Nathan Myhrvold: Could this laser zap malaria?

107,409 views ・ 2010-05-11

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
We invent.
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My company invents
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all kinds of new technology
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in lots of different areas.
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And we do that for a couple of reasons.
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We invent for fun --
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invention is a lot of fun to do --
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and we also invent for profit.
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The two are related because
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the profit actually takes long enough that if it isn't fun,
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you wouldn't have the time to do it.
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So we do this
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fun and profit-oriented inventing
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for most of what we do,
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but we also have a program where we invent for humanity --
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where we take some of our best inventors,
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and we say, "Are there problems
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where we have a good idea for solving a problem the world has?" --
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and to solve it in the way we try to solve problems,
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which is with dramatic, crazy,
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out-of-the-box solutions.
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Bill Gates is one of those smartest guys of ours
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that work on these problems
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and he also funds this work, so thank you.
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So I'm going to briefly discuss
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a couple of problems that we have
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and a couple of problems where
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we've got some solutions underway.
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Vaccination is one of the
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key techniques in public health,
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a fantastic thing.
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But in the developing world a lot of vaccines
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spoil before they're administered,
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and that's because they need to be kept cold.
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Almost all vaccines need to be kept at refrigerator temperatures.
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They go bad very quickly if you don't,
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and if you don't have stable power grid, this doesn't happen,
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so kids die.
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It's not just the loss of the vaccine that matters;
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it's the fact that those kids don't get vaccinated.
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This is one of the ways that
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vaccines are carried:
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These are Styrofoam chests. These are being carried by people,
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but they're also put on the backs of pickup trucks.
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We've got a different solution.
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Now, one of these Styrofoam chests
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will last for about four hours with ice in it.
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And we thought, well, that's not really good enough.
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So we made this thing.
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This lasts six months with no power;
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absolutely zero power,
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because it loses less
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than a half a watt.
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Now, this is our second generations prototype.
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The third generation prototype is, right now,
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in Uganda being tested.
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Now, the reason we were able to come up with this
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is two key ideas:
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One is that this is similar to a cryogenic Dewar,
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something you'd keep liquid nitrogen or liquid helium in.
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They have incredible insulation,
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so let's put some incredible insulation here.
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The other idea is kind of interesting,
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which is, you can't reach inside anymore.
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Because if you open it up and reach inside,
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you'd let the heat in, the game would be over.
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So the inside of this thing actually looks like a Coke machine.
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It vends out little individual vials.
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So a simple idea,
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which we hope is going to change the way vaccines are distributed
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in Africa and around the world.
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We'll move on to malaria.
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Malaria is one of the great public health problems.
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Esther Duflo talked a little bit about this.
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Two hundred million people a year.
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Every 43 seconds a child in Africa dies;
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27 will die during my talk.
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And there's no way for us here in this country
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to grasp really what that means to the people involved.
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Another comment of Esther's
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was that we react when there's
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a tragedy like Haiti,
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but that tragedy is ongoing.
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So what can we do about it?
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Well, there are a lot of things people have tried
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for many years for solving malaria.
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You can spray; the problem is there are environmental issues.
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You can try to treat people and create awareness.
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That's great, except the places that have malaria really bad,
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they don't have health care systems.
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A vaccine would be a terrific thing,
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only they don't work yet.
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People have tried for a long time. There are a couple of interesting candidates.
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It's a very difficult thing to make a vaccine for.
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You can distribute bed nets,
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and bed nets are very effective if you use them.
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You don't always use them for that. People fish with them.
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They don't always get to everyone.
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And bed nets
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have an effect on the epidemic,
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but you're never going to make it extinct with bed nets.
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Now, malaria is
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an incredibly complicated disease.
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We could spend hours going over this.
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It's got this sort of soap opera-like lifestyle;
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they have sex, they burrow into your liver,
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they tunnel into your blood cells ...
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it's an incredibly complicated disease,
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but that's actually one of the things we find interesting about it
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and why we work on malaria:
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There's a lot of potential ways in.
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One of those ways might be better diagnosis.
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So we hope this year
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to prototype each of these devices.
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One does an automatic malaria diagnosis
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in the same way that a diabetic's glucose meter works:
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You take a drop of blood,
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you put it in there and it automatically tells you.
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Today, you need to do a complicated laboratory procedure,
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create a bunch of microscope slides
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and have a trained person examine it.
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The other thing is, you know,
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it would be even better if you didn't have to draw the blood.
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And if you look through the eye,
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or you look at the vessels on the white of the eye,
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in fact, you may be able to do this
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directly, without drawing any blood at all,
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or through your nail beds.
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Because if you actually look through your fingernails, you can see blood vessels,
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and once you see blood vessels, we think we can see the malaria.
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We can see it because of this molecule
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called hemozoin.
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It's produced by the malaria parasite
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and it's a very interesting crystalline substance.
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Interesting, anyway, if you're a solid-state physicist.
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There's a lot of cool stuff we can do with it.
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This is our femtosecond laser lab.
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So this creates pulses of light
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that last a femtosecond.
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That's really, really, really short.
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This is a pulse of light that's
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only about one wavelength of light long,
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so it's a whole bunch of photons
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all coming and hitting simultaneously.
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It creates a very high peak power
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and it lets you do all kinds of interesting things;
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in particular, it lets you find hemozoin.
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So here's an image of red blood cells,
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and now we can actually map
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where the hemozoin and where the malaria parasites are
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inside those red blood cells.
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And using both this technique
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and other optical techniques,
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we think we can make those diagnostics.
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We also have another hemozoin-oriented
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therapy for malaria:
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a way, in acute cases, to actually
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take the malaria parasite and filter it out of the blood system.
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Sort of like doing dialysis,
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but for relieving the parasite load.
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This is our thousand-core supercomputer.
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We're kind of software guys,
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and so nearly any problem that you pose,
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we like to try to solve with some software.
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One of the problems that you have if you're trying to eradicate malaria
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or reduce it
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is you don't know what's the most effective thing to do.
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Okay, we heard about bed nets earlier.
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You spend a certain amount per bed net.
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Or you could spray.
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You can give drug administration.
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There's all these different interventions
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but they have different kinds of effectiveness.
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How can you tell?
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So we've created, using our supercomputer,
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the world's best computer model of malaria,
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which we'll show you now.
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We picked Madagascar.
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We have every road,
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every village,
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every, almost, square inch of Madagascar.
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We have all of the precipitation data
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and the temperature data.
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That's very important because the humidity and precipitation
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tell you whether you've got
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standing pools of water for the mosquitoes to breed.
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So that sets the stage on which you do this.
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You then have to introduce the mosquitoes,
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and you have to model that
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and how they come and go.
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Ultimately, it gives you this.
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This is malaria spreading
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across Madagascar.
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And this is this latter part of the rainy season.
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We're going to the dry season now.
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It nearly goes away in the dry season,
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because there's no place for the mosquitoes to breed.
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And then, of course, the next year it comes roaring back.
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By doing these kinds of simulations,
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we want to eradicate or control malaria
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thousands of times in software
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before we actually have to do it in real life;
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to be able to simulate both the economic trade-offs --
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how many bed nets versus how much spraying? --
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or the social trade-offs --
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what happens if unrest breaks out?
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We also try to study our foe.
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This is a high-speed camera view
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of a mosquito.
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And, in a moment,
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we're going to see a view of the airflow.
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Here, we're trying to visualize the airflow
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around the wings of the mosquito
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with little particles we're illuminating with a laser.
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By understanding how mosquitoes fly,
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we hope to understand how to make them not fly.
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Now, one of the ways you can make them not fly
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is with DDT.
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This is a real ad.
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This is one of those things you just can't make up.
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Once upon a time, this was the primary technique,
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and, in fact, many countries got rid of malaria through DDT.
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The United States did.
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In 1935, there were 150,000 cases a year
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of malaria in the United States,
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but DDT and a massive public health effort
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managed to squelch it.
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So we thought,
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"Well, we've done all these things that are focused on the Plasmodium,
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the parasite involved.
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What can we do to the mosquito?
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Well, let's try to kill it with consumer electronics."
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Now, that sounds silly,
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but each of these devices
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has something interesting in it that maybe you could use.
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Your Blu-ray player has
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a very cheap blue laser.
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Your laser printer has a mirror galvanometer
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that's used to steer a laser beam very accurately;
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that's what makes those little dots on the page.
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And, of course, there's signal processing
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and digital cameras.
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So what if we could put all that together
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to shoot them out of the sky with lasers?
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(Laughter)
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(Applause)
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Now, in our company, this is what we call
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"the pinky-suck moment."
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(Laughter)
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What if we could do that?
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Now, just suspend disbelief for a moment,
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and let's think of what could happen
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if we could do that.
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Well, we could protect very high-value targets like clinics.
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Clinics are full of people that have malaria.
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They're sick, and so they're less able to defend themselves from the mosquitoes.
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You really want to protect them.
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Of course, if you do that,
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you could also protect your backyard.
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And farmers could protect their crops
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that they want to sell to Whole Foods
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because our photons
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are 100 percent organic. (Laughter)
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They're completely natural.
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Now, it actually gets better than this.
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You could, if you're really smart,
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you could shine a nonlethal laser on the bug
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before you zap it,
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and you could listen to the wing beat frequency
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and you could measure the size.
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And then you could decide:
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"Is this an insect I want to kill,
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or an insect I don't want to kill?"
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Moore's law made computing cheap;
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so cheap we can weigh
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the life of an individual insect
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and decide thumbs up
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or thumbs down. (Laughter)
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Now, it turns out we only kill the female mosquitoes.
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They're the only ones that are dangerous.
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Mosquitoes only drink blood
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to lay eggs.
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Mosquitoes actually live ... their day-to-day nutrition
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comes from nectar, from flowers --
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in fact, in the lab, we feed ours raisins --
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but the female needs the blood meal.
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So, this sounds really crazy, right?
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Would you like to see it?
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Audience: Yeah!
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Nathan Myhrvold: Okay, so our legal department prepared a disclaimer,
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and here it is.
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(Laughter)
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Now, after thinking about this a little bit
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we thought, you know, it probably would be simpler
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to do this with a nonlethal laser.
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So, Eric Johanson, who built the device,
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actually, with parts from eBay;
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and Pablos Holman over here,
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he's got mosquitoes in the tank.
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We have the device over here.
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And we're going to show you,
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instead of the kill laser,
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which will be a very brief, instantaneous pulse,
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we're going to have a green laser pointer
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that's going to stay on the mosquito for, actually, quite a long period of time;
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otherwise, you can't see it very well.
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Take it away Eric.
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Eric Johanson: What we have here
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is a tank on the other side of the stage.
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And we have ... this computer screen
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can actually see the mosquitoes as they fly around.
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And Pablos, if he stirs up our mosquitoes a little bit
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we can see them flying around.
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Now, that's a fairly straightforward image processing routine,
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and let me show you how it works.
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Here you can see that the insects are being tracked
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as they're flying around,
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which is kind of fun.
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Next we can actually light them up with a laser. (Laughter)
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Now, this is a low powered laser,
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and we can actually pick up a wing-beat frequency.
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So you may be able to hear some mosquitoes flying around.
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NM: That's a mosquito wing beat you're hearing.
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EJ: Finally, let's see what this looks like.
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There you can see mosquitoes as they fly around, being lit up.
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This is slowed way down
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so that you have an opportunity to see what's happening.
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Here we have it running at high-speed mode.
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So this system that was built for TED is here to illustrate
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that it is technically possible to actually deploy a system like this,
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and we're looking very hard at how to make it
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highly cost-effective to use in places like Africa and other parts of the world.
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(Applause)
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NM: So it wouldn't be any fun to show you that
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without showing you what actually happens when we hit 'em.
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(Laughter)
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(Laughter)
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This is very satisfying.
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(Laughter)
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This is one of the first ones we did.
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The energy's a little bit high here.
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(Laughter)
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We'll loop around here in just a second, and you'll see another one.
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Here's another one. Bang.
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An interesting thing is, we kill them all the time;
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we've never actually gotten the wings to shut off in midair.
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The wing motor is very resilient.
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I mean, here we're blowing wings off
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but the wing motor keeps all the way down.
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So, that's what I have. Thanks very much.
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(Applause)
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