Nathan Myhrvold: Could this laser zap malaria?

107,555 views ใƒป 2010-05-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yafim Simanovsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
We invent.
0
15260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื.
00:17
My company invents
1
17260
2000
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืžืฆื™ืื”
00:19
all kinds of new technology
2
19260
2000
ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:21
in lots of different areas.
3
21260
2000
ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:23
And we do that for a couple of reasons.
4
23260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
00:25
We invent for fun --
5
25260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ.
00:27
invention is a lot of fun to do --
6
27260
3000
ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื.
00:30
and we also invent for profit.
7
30260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจื•ื•ื—.
00:32
The two are related because
8
32260
2000
ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
00:34
the profit actually takes long enough that if it isn't fun,
9
34260
2000
ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—, ืฉืื ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื™ืฃ
00:36
you wouldn't have the time to do it.
10
36260
2000
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
00:38
So we do this
11
38260
2000
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
00:40
fun and profit-oriented inventing
12
40260
2000
ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช-ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื›ื™ืฃ
00:42
for most of what we do,
13
42260
2000
ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
00:44
but we also have a program where we invent for humanity --
14
44260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช --
00:47
where we take some of our best inventors,
15
47260
2000
ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:49
and we say, "Are there problems
16
49260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
00:51
where we have a good idea for solving a problem the world has?" --
17
51260
3000
ืื™ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื?" --
00:54
and to solve it in the way we try to solve problems,
18
54260
3000
ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
00:57
which is with dramatic, crazy,
19
57260
2000
ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื,
00:59
out-of-the-box solutions.
20
59260
2000
ืžื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืงื•ืคืกื.
01:01
Bill Gates is one of those smartest guys of ours
21
61260
2000
ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:03
that work on these problems
22
63260
2000
ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
01:05
and he also funds this work, so thank you.
23
65260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืื– ืชื•ื“ื”.
01:08
So I'm going to briefly discuss
24
68260
2000
ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื‘ืงืฆืจื”
01:10
a couple of problems that we have
25
70260
2000
ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
01:12
and a couple of problems where
26
72260
2000
ื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:14
we've got some solutions underway.
27
74260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš.
01:16
Vaccination is one of the
28
76260
3000
ืžืชืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช
01:19
key techniques in public health,
29
79260
2000
ืžื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
01:21
a fantastic thing.
30
81260
2000
ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
01:23
But in the developing world a lot of vaccines
31
83260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
01:26
spoil before they're administered,
32
86260
2000
ืžืชืงืœืงืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื.
01:28
and that's because they need to be kept cold.
33
88260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืงืจื™ื.
01:31
Almost all vaccines need to be kept at refrigerator temperatures.
34
91260
3000
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืจ.
01:34
They go bad very quickly if you don't,
35
94260
2000
ื”ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืš.
01:36
and if you don't have stable power grid, this doesn't happen,
36
96260
3000
ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”,
01:39
so kids die.
37
99260
2000
ืื– ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
01:41
It's not just the loss of the vaccine that matters;
38
101260
3000
ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื ื”;
01:44
it's the fact that those kids don't get vaccinated.
39
104260
3000
ื–ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื.
01:47
This is one of the ways that
40
107260
3000
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื”
01:50
vaccines are carried:
41
110260
2000
ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื.
01:52
These are Styrofoam chests. These are being carried by people,
42
112260
3000
ืืœื” ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:55
but they're also put on the backs of pickup trucks.
43
115260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื˜ื ื“ืจ.
01:57
We've got a different solution.
44
117260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:00
Now, one of these Styrofoam chests
45
120260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ืช ืžืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืืœื”
02:03
will last for about four hours with ice in it.
46
123260
2000
ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืœืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 4 ืฉืขื•ืช, ืขื ืงืจื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
02:05
And we thought, well, that's not really good enough.
47
125260
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
02:08
So we made this thing.
48
128260
2000
ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:10
This lasts six months with no power;
49
130260
3000
ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
02:13
absolutely zero power,
50
133260
2000
ืืคืก ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
02:15
because it loses less
51
135260
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช
02:17
than a half a watt.
52
137260
2000
ืžื—ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืื˜.
02:19
Now, this is our second generations prototype.
53
139260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื ื•.
02:22
The third generation prototype is, right now,
54
142260
2000
ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก, ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”,
02:24
in Uganda being tested.
55
144260
3000
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:27
Now, the reason we were able to come up with this
56
147260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
02:29
is two key ideas:
57
149260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—.
02:31
One is that this is similar to a cryogenic Dewar,
58
151260
2000
ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื,
02:33
something you'd keep liquid nitrogen or liquid helium in.
59
153260
3000
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืื• ื”ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
02:36
They have incredible insulation,
60
156260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
02:38
so let's put some incredible insulation here.
61
158260
2000
ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืงืฆืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:40
The other idea is kind of interesting,
62
160260
3000
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:43
which is, you can't reach inside anymore.
63
163260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืคื ื™ื,
02:46
Because if you open it up and reach inside,
64
166260
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืชืคืชื— ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืชื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืคื ื™ื,
02:48
you'd let the heat in, the game would be over.
65
168260
2000
ืืชื” ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
02:50
So the inside of this thing actually looks like a Coke machine.
66
170260
3000
ืื– ื”ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื”.
02:53
It vends out little individual vials.
67
173260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
02:56
So a simple idea,
68
176260
2000
ืื– ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜,
02:58
which we hope is going to change the way vaccines are distributed
69
178260
3000
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
03:01
in Africa and around the world.
70
181260
2000
ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:04
We'll move on to malaria.
71
184260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
03:06
Malaria is one of the great public health problems.
72
186260
3000
ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
03:09
Esther Duflo talked a little bit about this.
73
189260
2000
ืืกืชืจ ื“ื•ืคืœื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช.
03:11
Two hundred million people a year.
74
191260
3000
250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ [ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ื™ื•ืช] ื‘ืฉื ื”.
03:14
Every 43 seconds a child in Africa dies;
75
194260
3000
ื›ืœ 43 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืช.
03:18
27 will die during my talk.
76
198260
3000
27 ื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™.
03:23
And there's no way for us here in this country
77
203260
3000
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:26
to grasp really what that means to the people involved.
78
206260
3000
ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:29
Another comment of Esther's
79
209260
2000
ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœ ืืกืชืจ
03:31
was that we react when there's
80
211260
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ
03:33
a tragedy like Haiti,
81
213260
2000
ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
03:35
but that tragedy is ongoing.
82
215260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.
03:37
So what can we do about it?
83
217260
2000
ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”?
03:39
Well, there are a lot of things people have tried
84
219260
2000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื•
03:41
for many years for solving malaria.
85
221260
2000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
03:43
You can spray; the problem is there are environmental issues.
86
223260
3000
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืกืก; ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
03:46
You can try to treat people and create awareness.
87
226260
3000
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:49
That's great, except the places that have malaria really bad,
88
229260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”,
03:52
they don't have health care systems.
89
232260
2000
ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:54
A vaccine would be a terrific thing,
90
234260
2000
ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ,
03:56
only they don't work yet.
91
236260
2000
ืจืง ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:58
People have tried for a long time. There are a couple of interesting candidates.
92
238260
3000
ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
04:01
It's a very difficult thing to make a vaccine for.
93
241260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:05
You can distribute bed nets,
94
245260
2000
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
04:07
and bed nets are very effective if you use them.
95
247260
3000
ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
04:10
You don't always use them for that. People fish with them.
96
250260
2000
ืืชื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื–ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ.
04:12
They don't always get to everyone.
97
252260
2000
ื”ืŸ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื.
04:14
And bed nets
98
254260
2000
ื•ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
04:16
have an effect on the epidemic,
99
256260
2000
ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื”,
04:18
but you're never going to make it extinct with bed nets.
100
258260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื›ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
04:21
Now, malaria is
101
261260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื
04:23
an incredibly complicated disease.
102
263260
3000
ืžื—ืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:26
We could spend hours going over this.
103
266260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:28
It's got this sort of soap opera-like lifestyle;
104
268260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™-ืื•ืคืจืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:30
they have sex, they burrow into your liver,
105
270260
3000
ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงืก. ื”ื ืžืชื—ืคืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœืš.
04:33
they tunnel into your blood cells ...
106
273260
3000
ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœืš.
04:36
it's an incredibly complicated disease,
107
276260
2000
ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
04:38
but that's actually one of the things we find interesting about it
108
278260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
04:41
and why we work on malaria:
109
281260
2000
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:43
There's a lot of potential ways in.
110
283260
3000
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”.
04:47
One of those ways might be better diagnosis.
111
287260
3000
ืื—ืช ืžืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:50
So we hope this year
112
290260
2000
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื”
04:52
to prototype each of these devices.
113
292260
3000
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:56
One does an automatic malaria diagnosis
114
296260
3000
ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื™
04:59
in the same way that a diabetic's glucose meter works:
115
299260
3000
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“-ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืกื›ืจืช.
05:02
You take a drop of blood,
116
302260
2000
ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ื,
05:04
you put it in there and it automatically tells you.
117
304260
2000
ืืชื” ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืฉื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืš ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืื˜ื™ืช.
05:06
Today, you need to do a complicated laboratory procedure,
118
306260
3000
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
05:09
create a bunch of microscope slides
119
309260
2000
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค
05:11
and have a trained person examine it.
120
311260
3000
ื•ืฉืื“ื ืžื•ืกืžืš ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
05:14
The other thing is, you know,
121
314260
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:16
it would be even better if you didn't have to draw the blood.
122
316260
3000
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื.
05:19
And if you look through the eye,
123
319260
2000
ื•ืื ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
05:21
or you look at the vessels on the white of the eye,
124
321260
3000
ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
05:24
in fact, you may be able to do this
125
324260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
05:26
directly, without drawing any blood at all,
126
326260
3000
ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
05:29
or through your nail beds.
127
329260
2000
ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
05:31
Because if you actually look through your fingernails, you can see blood vessels,
128
331260
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื.
05:34
and once you see blood vessels, we think we can see the malaria.
129
334260
3000
ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจืื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
05:38
We can see it because of this molecule
130
338260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
05:40
called hemozoin.
131
340260
2000
ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ื™ืžื•ื–ื•ื™ืŸ.
05:42
It's produced by the malaria parasite
132
342260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
05:45
and it's a very interesting crystalline substance.
133
345260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
05:49
Interesting, anyway, if you're a solid-state physicist.
134
349260
2000
ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘-ืžื•ืฆืง.
05:51
There's a lot of cool stuff we can do with it.
135
351260
3000
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
05:54
This is our femtosecond laser lab.
136
354260
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ืคืžื˜ื•-ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:57
So this creates pulses of light
137
357260
2000
ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
05:59
that last a femtosecond.
138
359260
2000
ืฉื”ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคืžื˜ื•-ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
06:01
That's really, really, really short.
139
361260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ืงืฆืจ.
06:05
This is a pulse of light that's
140
365260
2000
ื–ื” ืคื•ืœืก ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื
06:07
only about one wavelength of light long,
141
367260
2000
ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืจืš-ื’ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
06:09
so it's a whole bunch of photons
142
369260
2000
ืื– ื–ื” ืžืœื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
06:11
all coming and hitting simultaneously.
143
371260
2000
ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
06:13
It creates a very high peak power
144
373260
2000
ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžืช-ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
06:15
and it lets you do all kinds of interesting things;
145
375260
2000
ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:17
in particular, it lets you find hemozoin.
146
377260
2000
ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžื•ื–ื•ื™ืŸ.
06:19
So here's an image of red blood cells,
147
379260
3000
ืื– ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
06:22
and now we can actually map
148
382260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžืคื•ืช
06:24
where the hemozoin and where the malaria parasites are
149
384260
3000
ืื™ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืคื” ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื
06:27
inside those red blood cells.
150
387260
2000
ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:29
And using both this technique
151
389260
2000
ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช
06:31
and other optical techniques,
152
391260
2000
ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:33
we think we can make those diagnostics.
153
393260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:35
We also have another hemozoin-oriented
154
395260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช-ื”ื™ืžื•ื–ื•ื™ืŸ
06:37
therapy for malaria:
155
397260
2000
ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”,
06:39
a way, in acute cases, to actually
156
399260
2000
ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:41
take the malaria parasite and filter it out of the blood system.
157
401260
3000
ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ืœืกื ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื,
06:44
Sort of like doing dialysis,
158
404260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื”,
06:46
but for relieving the parasite load.
159
406260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืงืœ ืืช ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ.
06:49
This is our thousand-core supercomputer.
160
409260
3000
ื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืืœืฃ ืœื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:52
We're kind of software guys,
161
412260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
06:54
and so nearly any problem that you pose,
162
414260
3000
ืื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืชืฆื™ื’,
06:57
we like to try to solve with some software.
163
417260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืกื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืงืฆืช ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
07:00
One of the problems that you have if you're trying to eradicate malaria
164
420260
3000
ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”
07:03
or reduce it
165
423260
2000
ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื•ืชื”,
07:05
is you don't know what's the most effective thing to do.
166
425260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:08
Okay, we heard about bed nets earlier.
167
428260
2000
ืื•ืงื™, ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื.
07:10
You spend a certain amount per bed net.
168
430260
2000
ืืชื” ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœื›ืœ ืจืฉืช.
07:12
Or you could spray.
169
432260
2000
ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืกืก.
07:14
You can give drug administration.
170
434260
2000
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
07:16
There's all these different interventions
171
436260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
07:18
but they have different kinds of effectiveness.
172
438260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:20
How can you tell?
173
440260
2000
ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช?
07:22
So we've created, using our supercomputer,
174
442260
2000
ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื•, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:24
the world's best computer model of malaria,
175
444260
2000
ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”,
07:26
which we'll show you now.
176
446260
3000
ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:29
We picked Madagascar.
177
449260
3000
ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืืช ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ.
07:32
We have every road,
178
452260
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
07:34
every village,
179
454260
2000
ื›ืœ ื›ืคืจ,
07:36
every, almost, square inch of Madagascar.
180
456260
3000
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื™ื ืฅ' ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ.
07:39
We have all of the precipitation data
181
459260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื
07:42
and the temperature data.
182
462260
2000
ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
07:44
That's very important because the humidity and precipitation
183
464260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื
07:47
tell you whether you've got
184
467260
2000
ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืš ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš
07:49
standing pools of water for the mosquitoes to breed.
185
469260
3000
ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
07:52
So that sets the stage on which you do this.
186
472260
3000
ืื– ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:55
You then have to introduce the mosquitoes,
187
475260
2000
ืื–, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื,
07:57
and you have to model that
188
477260
2000
ื•ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื”
07:59
and how they come and go.
189
479260
2000
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
08:01
Ultimately, it gives you this.
190
481260
2000
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื–ื”.
08:03
This is malaria spreading
191
483260
2000
ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”
08:05
across Madagascar.
192
485260
2000
ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ.
08:07
And this is this latter part of the rainy season.
193
487260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื”.
08:10
We're going to the dry season now.
194
490260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
08:12
It nearly goes away in the dry season,
195
492260
2000
ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
08:14
because there's no place for the mosquitoes to breed.
196
494260
3000
ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
08:17
And then, of course, the next year it comes roaring back.
197
497260
3000
ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉืื’ื”.
08:21
By doing these kinds of simulations,
198
501260
3000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
08:24
we want to eradicate or control malaria
199
504260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”
08:26
thousands of times in software
200
506260
3000
ืืœืคื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
08:29
before we actually have to do it in real life;
201
509260
3000
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
08:32
to be able to simulate both the economic trade-offs --
202
512260
3000
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช --
08:35
how many bed nets versus how much spraying? --
203
515260
3000
ื›ืžื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืจื™ืกื•ืก? --
08:38
or the social trade-offs --
204
518260
2000
ืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช --
08:40
what happens if unrest breaks out?
205
520260
3000
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืฆืช?
08:43
We also try to study our foe.
206
523260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:45
This is a high-speed camera view
207
525260
2000
ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ
08:47
of a mosquito.
208
527260
2000
ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉ.
08:50
And, in a moment,
209
530260
2000
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข,
08:52
we're going to see a view of the airflow.
210
532260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
08:55
Here, we're trying to visualize the airflow
211
535260
2000
ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
08:57
around the wings of the mosquito
212
537260
2000
ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ
08:59
with little particles we're illuminating with a laser.
213
539260
3000
ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
09:02
By understanding how mosquitoes fly,
214
542260
2000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืขืคื™ื,
09:04
we hope to understand how to make them not fly.
215
544260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื ืœืขื•ืฃ.
09:07
Now, one of the ways you can make them not fly
216
547260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื ืœืขื•ืฃ
09:09
is with DDT.
217
549260
2000
ื–ื” ืขื ื“ื™-ื“ื™-ื˜ื™.
09:11
This is a real ad.
218
551260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
09:13
This is one of those things you just can't make up.
219
553260
3000
ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื.
09:16
Once upon a time, this was the primary technique,
220
556260
3000
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช,
09:19
and, in fact, many countries got rid of malaria through DDT.
221
559260
3000
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืคืชืจื• ืžืžืœืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™-ื“ื™-ื˜ื™.
09:22
The United States did.
222
562260
2000
ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช.
09:24
In 1935, there were 150,000 cases a year
223
564260
3000
1935, ื”ื™ื• 150,000 ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
09:27
of malaria in the United States,
224
567260
3000
ืฉืœ ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
09:30
but DDT and a massive public health effort
225
570260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™-ื“ื™-ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืฆื•ื
09:32
managed to squelch it.
226
572260
3000
ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
09:35
So we thought,
227
575260
2000
ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•...
09:37
"Well, we've done all these things that are focused on the Plasmodium,
228
577260
3000
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื–ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ื,
09:40
the parasite involved.
229
580260
2000
ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘.
09:42
What can we do to the mosquito?
230
582260
2000
ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืชื•ืฉ?
09:44
Well, let's try to kill it with consumer electronics."
231
584260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
09:48
Now, that sounds silly,
232
588260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™,
09:50
but each of these devices
233
590260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:52
has something interesting in it that maybe you could use.
234
592260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
09:55
Your Blu-ray player has
235
595260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื•-ืจื™ื™ ืฉืœืš
09:57
a very cheap blue laser.
236
597260
2000
ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœ.
09:59
Your laser printer has a mirror galvanometer
237
599260
2000
ืœืžื“ืคืกืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจืื”
10:01
that's used to steer a laser beam very accurately;
238
601260
3000
ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘.
10:04
that's what makes those little dots on the page.
239
604260
3000
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ.
10:07
And, of course, there's signal processing
240
607260
2000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•ืช
10:09
and digital cameras.
241
609260
2000
ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช.
10:11
So what if we could put all that together
242
611260
3000
ืื– ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“
10:14
to shoot them out of the sky with lasers?
243
614260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื?
10:17
(Laughter)
244
617260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:19
(Applause)
245
619260
3000
(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:22
Now, in our company, this is what we call
246
622260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื
10:25
"the pinky-suck moment."
247
625260
2000
"ืจื’ืข-ืžืฆื™ืฆืช-ื”ื–ืจืช".
10:27
(Laughter)
248
627260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:29
What if we could do that?
249
629260
2000
ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
10:31
Now, just suspend disbelief for a moment,
250
631260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืง ืชืฉื”ื• ืืช ืื™ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืœืจื’ืข,
10:34
and let's think of what could happen
251
634260
2000
ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
10:36
if we could do that.
252
636260
2000
ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:38
Well, we could protect very high-value targets like clinics.
253
638260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช-ืขืจืš ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืจืคืื•ืช.
10:41
Clinics are full of people that have malaria.
254
641260
3000
ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืœืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืœืจื™ื”.
10:44
They're sick, and so they're less able to defend themselves from the mosquitoes.
255
644260
3000
ื”ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
10:47
You really want to protect them.
256
647260
2000
ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
10:49
Of course, if you do that,
257
649260
2000
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
10:51
you could also protect your backyard.
258
651260
2000
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœืš.
10:53
And farmers could protect their crops
259
653260
2000
ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื
10:55
that they want to sell to Whole Foods
260
655260
2000
ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœ"ื”ื•ืœ ืคื•ื“ืก"
10:57
because our photons
261
657260
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:59
are 100 percent organic. (Laughter)
262
659260
2000
ื”ื 100 ืื—ื•ื– ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื.
11:01
They're completely natural.
263
661260
3000
ื”ื ื ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
11:04
Now, it actually gets better than this.
264
664260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
11:06
You could, if you're really smart,
265
666260
3000
ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืื ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ื›ื,
11:09
you could shine a nonlethal laser on the bug
266
669260
3000
ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœื-ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืง
11:12
before you zap it,
267
672260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื•,
11:14
and you could listen to the wing beat frequency
268
674260
2000
ื•ืืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชื“ืจ ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
11:16
and you could measure the size.
269
676260
2000
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
11:18
And then you could decide:
270
678260
2000
ื•ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜:
11:20
"Is this an insect I want to kill,
271
680260
2000
ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ื—ืจืง ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’,
11:22
or an insect I don't want to kill?"
272
682260
2000
ืื• ื—ืจืง ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’?
11:24
Moore's law made computing cheap;
273
684260
2000
ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ ื”ืคืš ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื•ืœ,
11:26
so cheap we can weigh
274
686260
2000
ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ื•ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ
11:28
the life of an individual insect
275
688260
2000
ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืง ื‘ื•ื“ื“
11:30
and decide thumbs up
276
690260
3000
ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ-ืœืžืขืœื”
11:33
or thumbs down. (Laughter)
277
693260
3000
ืื• ืื’ื•ื“ืœ-ืœืžื˜ื”.
11:36
Now, it turns out we only kill the female mosquitoes.
278
696260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
11:39
They're the only ones that are dangerous.
279
699260
2000
ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
11:41
Mosquitoes only drink blood
280
701260
2000
ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื“ื
11:43
to lay eggs.
281
703260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
11:45
Mosquitoes actually live ... their day-to-day nutrition
282
705260
3000
ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื -- ืชื–ื•ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื
11:48
comes from nectar, from flowers --
283
708260
2000
ื‘ืื” ืžื ืงื˜ืจ, ืžืคืจื—ื™ื.
11:50
in fact, in the lab, we feed ours raisins --
284
710260
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื™ืžื•ืงื™ื.
11:53
but the female needs the blood meal.
285
713260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื“ื.
11:56
So, this sounds really crazy, right?
286
716260
2000
ืื–, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:58
Would you like to see it?
287
718260
2000
ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
12:00
Audience: Yeah!
288
720260
2000
(ืงื”ืœ: ื›ืŸ!)
12:02
Nathan Myhrvold: Okay, so our legal department prepared a disclaimer,
289
722260
3000
ืื•ืงื™, ืื– ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ
12:06
and here it is.
290
726260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
12:08
(Laughter)
291
728260
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:13
Now, after thinking about this a little bit
292
733260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช,
12:16
we thought, you know, it probably would be simpler
293
736260
2000
ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜
12:18
to do this with a nonlethal laser.
294
738260
2000
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœื-ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
12:20
So, Eric Johanson, who built the device,
295
740260
3000
ืื–, ืืจื™ืง ื’'ื•ื”ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
12:23
actually, with parts from eBay;
296
743260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืื™-ื‘ื™ื™...
12:25
and Pablos Holman over here,
297
745260
2000
ื•ืคืื‘ืœื•ืก ื”ื•ืœืžืŸ, ืฉืžื”,
12:27
he's got mosquitoes in the tank.
298
747260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ.
12:29
We have the device over here.
299
749260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
12:31
And we're going to show you,
300
751260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื,
12:33
instead of the kill laser,
301
753260
2000
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ-ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
12:35
which will be a very brief, instantaneous pulse,
302
755260
2000
ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืขื™ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื”,
12:37
we're going to have a green laser pointer
303
757260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง
12:39
that's going to stay on the mosquito for, actually, quite a long period of time;
304
759260
3000
ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš,
12:42
otherwise, you can't see it very well.
305
762260
2000
ืื—ืจืช, ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:44
Take it away Eric.
306
764260
2000
ืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื” ืืจื™ืง.
12:46
Eric Johanson: What we have here
307
766260
2000
ืืจื™ืง ื’'ื•ื”ื ืกื•ืŸ: ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ
12:48
is a tank on the other side of the stage.
308
768260
2000
ื–ื” ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”
12:50
And we have ... this computer screen
309
770260
2000
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืžืกืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื”
12:52
can actually see the mosquitoes as they fly around.
310
772260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืขืคื™ื.
12:54
And Pablos, if he stirs up our mosquitoes a little bit
311
774260
3000
ื•ืคืื‘ืœื•ืก, ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงืฆืช,
12:57
we can see them flying around.
312
777260
2000
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื.
12:59
Now, that's a fairly straightforward image processing routine,
313
779260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืฉื’ืจืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“-ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
13:01
and let me show you how it works.
314
781260
2000
ื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
13:03
Here you can see that the insects are being tracked
315
783260
2000
ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื
13:05
as they're flying around,
316
785260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื,
13:07
which is kind of fun.
317
787260
3000
ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฃ.
13:10
Next we can actually light them up with a laser. (Laughter)
318
790260
2000
ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
13:12
Now, this is a low powered laser,
319
792260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžื•ื ืžื›ืช,
13:14
and we can actually pick up a wing-beat frequency.
320
794260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืชื“ืจ ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
13:16
So you may be able to hear some mosquitoes flying around.
321
796260
3000
ืื– ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืžื” ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืคืคื™ื ืฉื.
13:19
NM: That's a mosquito wing beat you're hearing.
322
799260
3000
ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ืจื•ื•ืœื“: ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืฃ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
13:24
EJ: Finally, let's see what this looks like.
323
804260
3000
ืืจื™ืง ื’'ื•ื”ื ืกื•ืŸ: ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
13:29
There you can see mosquitoes as they fly around, being lit up.
324
809260
3000
ืฉื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขืคื™ื, ืžื•ืืจื™ื.
13:32
This is slowed way down
325
812260
2000
ื–ื” ืžื•ืื˜ ืžืžืฉ
13:34
so that you have an opportunity to see what's happening.
326
814260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
13:36
Here we have it running at high-speed mode.
327
816260
2000
ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืจืฅ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
13:38
So this system that was built for TED is here to illustrate
328
818260
2000
ืื– ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ TED ื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ
13:40
that it is technically possible to actually deploy a system like this,
329
820260
3000
ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ืืช.
13:43
and we're looking very hard at how to make it
330
823260
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
13:46
highly cost-effective to use in places like Africa and other parts of the world.
331
826260
3000
ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:49
(Applause)
332
829260
6000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:56
NM: So it wouldn't be any fun to show you that
333
836260
3000
ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ืจื•ื•ืœื“: ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”
13:59
without showing you what actually happens when we hit 'em.
334
839260
3000
ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
14:02
(Laughter)
335
842260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:10
(Laughter)
336
850260
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:13
This is very satisfying.
337
853260
2000
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืคืง.
14:15
(Laughter)
338
855260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:18
This is one of the first ones we did.
339
858260
2000
ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
14:20
The energy's a little bit high here.
340
860260
2000
ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืงืฆืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
14:22
(Laughter)
341
862260
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:27
We'll loop around here in just a second, and you'll see another one.
342
867260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“.
14:29
Here's another one. Bang.
343
869260
2000
ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“. ื‘ืื ื’!
14:31
An interesting thing is, we kill them all the time;
344
871260
3000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ;
14:34
we've never actually gotten the wings to shut off in midair.
345
874260
3000
ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
14:37
The wing motor is very resilient.
346
877260
2000
ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื›ื ืฃ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื™ื“.
14:39
I mean, here we're blowing wings off
347
879260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื,
14:41
but the wing motor keeps all the way down.
348
881260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื›ื ืฃ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ื”.
14:45
So, that's what I have. Thanks very much.
349
885260
2000
ืื–, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:47
(Applause)
350
887260
16000
(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7