Nathan Myhrvold: Could this laser zap malaria?

107,466 views ・ 2010-05-11

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
We invent.
0
15260
2000
00:17
My company invents
1
17260
2000
00:19
all kinds of new technology
2
19260
2000
00:21
in lots of different areas.
3
21260
2000
00:23
And we do that for a couple of reasons.
4
23260
2000
00:25
We invent for fun --
5
25260
2000
00:27
invention is a lot of fun to do --
6
27260
3000
00:30
and we also invent for profit.
7
30260
2000
00:32
The two are related because
8
32260
2000
00:34
the profit actually takes long enough that if it isn't fun,
9
34260
2000
00:36
you wouldn't have the time to do it.
10
36260
2000
00:38
So we do this
11
38260
2000
00:40
fun and profit-oriented inventing
12
40260
2000
00:42
for most of what we do,
13
42260
2000
00:44
but we also have a program where we invent for humanity --
14
44260
3000
00:47
where we take some of our best inventors,
15
47260
2000
00:49
and we say, "Are there problems
16
49260
2000
00:51
where we have a good idea for solving a problem the world has?" --
17
51260
3000
00:54
and to solve it in the way we try to solve problems,
18
54260
3000
00:57
which is with dramatic, crazy,
19
57260
2000
00:59
out-of-the-box solutions.
20
59260
2000
01:01
Bill Gates is one of those smartest guys of ours
21
61260
2000
01:03
that work on these problems
22
63260
2000
01:05
and he also funds this work, so thank you.
23
65260
3000
01:08
So I'm going to briefly discuss
24
68260
2000
01:10
a couple of problems that we have
25
70260
2000
01:12
and a couple of problems where
26
72260
2000
01:14
we've got some solutions underway.
27
74260
2000
01:16
Vaccination is one of the
28
76260
3000
01:19
key techniques in public health,
29
79260
2000
01:21
a fantastic thing.
30
81260
2000
01:23
But in the developing world a lot of vaccines
31
83260
3000
01:26
spoil before they're administered,
32
86260
2000
01:28
and that's because they need to be kept cold.
33
88260
3000
01:31
Almost all vaccines need to be kept at refrigerator temperatures.
34
91260
3000
01:34
They go bad very quickly if you don't,
35
94260
2000
01:36
and if you don't have stable power grid, this doesn't happen,
36
96260
3000
01:39
so kids die.
37
99260
2000
01:41
It's not just the loss of the vaccine that matters;
38
101260
3000
01:44
it's the fact that those kids don't get vaccinated.
39
104260
3000
01:47
This is one of the ways that
40
107260
3000
01:50
vaccines are carried:
41
110260
2000
01:52
These are Styrofoam chests. These are being carried by people,
42
112260
3000
01:55
but they're also put on the backs of pickup trucks.
43
115260
2000
01:57
We've got a different solution.
44
117260
3000
02:00
Now, one of these Styrofoam chests
45
120260
3000
02:03
will last for about four hours with ice in it.
46
123260
2000
02:05
And we thought, well, that's not really good enough.
47
125260
3000
02:08
So we made this thing.
48
128260
2000
02:10
This lasts six months with no power;
49
130260
3000
02:13
absolutely zero power,
50
133260
2000
02:15
because it loses less
51
135260
2000
02:17
than a half a watt.
52
137260
2000
02:19
Now, this is our second generations prototype.
53
139260
3000
02:22
The third generation prototype is, right now,
54
142260
2000
02:24
in Uganda being tested.
55
144260
3000
02:27
Now, the reason we were able to come up with this
56
147260
2000
02:29
is two key ideas:
57
149260
2000
02:31
One is that this is similar to a cryogenic Dewar,
58
151260
2000
02:33
something you'd keep liquid nitrogen or liquid helium in.
59
153260
3000
02:36
They have incredible insulation,
60
156260
2000
02:38
so let's put some incredible insulation here.
61
158260
2000
02:40
The other idea is kind of interesting,
62
160260
3000
02:43
which is, you can't reach inside anymore.
63
163260
3000
02:46
Because if you open it up and reach inside,
64
166260
2000
02:48
you'd let the heat in, the game would be over.
65
168260
2000
02:50
So the inside of this thing actually looks like a Coke machine.
66
170260
3000
02:53
It vends out little individual vials.
67
173260
3000
02:56
So a simple idea,
68
176260
2000
02:58
which we hope is going to change the way vaccines are distributed
69
178260
3000
03:01
in Africa and around the world.
70
181260
2000
03:04
We'll move on to malaria.
71
184260
2000
03:06
Malaria is one of the great public health problems.
72
186260
3000
03:09
Esther Duflo talked a little bit about this.
73
189260
2000
03:11
Two hundred million people a year.
74
191260
3000
03:14
Every 43 seconds a child in Africa dies;
75
194260
3000
03:18
27 will die during my talk.
76
198260
3000
03:23
And there's no way for us here in this country
77
203260
3000
03:26
to grasp really what that means to the people involved.
78
206260
3000
03:29
Another comment of Esther's
79
209260
2000
03:31
was that we react when there's
80
211260
2000
03:33
a tragedy like Haiti,
81
213260
2000
03:35
but that tragedy is ongoing.
82
215260
2000
03:37
So what can we do about it?
83
217260
2000
03:39
Well, there are a lot of things people have tried
84
219260
2000
03:41
for many years for solving malaria.
85
221260
2000
03:43
You can spray; the problem is there are environmental issues.
86
223260
3000
03:46
You can try to treat people and create awareness.
87
226260
3000
03:49
That's great, except the places that have malaria really bad,
88
229260
3000
03:52
they don't have health care systems.
89
232260
2000
03:54
A vaccine would be a terrific thing,
90
234260
2000
03:56
only they don't work yet.
91
236260
2000
03:58
People have tried for a long time. There are a couple of interesting candidates.
92
238260
3000
04:01
It's a very difficult thing to make a vaccine for.
93
241260
3000
04:05
You can distribute bed nets,
94
245260
2000
04:07
and bed nets are very effective if you use them.
95
247260
3000
04:10
You don't always use them for that. People fish with them.
96
250260
2000
04:12
They don't always get to everyone.
97
252260
2000
04:14
And bed nets
98
254260
2000
04:16
have an effect on the epidemic,
99
256260
2000
04:18
but you're never going to make it extinct with bed nets.
100
258260
3000
04:21
Now, malaria is
101
261260
2000
04:23
an incredibly complicated disease.
102
263260
3000
04:26
We could spend hours going over this.
103
266260
2000
04:28
It's got this sort of soap opera-like lifestyle;
104
268260
2000
04:30
they have sex, they burrow into your liver,
105
270260
3000
04:33
they tunnel into your blood cells ...
106
273260
3000
04:36
it's an incredibly complicated disease,
107
276260
2000
04:38
but that's actually one of the things we find interesting about it
108
278260
3000
04:41
and why we work on malaria:
109
281260
2000
04:43
There's a lot of potential ways in.
110
283260
3000
04:47
One of those ways might be better diagnosis.
111
287260
3000
04:50
So we hope this year
112
290260
2000
04:52
to prototype each of these devices.
113
292260
3000
04:56
One does an automatic malaria diagnosis
114
296260
3000
04:59
in the same way that a diabetic's glucose meter works:
115
299260
3000
05:02
You take a drop of blood,
116
302260
2000
05:04
you put it in there and it automatically tells you.
117
304260
2000
05:06
Today, you need to do a complicated laboratory procedure,
118
306260
3000
05:09
create a bunch of microscope slides
119
309260
2000
05:11
and have a trained person examine it.
120
311260
3000
05:14
The other thing is, you know,
121
314260
2000
05:16
it would be even better if you didn't have to draw the blood.
122
316260
3000
05:19
And if you look through the eye,
123
319260
2000
05:21
or you look at the vessels on the white of the eye,
124
321260
3000
05:24
in fact, you may be able to do this
125
324260
2000
05:26
directly, without drawing any blood at all,
126
326260
3000
05:29
or through your nail beds.
127
329260
2000
05:31
Because if you actually look through your fingernails, you can see blood vessels,
128
331260
3000
05:34
and once you see blood vessels, we think we can see the malaria.
129
334260
3000
05:38
We can see it because of this molecule
130
338260
2000
05:40
called hemozoin.
131
340260
2000
05:42
It's produced by the malaria parasite
132
342260
3000
05:45
and it's a very interesting crystalline substance.
133
345260
3000
05:49
Interesting, anyway, if you're a solid-state physicist.
134
349260
2000
05:51
There's a lot of cool stuff we can do with it.
135
351260
3000
05:54
This is our femtosecond laser lab.
136
354260
3000
05:57
So this creates pulses of light
137
357260
2000
05:59
that last a femtosecond.
138
359260
2000
06:01
That's really, really, really short.
139
361260
3000
06:05
This is a pulse of light that's
140
365260
2000
06:07
only about one wavelength of light long,
141
367260
2000
06:09
so it's a whole bunch of photons
142
369260
2000
06:11
all coming and hitting simultaneously.
143
371260
2000
06:13
It creates a very high peak power
144
373260
2000
06:15
and it lets you do all kinds of interesting things;
145
375260
2000
06:17
in particular, it lets you find hemozoin.
146
377260
2000
06:19
So here's an image of red blood cells,
147
379260
3000
06:22
and now we can actually map
148
382260
2000
06:24
where the hemozoin and where the malaria parasites are
149
384260
3000
06:27
inside those red blood cells.
150
387260
2000
06:29
And using both this technique
151
389260
2000
06:31
and other optical techniques,
152
391260
2000
06:33
we think we can make those diagnostics.
153
393260
2000
06:35
We also have another hemozoin-oriented
154
395260
2000
06:37
therapy for malaria:
155
397260
2000
06:39
a way, in acute cases, to actually
156
399260
2000
06:41
take the malaria parasite and filter it out of the blood system.
157
401260
3000
06:44
Sort of like doing dialysis,
158
404260
2000
06:46
but for relieving the parasite load.
159
406260
3000
06:49
This is our thousand-core supercomputer.
160
409260
3000
06:52
We're kind of software guys,
161
412260
2000
06:54
and so nearly any problem that you pose,
162
414260
3000
06:57
we like to try to solve with some software.
163
417260
3000
07:00
One of the problems that you have if you're trying to eradicate malaria
164
420260
3000
07:03
or reduce it
165
423260
2000
07:05
is you don't know what's the most effective thing to do.
166
425260
3000
07:08
Okay, we heard about bed nets earlier.
167
428260
2000
07:10
You spend a certain amount per bed net.
168
430260
2000
07:12
Or you could spray.
169
432260
2000
07:14
You can give drug administration.
170
434260
2000
07:16
There's all these different interventions
171
436260
2000
07:18
but they have different kinds of effectiveness.
172
438260
2000
07:20
How can you tell?
173
440260
2000
07:22
So we've created, using our supercomputer,
174
442260
2000
07:24
the world's best computer model of malaria,
175
444260
2000
07:26
which we'll show you now.
176
446260
3000
07:29
We picked Madagascar.
177
449260
3000
07:32
We have every road,
178
452260
2000
07:34
every village,
179
454260
2000
07:36
every, almost, square inch of Madagascar.
180
456260
3000
07:39
We have all of the precipitation data
181
459260
3000
07:42
and the temperature data.
182
462260
2000
07:44
That's very important because the humidity and precipitation
183
464260
3000
07:47
tell you whether you've got
184
467260
2000
07:49
standing pools of water for the mosquitoes to breed.
185
469260
3000
07:52
So that sets the stage on which you do this.
186
472260
3000
07:55
You then have to introduce the mosquitoes,
187
475260
2000
07:57
and you have to model that
188
477260
2000
07:59
and how they come and go.
189
479260
2000
08:01
Ultimately, it gives you this.
190
481260
2000
08:03
This is malaria spreading
191
483260
2000
08:05
across Madagascar.
192
485260
2000
08:07
And this is this latter part of the rainy season.
193
487260
3000
08:10
We're going to the dry season now.
194
490260
2000
08:12
It nearly goes away in the dry season,
195
492260
2000
08:14
because there's no place for the mosquitoes to breed.
196
494260
3000
08:17
And then, of course, the next year it comes roaring back.
197
497260
3000
08:21
By doing these kinds of simulations,
198
501260
3000
08:24
we want to eradicate or control malaria
199
504260
2000
08:26
thousands of times in software
200
506260
3000
08:29
before we actually have to do it in real life;
201
509260
3000
08:32
to be able to simulate both the economic trade-offs --
202
512260
3000
08:35
how many bed nets versus how much spraying? --
203
515260
3000
08:38
or the social trade-offs --
204
518260
2000
08:40
what happens if unrest breaks out?
205
520260
3000
08:43
We also try to study our foe.
206
523260
2000
08:45
This is a high-speed camera view
207
525260
2000
08:47
of a mosquito.
208
527260
2000
08:50
And, in a moment,
209
530260
2000
08:52
we're going to see a view of the airflow.
210
532260
3000
08:55
Here, we're trying to visualize the airflow
211
535260
2000
08:57
around the wings of the mosquito
212
537260
2000
08:59
with little particles we're illuminating with a laser.
213
539260
3000
09:02
By understanding how mosquitoes fly,
214
542260
2000
09:04
we hope to understand how to make them not fly.
215
544260
3000
09:07
Now, one of the ways you can make them not fly
216
547260
2000
09:09
is with DDT.
217
549260
2000
09:11
This is a real ad.
218
551260
2000
09:13
This is one of those things you just can't make up.
219
553260
3000
09:16
Once upon a time, this was the primary technique,
220
556260
3000
09:19
and, in fact, many countries got rid of malaria through DDT.
221
559260
3000
09:22
The United States did.
222
562260
2000
09:24
In 1935, there were 150,000 cases a year
223
564260
3000
09:27
of malaria in the United States,
224
567260
3000
09:30
but DDT and a massive public health effort
225
570260
2000
09:32
managed to squelch it.
226
572260
3000
09:35
So we thought,
227
575260
2000
09:37
"Well, we've done all these things that are focused on the Plasmodium,
228
577260
3000
09:40
the parasite involved.
229
580260
2000
09:42
What can we do to the mosquito?
230
582260
2000
09:44
Well, let's try to kill it with consumer electronics."
231
584260
3000
09:48
Now, that sounds silly,
232
588260
2000
09:50
but each of these devices
233
590260
2000
09:52
has something interesting in it that maybe you could use.
234
592260
3000
09:55
Your Blu-ray player has
235
595260
2000
09:57
a very cheap blue laser.
236
597260
2000
09:59
Your laser printer has a mirror galvanometer
237
599260
2000
10:01
that's used to steer a laser beam very accurately;
238
601260
3000
10:04
that's what makes those little dots on the page.
239
604260
3000
10:07
And, of course, there's signal processing
240
607260
2000
10:09
and digital cameras.
241
609260
2000
10:11
So what if we could put all that together
242
611260
3000
10:14
to shoot them out of the sky with lasers?
243
614260
3000
10:17
(Laughter)
244
617260
2000
10:19
(Applause)
245
619260
3000
10:22
Now, in our company, this is what we call
246
622260
3000
10:25
"the pinky-suck moment."
247
625260
2000
10:27
(Laughter)
248
627260
2000
10:29
What if we could do that?
249
629260
2000
10:31
Now, just suspend disbelief for a moment,
250
631260
3000
10:34
and let's think of what could happen
251
634260
2000
10:36
if we could do that.
252
636260
2000
10:38
Well, we could protect very high-value targets like clinics.
253
638260
3000
10:41
Clinics are full of people that have malaria.
254
641260
3000
10:44
They're sick, and so they're less able to defend themselves from the mosquitoes.
255
644260
3000
10:47
You really want to protect them.
256
647260
2000
10:49
Of course, if you do that,
257
649260
2000
10:51
you could also protect your backyard.
258
651260
2000
10:53
And farmers could protect their crops
259
653260
2000
10:55
that they want to sell to Whole Foods
260
655260
2000
10:57
because our photons
261
657260
2000
10:59
are 100 percent organic. (Laughter)
262
659260
2000
11:01
They're completely natural.
263
661260
3000
11:04
Now, it actually gets better than this.
264
664260
2000
11:06
You could, if you're really smart,
265
666260
3000
11:09
you could shine a nonlethal laser on the bug
266
669260
3000
11:12
before you zap it,
267
672260
2000
11:14
and you could listen to the wing beat frequency
268
674260
2000
11:16
and you could measure the size.
269
676260
2000
11:18
And then you could decide:
270
678260
2000
11:20
"Is this an insect I want to kill,
271
680260
2000
11:22
or an insect I don't want to kill?"
272
682260
2000
11:24
Moore's law made computing cheap;
273
684260
2000
11:26
so cheap we can weigh
274
686260
2000
11:28
the life of an individual insect
275
688260
2000
11:30
and decide thumbs up
276
690260
3000
11:33
or thumbs down. (Laughter)
277
693260
3000
11:36
Now, it turns out we only kill the female mosquitoes.
278
696260
3000
11:39
They're the only ones that are dangerous.
279
699260
2000
11:41
Mosquitoes only drink blood
280
701260
2000
11:43
to lay eggs.
281
703260
2000
11:45
Mosquitoes actually live ... their day-to-day nutrition
282
705260
3000
11:48
comes from nectar, from flowers --
283
708260
2000
11:50
in fact, in the lab, we feed ours raisins --
284
710260
3000
11:53
but the female needs the blood meal.
285
713260
3000
11:56
So, this sounds really crazy, right?
286
716260
2000
11:58
Would you like to see it?
287
718260
2000
12:00
Audience: Yeah!
288
720260
2000
12:02
Nathan Myhrvold: Okay, so our legal department prepared a disclaimer,
289
722260
3000
12:06
and here it is.
290
726260
2000
12:08
(Laughter)
291
728260
3000
12:13
Now, after thinking about this a little bit
292
733260
3000
12:16
we thought, you know, it probably would be simpler
293
736260
2000
12:18
to do this with a nonlethal laser.
294
738260
2000
12:20
So, Eric Johanson, who built the device,
295
740260
3000
12:23
actually, with parts from eBay;
296
743260
2000
12:25
and Pablos Holman over here,
297
745260
2000
12:27
he's got mosquitoes in the tank.
298
747260
2000
12:29
We have the device over here.
299
749260
2000
12:31
And we're going to show you,
300
751260
2000
12:33
instead of the kill laser,
301
753260
2000
12:35
which will be a very brief, instantaneous pulse,
302
755260
2000
12:37
we're going to have a green laser pointer
303
757260
2000
12:39
that's going to stay on the mosquito for, actually, quite a long period of time;
304
759260
3000
12:42
otherwise, you can't see it very well.
305
762260
2000
12:44
Take it away Eric.
306
764260
2000
12:46
Eric Johanson: What we have here
307
766260
2000
12:48
is a tank on the other side of the stage.
308
768260
2000
12:50
And we have ... this computer screen
309
770260
2000
12:52
can actually see the mosquitoes as they fly around.
310
772260
2000
12:54
And Pablos, if he stirs up our mosquitoes a little bit
311
774260
3000
12:57
we can see them flying around.
312
777260
2000
12:59
Now, that's a fairly straightforward image processing routine,
313
779260
2000
13:01
and let me show you how it works.
314
781260
2000
13:03
Here you can see that the insects are being tracked
315
783260
2000
13:05
as they're flying around,
316
785260
2000
13:07
which is kind of fun.
317
787260
3000
13:10
Next we can actually light them up with a laser. (Laughter)
318
790260
2000
13:12
Now, this is a low powered laser,
319
792260
2000
13:14
and we can actually pick up a wing-beat frequency.
320
794260
2000
13:16
So you may be able to hear some mosquitoes flying around.
321
796260
3000
13:19
NM: That's a mosquito wing beat you're hearing.
322
799260
3000
13:24
EJ: Finally, let's see what this looks like.
323
804260
3000
13:29
There you can see mosquitoes as they fly around, being lit up.
324
809260
3000
13:32
This is slowed way down
325
812260
2000
13:34
so that you have an opportunity to see what's happening.
326
814260
2000
13:36
Here we have it running at high-speed mode.
327
816260
2000
13:38
So this system that was built for TED is here to illustrate
328
818260
2000
13:40
that it is technically possible to actually deploy a system like this,
329
820260
3000
13:43
and we're looking very hard at how to make it
330
823260
3000
13:46
highly cost-effective to use in places like Africa and other parts of the world.
331
826260
3000
13:49
(Applause)
332
829260
6000
13:56
NM: So it wouldn't be any fun to show you that
333
836260
3000
13:59
without showing you what actually happens when we hit 'em.
334
839260
3000
14:02
(Laughter)
335
842260
2000
14:10
(Laughter)
336
850260
3000
14:13
This is very satisfying.
337
853260
2000
14:15
(Laughter)
338
855260
2000
14:18
This is one of the first ones we did.
339
858260
2000
14:20
The energy's a little bit high here.
340
860260
2000
14:22
(Laughter)
341
862260
3000
14:27
We'll loop around here in just a second, and you'll see another one.
342
867260
2000
14:29
Here's another one. Bang.
343
869260
2000
14:31
An interesting thing is, we kill them all the time;
344
871260
3000
14:34
we've never actually gotten the wings to shut off in midair.
345
874260
3000
14:37
The wing motor is very resilient.
346
877260
2000
14:39
I mean, here we're blowing wings off
347
879260
2000
14:41
but the wing motor keeps all the way down.
348
881260
3000
14:45
So, that's what I have. Thanks very much.
349
885260
2000
14:47
(Applause)
350
887260
16000
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7