such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• "ืื‘ื•ื˜", "ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื‘" ืื• "ืœื™ืœื™",
06:54
sold phage preparations.
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ืžื›ืจื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืคืื’'ื™ื.
06:57
But the reality is, if you're starting with an invisible microbe,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”,
07:00
it's very difficult to get to a reliable drug.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืืžื™ื ื”.
ืจืง ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืœ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช (FDA),
07:03
Just imagine going to the FDA today
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07:05
and telling them all about that invisible virus
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ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”
07:07
you want to give to patients.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื.
07:09
So when chemical antibiotics emerged in the 1940s,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฆืฆื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40,
07:12
they completely changed the game.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
07:14
And this guy played a major role.
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉื™.
07:16
This is Alexander Fleming.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’.
07:18
He won the Nobel Prize in medicine
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจืคื•ืื”
07:19
for his work contributing to the development
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืชืจืžื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—
07:22
of the first antibiotic, penicillin.
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ.
07:24
And antibiotics really work very differently than phages.
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ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืื’'ื™ื.
07:29
For the most part, they inhibit the growth of the bacteria,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
07:31
and they don't care so much which kind of bacteria are present.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื” ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื.
07:35
The ones that we call broad-spectrum
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื” ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืจื—ื‘ืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—
07:37
will even work against a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
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ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
07:40
Compare that to phages, which work extremely narrowly
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ื–ืืช ืœืคืื’'ื™ื, ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืจ ืžืื“
07:43
against one bacterial species,
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
07:44
and you can see the obvious advantage.
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ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
07:47
Now, back then, this must have felt like a dream come true.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืฉื.
07:50
You had a patient with a suspected bacterial infection,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ืฉื“ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™,
07:53
you gave him the antibiotic,
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ื ืชืชื ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
07:55
and without really needing to know anything else about the bacteria
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง
07:58
causing the disease,
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื”,
07:59
many of the patients recovered.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืจืคืื•.
08:01
And so as we developed more and more antibiotics,
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:03
they, rightly so, became the first-line therapy for bacterial infections.
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ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื.
08:07
And by the way, they have contributed tremendously to our life expectancy.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืชืจืžื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:12
We are only able to do complex medical interventions
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
08:14
and medical surgeries today
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ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
08:16
because we have antibiotics,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:17
and we don't risk the patient dying the very next day
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจืช
08:20
from the bacterial infection that he might contract during the operation.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
08:24
So we started to forget about phages, especially in Western medicine.
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ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืคืื’'ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
08:28
And to a certain extent, even when I was growing up, the notion was:
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”:
08:32
we have solved bacterial infections; we have antibiotics.
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ืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:37
Of course, today, we know that this is wrong.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช.
08:40
Today, most of you will have heard about superbugs.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื.
08:42
Those are bacteria that have become resistant
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื
08:45
to many, if not all, of the antibiotics that we have developed
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ืื ืœื ืœื›ืœ, ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื•
08:49
to treat this infection.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
08:51
How did we get here?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
08:53
Well, we weren't as smart as we thought we were.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
08:56
As we started using antibiotics everywhere --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื:
08:59
in hospitals, to treat and prevent; at home, for simple colds;
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืžื ื™ืขื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
09:02
on farms, to keep animals healthy --
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ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
09:05
the bacteria evolved.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
09:07
In the onslaught of antibiotics that were all around them,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืกืชืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
09:11
those bacteria survived that were best able to adapt.
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ืฉืจื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
09:15
Today, we call these "multidrug-resistant bacteria."
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื "ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช".
09:18
And let me put a scary number out there.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
09:20
In a recent study commissioned by the UK government,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืข"ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
09:22
it was estimated that by 2050,
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ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืขื“ 2050,
09:25
ten million people could die every year from multidrug-resistant infections.
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ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
09:29
Compare that to eight million deaths from cancer per year today,
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ื–ืืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื,
09:33
and you can see that this is a scary number.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
09:35
But the good news is, phages have stuck around.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ืคืื’'ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
09:39
And let me tell you, they are not impressed by multidrug resistance.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืจืฉืžื™ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:43
They are just as happily killing and hunting bacteria all around us.
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ื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจื’ ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
09:50
And they've also stayed selective, which today is really a good thing.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:53
Today, we are able to reliably identify a bacterial pathogen
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื” (ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ) ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™
09:56
that's causing an infection in many settings.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
09:59
And their selectivity will help us avoid some of the side effects
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ื•ื”ื‘ืจืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื›ืžื” ืžืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™
10:02
that are commonly associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืจื—ื‘ืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
10:06
But maybe the best news of all is: they are no longer an invisible microbe.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ: ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”.
10:10
We can look at them.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื.
10:11
And we did so together before.
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื™ื—ื“ ืžืงื•ื“ื.
10:13
We can sequence their DNA.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœื”ื.
10:15
We understand how they replicate.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื.
10:16
And we understand the limitations.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
10:18
We are in a great place
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ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช
10:20
to now develop strong and reliable phage-based pharmaceuticals.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืื’'ื™ื.
10:24
And that's what's happening around the globe.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:26
More than 10 biotech companies, including our own company,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:29
are developing human-phage applications to treat bacterial infections.
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ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืื’' ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
10:32
A number of clinical trials are getting underway in Europe and the US.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
10:37
So I'm convinced that we're standing on the verge
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื”
10:40
of a renaissance of phage therapy.
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ืฉืœ ืจื ืกื ืก ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืื’'ื™ื.
10:42
And to me, the correct way to depict the phage is something like this.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืื’' ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื”:
10:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:49
To me, phages are the superheroes that we have been waiting for
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืคืื’'ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื”ืขืœ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื•
10:52
in our fight against multidrug-resistant infections.
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
10:56
So the next time you think about a virus,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
10:59
keep this image in mind.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ืืช.
11:01
After all, a phage might one day save your life.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืคืื’' ืขืฉื•ื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
11:04
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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