How a long-forgotten virus could help us solve the antibiotics crisis | Alexander Belcredi

324,787 views ใƒป 2018-12-07

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Meeyoung Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Shin Jong Hyeon
00:12
Take a moment
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์ž ๊น๋งŒ
00:14
and think about a virus.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:16
What comes to your mind?
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”?
00:18
An illness?
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์งˆ๋ณ‘?
00:20
A fear?
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๋‘๋ ค์›€?
00:21
Probably something really unpleasant.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
And yet, viruses are not all the same.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
It's true, some of them cause devastating disease.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ฃ .
00:29
But others can do the exact opposite -- they can cure disease.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์ฃ .
00:33
These viruses are called "phages."
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
Now, the first time I heard about phages was back in 2013.
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ํŒŒ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ 2013๋…„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
My father-in-law, who's a surgeon,
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์…จ๋˜ ์žฅ์ธ์€
00:41
was telling me about a woman he was treating.
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ์—ฌํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”.
00:44
The woman had a knee injury, required multiple surgeries,
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ๋‹ค์ณ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
and over the course of these,
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ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋˜ ์ค‘์—
00:48
developed a chronic bacterial infection in her leg.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
Unfortunately for her,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
00:52
the bacteria causing the infection also did not respond
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๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š”
00:55
to any antibiotic that was available.
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์–ด๋–ค ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
So at this point, typically, the only option left is to amputate the leg
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‚จ์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
to stop the infection from spreading further.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์ด ๋” ํผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:05
Now, my father-in-law was desperate for a different kind of solution,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ ์žฅ์ธ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
and he applied for an experimental, last-resort treatment using phages.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
And guess what? It worked.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Within three weeks of applying the phages, the chronic infection had healed up,
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์ง€ 3์ฃผ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚ซ์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‚˜์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
where before, no antibiotic was working.
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์ „์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๋ณ‘์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:22
I was fascinated by this weird conception:
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์ „ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
01:27
viruses curing an infection.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ๋‹ค.
01:30
To this day, I am fascinated by the medical potential of phages.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
And I actually quit my job last year to build a company in this space.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„์— ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ณ  ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
Now, what is a phage?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:41
The image that you see here was taken by an electron microscope.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
And that means what we see on the screen is in reality extremely tiny.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:49
The grainy thing in the middle with the head, the long body
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๋‚ฑ์•Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ชธ์€ ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:53
and a number of feet --
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๋ฐœ์ด ๋งŽ์ฃ  -
01:54
this is the image of a prototypical phage.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒŒ์ง€ ์›ํ˜•์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
It's kind of cute.
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๊ท€์—ฝ์ฃ .
01:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:00
Now, take a look at your hand.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์†์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:03
In our team, we've estimated that you have more than 10 billion phages
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์† ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋ฐฑ ์–ต ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ง€๋“ค์ด
02:08
on each of your hands.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
What are they doing there?
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์–˜๋“ค์€ ์†์—์„œ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:11
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:12
Well, viruses are good at infecting cells.
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์Œ, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:15
And phages are great at infecting bacteria.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์ฃ .
02:18
And your hand, just like so much of our body,
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์†์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€์œ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
02:20
is a hotbed of bacterial activity,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์˜จ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
making it an ideal hunting ground for phages.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์†์€ ํŒŒ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Because after all, phages hunt bacteria.
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ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:29
It's also important to know that phages are extremely selective hunters.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์•Œ์•„๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:34
Typically, a phage will only infect a single bacterial species.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ•œ ์ข…๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
So in this rendering here, the phage that you see
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š”
02:41
hunts for a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus,
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ํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ํฌ๋„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
which is known as MRSA in its drug-resistant form.
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์ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ MRSA๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:48
It causes skin or wound infections.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
The way the phage hunts is with its feet.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
The feet are actually extremely sensitive receptors,
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์ด ๋ฐœ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
on the lookout for the right surface on a bacterial cell.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:00
Once it finds it,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด,
03:01
the phage will latch on to the bacterial cell wall
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ
03:04
and then inject its DNA.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:06
DNA sits in the head of the phage
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DNA๋Š” ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:08
and travels into the bacteria through the long body.
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๊ธด ๋ชธ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
At this point, the phage reprograms the bacteria
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์ด ๋•Œ ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์žฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•ด์„œ
03:14
into producing lots of new phages.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ ํŒŒ์ง€๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
The bacteria, in effect, becomes a phage factory.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํŒŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:19
Once around 50-100 phages have accumulated within the bacteria cell,
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์ผ๋‹จ 50~100๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ ์•ˆ์— ์Œ“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
03:23
the phages are then able to release a protein
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:26
that disrupts the bacteria cell wall.
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ฃ .
03:28
As the bacteria bursts, the phages move out
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ํŒŒ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด์„œ
03:31
and go on the hunt again for a new bacteria to infect.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ƒˆ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Now, I'm sorry, this probably sounded like a scary virus again.
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์•„์ด๊ณ , ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋„ค์š”.
03:39
But it's exactly this ability of phages --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ์ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
03:41
to multiply within the bacteria and then kill them --
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฆ์‹ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
03:44
that make them so interesting from a medical point of view.
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์˜ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
The other part that I find extremely interesting
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
03:50
is the scale at which this is going on.
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ํŒŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Now, just five years ago, I really had no clue about phages.
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์Œ, 5๋…„ ์ „์—, ์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
And yet, today I would tell you they are part of a natural principle.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Phages and bacteria go back to the earliest days of evolution.
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ํŒŒ์ง€์™€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
They have always existed in tandem, keeping each other in check.
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์ด ๋‘˜์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
So this is really the story of yin and yang, of the hunter and the prey,
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์Œ๊ณผ ์–‘, ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ๊ณผ ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
04:11
at a microscopic level.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์š”.
04:14
Some scientists have even estimated
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด
04:16
that phages are the most abundant organism on our planet.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
So even before we continue talking about their medical potential,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
04:23
I think everybody should know about phages and their role on earth:
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ํŒŒ์ง€์™€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
they hunt, infect and kill bacteria.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Now, how come we have something that works so well in nature,
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ดํ† ๋ก ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
04:33
every day, everywhere around us,
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๋งค์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:35
and yet, in most parts of the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
04:37
we do not have a single drug on the market
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์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์•ฝ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š”
04:39
that uses this principle to combat bacterial infections?
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์ด ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ด ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:43
The simple answer is: no one has developed this kind of a drug yet,
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๋‹ต์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:47
at least not one that conforms to the Western regulatory standards
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
04:50
that set the norm for so much of the world.
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์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€๋“ค์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์€ ์•„์ง ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
To understand why, we need to move back in time.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
This is a picture of Fรฉlix d'Herelle.
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์ด๋ถ„์€ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฐ๋ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
He is one of the two scientists credited with discovering phages.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์šด ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
05:02
Except, when he discovered them back in 1917, he had no clue
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ 1917๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€
05:06
what he had discovered.
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์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์กฐ์ฐจ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
He was interested in a disease called bacillary dysentery,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ์ด์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
which is a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:14
and back then, was actually killing a lot of people,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
because after all, no cure for bacterial infections had been invented.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:21
He was looking at samples from patients who had survived this illness.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
And he found that something weird was going on.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
Something in the sample was killing the bacteria
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์†์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š”
05:29
that were supposed to cause the disease.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:31
To find out what was going on, he did an ingenious experiment.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
He took the sample, filtered it
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ
05:37
until he was sure that only something very small could have remained,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋‚จ์„ ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
and then took a tiny drop and added it to freshly cultivated bacteria.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ“ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And he observed that within a number of hours,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
05:47
the bacteria had been killed.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ฃฝ์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
He then repeated this, again filtering, taking a tiny drop,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์„
05:53
adding it to the next batch of fresh bacteria.
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๊ฐ“ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์— ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
He did this in sequence 50 times,
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ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฐ๋ ์€ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ 50๋ฒˆ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ
05:58
always observing the same effect.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์ฃ .
06:00
And at this point, he made two conclusions.
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์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
First of all, the obvious one: yes, something was killing the bacteria,
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€, ๋งž์•„์š”. ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
06:06
and it was in that liquid.
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๊ทธ ์•ก์ฒด ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
The other one: it had to be biologic in nature,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
because a tiny drop was sufficient to have a huge impact.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž‘์€ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด๋ฉด ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:14
He called the agent he had found an "invisible microbe"
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ โ€œ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ฐ€
06:18
and gave it the name "bacteriophage,"
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โ€œ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜คํŒŒ์ง€โ€๋ผ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
which, literally translated, means "bacteria eater."
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๊ธ€์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋ฉด โ€œ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํฌ์‹์žโ€๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
And by the way, this is one of the most fundamental discoveries
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ
06:25
of modern microbiology.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
So many modern techniques go back to our understanding of how phages work --
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๋งŽ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
in genomic editing, but also in other fields.
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„์š”.
06:33
And just today, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was announced
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
06:36
for two scientists who work with phages and develop drugs based on that.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœํ•œ ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ณต์„ ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
Now, back in the 1920s and 1930s,
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์ž, 1920๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜
06:43
people also immediately saw the medical potential of phages.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
After all, albeit invisible,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
06:48
you had something that reliably was killing bacteria.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:51
Companies that still exist today, such as Abbott, Squibb or Lilly,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค, ์• ๋ฒ—, ์Šคํ€ด๋ธŒ, ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์€
06:54
sold phage preparations.
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ํŒŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์ œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ํŒ”์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
But the reality is, if you're starting with an invisible microbe,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
07:00
it's very difficult to get to a reliable drug.
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์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์•ฝ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์•„์ฃผ ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ .
07:03
Just imagine going to the FDA today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ FDA์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
07:05
and telling them all about that invisible virus
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:07
you want to give to patients.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:09
So when chemical antibiotics emerged in the 1940s,
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1940๋…„๋Œ€์— ํ™”ํ•™ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ
07:12
they completely changed the game.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
And this guy played a major role.
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์ด ๋ถ„์ด ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
07:16
This is Alexander Fleming.
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
He won the Nobel Prize in medicine
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์˜ํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
07:19
for his work contributing to the development
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ, ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
07:22
of the first antibiotic, penicillin.
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๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
And antibiotics really work very differently than phages.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ง€์™€๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
For the most part, they inhibit the growth of the bacteria,
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
07:31
and they don't care so much which kind of bacteria are present.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ์ง€์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
07:35
The ones that we call broad-spectrum
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝํšจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋“ค์€
07:37
will even work against a whole bunch of bacteria out there.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:40
Compare that to phages, which work extremely narrowly
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒ์ง€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—
07:43
against one bacterial species,
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์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:44
and you can see the obvious advantage.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ์ฃ .
07:47
Now, back then, this must have felt like a dream come true.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฟˆ์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
You had a patient with a suspected bacterial infection,
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์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์•“๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:53
you gave him the antibiotic,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•˜์ž
07:55
and without really needing to know anything else about the bacteria
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„
07:58
causing the disease,
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์•Œ ํ•„์š” ์—†์ด
07:59
many of the patients recovered.
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๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ํšŒ๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
And so as we developed more and more antibiotics,
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:03
they, rightly so, became the first-line therapy for bacterial infections.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
And by the way, they have contributed tremendously to our life expectancy.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด์™”์ฃ .
08:12
We are only able to do complex medical interventions
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„
08:14
and medical surgeries today
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๊ทธ์ € ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
because we have antibiotics,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:17
and we don't risk the patient dying the very next day
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ 
08:20
from the bacterial infection that he might contract during the operation.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
So we started to forget about phages, especially in Western medicine.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ . ํŠนํžˆ ์„œ์–‘ ์˜ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š”์š”.
08:28
And to a certain extent, even when I was growing up, the notion was:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž„ ๋•, ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ :
08:32
we have solved bacterial infections; we have antibiotics.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์–ด. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
08:37
Of course, today, we know that this is wrong.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Today, most of you will have heard about superbugs.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ˆ˜ํผ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
Those are bacteria that have become resistant
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์ˆ˜ํผ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ
08:45
to many, if not all, of the antibiotics that we have developed
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•ฝ์ œ์—
08:49
to treat this infection.
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๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
How did we get here?
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:53
Well, we weren't as smart as we thought we were.
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์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒํผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:56
As we started using antibiotics everywhere --
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:59
in hospitals, to treat and prevent; at home, for simple colds;
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘์—์„œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:02
on farms, to keep animals healthy --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:05
the bacteria evolved.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
In the onslaught of antibiotics that were all around them,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ง์‚ด์†์—์„œ
09:11
those bacteria survived that were best able to adapt.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์ ์‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Today, we call these "multidrug-resistant bacteria."
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ โ€œ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
And let me put a scary number out there.
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๋ฌด์„œ์šด ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
09:20
In a recent study commissioned by the UK government,
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์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ขฐํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
09:22
it was estimated that by 2050,
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์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, 2050๋…„์ด๋ฉด
09:25
ten million people could die every year from multidrug-resistant infections.
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์ฒœ๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
Compare that to eight million deaths from cancer per year today,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์•” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜ 8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”,
09:33
and you can see that this is a scary number.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์ˆซ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“œ์‹œ์ฃ .
09:35
But the good news is, phages have stuck around.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ง ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
And let me tell you, they are not impressed by multidrug resistance.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:43
They are just as happily killing and hunting bacteria all around us.
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ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜†์—์„œ ๊ทธ์ € ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
And they've also stayed selective, which today is really a good thing.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”. ์ •๋ง ๋‹คํ–‰์ธ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
09:53
Today, we are able to reliably identify a bacterial pathogen
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์ž˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
that's causing an infection in many settings.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„์š”.
09:59
And their selectivity will help us avoid some of the side effects
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ๊ณต๋žต์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝํšจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์™€
10:02
that are commonly associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
But maybe the best news of all is: they are no longer an invisible microbe.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:10
We can look at them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
And we did so together before.
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์•„๊นŒ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ดค์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:13
We can sequence their DNA.
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ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:15
We understand how they replicate.
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ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:16
And we understand the limitations.
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ํ•œ๊ณ„๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
We are in a great place
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์ด์ œ ํŒŒ์ง€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ
10:20
to now develop strong and reliable phage-based pharmaceuticals.
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์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
And that's what's happening around the globe.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
10:26
More than 10 biotech companies, including our own company,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 10๊ณณ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
10:29
are developing human-phage applications to treat bacterial infections.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
A number of clinical trials are getting underway in Europe and the US.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
So I'm convinced that we're standing on the verge
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์ €๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ง€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค๋ฅผ
10:40
of a renaissance of phage therapy.
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๊ณง ์ด๋ฃฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
And to me, the correct way to depict the phage is something like this.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:49
To me, phages are the superheroes that we have been waiting for
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์˜จ ์ˆ˜ํผํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
in our fight against multidrug-resistant infections.
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๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:56
So the next time you think about a virus,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๋•Œ
10:59
keep this image in mind.
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์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
11:01
After all, a phage might one day save your life.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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