Do kids think of sperm donors as family? | Veerle Provoost

84,008 views ใƒป 2017-01-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Merav Meizler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
What is a parent?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื”?
00:15
What is a parent?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื”?
ื–ืืช ืœื ืฉืืœื” ืงืœื”.
00:19
It's not an easy question.
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00:21
Today we have adoption,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ืžื•ืฅ,
ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช,
00:24
stepfamilies,
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00:25
surrogate mothers.
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ืืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ื•ืช.
00:27
Many parents face tough questions
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
00:31
and tough decisions.
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00:33
Shall we tell our child about the sperm donation?
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ื”ืื ื ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื–ืจืข?
00:39
If so, when?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžืชื™?
ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ?
00:41
What words to use?
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00:43
Sperm donors are often referred to as "biological fathers,"
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ืชื•ืจืžื™ ื–ืจืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,"
00:49
but should we really be using the word "father?"
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ืืš ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืื‘ื"?
00:53
As a philosopher and social scientist,
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ื›ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
00:56
I have been studying these questions about the concept of parenthood.
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™
01:01
But today, I will talk to you about what I learned
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ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:04
from talking to parents and children.
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01:07
I will show you that they know what matters most in a family,
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
01:11
even though their family looks a little different.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
01:15
I will show you their creative ways of dealing with tough questions.
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01:21
But I will also show you the parents' uncertainties.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
01:27
We interviewed couples
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ืจื™ืื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช.
01:28
who received fertility treatment at Ghent University Hospital,
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื˜,
ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจืข ืžืชื•ืจื.
01:33
using sperm from a donor.
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01:35
In this treatment timeline,
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ื‘ืงื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
01:36
you can see two points at which we conducted interviews.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:40
We included heterosexual couples,
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ื›ืœืœื ื• ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื,
ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ืจ, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืข ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
01:44
where the man for some reason did not have good-quality sperm,
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01:48
and lesbian couples who obviously needed to find sperm elsewhere.
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ื•ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื–ืจืข.
01:54
We also included children.
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ื›ืœืœื ื• ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:58
I wanted to know
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช
02:00
how those children define concepts like parenthood and family.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื,
02:06
In fact, that is what I asked them,
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02:10
only not in that way.
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ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•.
02:13
I drew an apple tree instead.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ืขืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:17
This way, I could ask abstract, philosophical questions
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02:20
in a way that did not make them run off.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื.
02:25
So as you can see,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
ืขืฅ ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืจื™ืง.
02:27
the apple tree is empty.
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02:29
And that illustrates my research approach.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
02:32
By designing techniques like this,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืืœื•,
02:34
I can bring as little meaning and content as possible to the interview,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืจืื™ื•ืŸ,
02:40
because I want to hear that from them.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื–ืืช ืžื”ื.
02:44
I asked them:
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื:
02:46
What would your family look like if it were an apple tree?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฅ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื?
02:50
And they could take a paper apple for everyone who, in their view,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืคื•ื— ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื,
02:54
was a member of the family,
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืœืชืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื•.
02:56
write a name on it and hang it wherever they wanted.
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02:59
And I would ask questions.
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ื•ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื•ืจื” ืื• ืื—/ื•ืช.
03:02
Most children started with a parent or a sibling.
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03:05
One started with "Boxer,"
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื "ื‘ื•ืงืกืจ",
03:08
the dead dog of his grandparents.
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืช ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื• ื•ืกื‘ืชื•.
03:11
At this point, none of the children started mentioning the donor.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื.
03:16
So, I asked them about their birth story.
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
ืืžืจืชื™, "ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืช,
03:21
I said, "Before you were born,
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03:23
it was just your mom and dad,
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ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืืžื ื•ืื‘ื ืฉืœืš,
03:25
or mom and mommy.
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ืื• ืืžื ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฉ.
03:27
Can you tell me how you came into the family?"
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”?"
03:31
And they explained.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•.
03:33
One said,
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ืื—ืช ืืžืจื”,
03:35
"My parents did not have good seeds,
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"ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:38
but there are friendly men out there who have spare seeds.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื–ืจืขื™ื.
03:43
They bring them to the hospital,
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
03:45
and they put them in a big jar.
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03:48
My mommy went there,
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ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืฉื,
03:49
and she took two from the jar,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช.
03:52
one for me and one for my sister.
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ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื—ื•ืชื™.
03:55
She put the seeds in her belly --
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื” --
ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• --
03:58
somehow --
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04:00
and her belly grew really big,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืื•ื“,
04:02
and there I was."
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™".
04:05
Hmm.
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ื”ืžืžืž...
ืื– ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื,
04:08
So only when they started mentioning the donor,
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04:12
I asked questions about him, using their own words.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:15
I said,
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ืืžืจืชื™,
04:17
"If this would be an apple for the friendly man with the seeds,
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"ืื ื–ื” ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืขื ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื,
04:21
what would you do with it?"
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ืชื•?"
ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื,
04:24
And one boy was thinking out loud,
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04:26
holding the apple.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—.
04:27
And he said,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
04:29
"I won't put this one up there with the others.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:33
He's not part of my family.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™.
04:36
But I will not put him on the ground.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
04:38
That's too cold and too hard.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืจ ื•ืงืฉื”.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืข,
04:41
I think he should be in the trunk,
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04:44
because he made my family possible.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™.
04:47
If he would not have done this,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
04:49
that would really be sad because my family would not be here,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื”,
04:53
and I would not be here."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื”."
04:57
So also, parents constructed family tales --
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ืื– ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื --
05:01
tales to tell their children.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:04
One couple explained their insemination
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ื–ื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื–ืจืข
05:07
by taking their children to a farm
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ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื”
05:11
to watch a vet inseminate cows.
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ ืžื–ืจื™ืข ืคืจื•ืช.
05:15
And why not?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืœื?
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช;
05:17
It's their way of explaining;
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05:19
their do-it-yourself with family narratives.
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ื”"ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš" ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื.
05:22
DIY.
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ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.
05:24
And we had another couple who made books --
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื–ื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื --
05:26
a book for each child.
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ืกืคืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“.
05:28
They were really works of art
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช
05:30
containing their thoughts and feelings throughout the treatment.
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.
05:34
They even had the hospital parking tickets in there.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
05:37
So it is DIY:
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ืื– ื–ื” "ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš":
05:39
finding ways, words and images
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
05:41
to tell your family story to your child.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืœืš ืœื™ืœื“ืš.
05:45
And these stories were highly diverse,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
05:48
but they all had one thing in common:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ:
05:53
it was a tale of longing for a child
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“
05:57
and a quest for that child.
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ื•ืžืกืข ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”.
06:00
It was about how special and how deeply loved their child was.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื”.
ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
06:07
And research so far shows that these children are doing fine.
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06:11
They do not have more problems than other kids.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:14
Yet, these parents also wanted to justify their decisions
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ืื•ืœื, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื’ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
06:19
through the tales they tell.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
06:21
They hoped that their children would understand their reasons
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ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
06:24
for making the family in this way.
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ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช.
06:27
Underlying was a fear that their children might disapprove
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ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•
06:31
and would reject the non-genetic parent.
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ื•ื™ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืœื-ื’ื ื˜ื™.
06:34
And that fear is understandable,
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
06:37
because we live in a very heteronormative
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06:40
and geneticized society --
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ื•ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืชื•ืจืฉื” --
06:42
a world that still believes
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
06:43
that true families consist of one mom, one dad
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ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื ืื—ืช, ืื‘ ืื—ื“
ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:48
and their genetically related children.
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06:51
Well.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ.
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื ืขืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื”.
06:54
I want to tell you about a teenage boy.
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06:57
He was donor-conceived but not part of our study.
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืชืจื•ืžืช ื–ืจืข ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:00
One day, he had an argument with his father,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•,
07:03
and he yelled,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืขืง,
07:05
"You're telling me what to do?
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"ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
07:07
You're not even my father!"
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ืืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™!"
07:11
That was exactly what the parents in our study feared.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืคื ื™ื•.
07:15
Now, the boy soon felt sorry, and they made up.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•.
07:19
But it is the reaction of his father that is most interesting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
07:24
He said,
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07:25
"This outburst had nothing to do with the lack of a genetic link.
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"ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืœื ื ื’ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
07:31
It was about puberty --
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช --
ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื”.
07:35
being difficult.
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07:36
It's what they do at that age.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
07:38
It will pass."
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ."
07:41
What this man shows us
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื•
07:43
is that when something goes wrong,
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ,
07:46
we should not immediately think
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“
07:48
it is because the family is a little different.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:51
These things happen in all families.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช.
07:55
And every now and then,
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ื•ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
07:57
all parents may wonder:
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ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื”ื•ืช:
08:00
Am I a good enough parent?
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘?
ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:03
These parents, too.
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ื”ื, ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื.
08:05
They, above all, wanted to do what's best for their child.
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08:09
But they also sometimes wondered:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืชื”ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื :
ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™?
08:12
Am I a real parent?
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08:14
And their uncertainties were present long before they even were parents.
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื.
08:18
At the start of treatment,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื,
08:19
when they first saw the counselor,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ,
ื”ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืงืฉื‘ ืจื‘ ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ,
08:22
they paid close attention to the counselor,
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08:24
because they wanted to do it right.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
08:27
Even 10 years later,
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ืืคื™ืœื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื•.
08:30
they still remember the advice they were given.
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08:36
So when they thought about the counselor
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ,
08:40
and the advice they were given,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื•,
08:42
we discussed that.
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
08:43
And we saw one lesbian couple who said,
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื’ ืœืกื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืฉืืžืจ,
08:48
"When our son asks us,
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"ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื ื•,
08:50
'Do I have a dad?'
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'ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื‘ื?'
08:53
we will say 'No, you do not have a dad.'
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืืžืจ 'ืœื. ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื‘ื.'
08:56
But we will say nothing more, not unless he asks,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื•ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืืœ,
09:00
because he might not be ready for that.
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ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืš.
09:02
The counselor said so."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืืžืจ."
09:05
Well.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ.
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช; ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”
09:07
I don't know; that's quite different
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ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
09:09
from how we respond to children's questions.
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09:12
Like, "Milk -- is that made in a factory?"
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ื›ืžื•, "ื—ืœื‘ -- ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ?"
09:15
We will say, "No, it comes from cows,"
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืืžืจ "ืœื, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื”,"
09:18
and we will talk about the farmer,
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ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™,
09:20
and the way the milk ends up in the shop.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื ื•ืช.
09:23
We will not say,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืืžืจ,
"ืœื, ื—ืœื‘ ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ."
09:26
"No, milk is not made in a factory."
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ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืงืจื” ืคื”,
09:32
So something strange happened here,
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09:34
and of course these children noticed that.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื›ืš.
09:37
One boy said,
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ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืืžืจ,
09:39
"I asked my parents loads of questions,
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"ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืœื ืฉืืœื•ืช,
09:41
but they acted really weird.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
09:44
So, you know, I have a friend at school, and she's made in the same way.
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ืื–, ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš.
09:49
When I have a question, I just go and ask her."
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื”."
09:53
Clever guy.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืคื™ืงื—.
09:55
Problem solved.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื”.
09:57
But his parents did not notice,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘,
10:00
and it certainly was not what they had in mind,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืงืจื”,
10:03
nor what the counselor had in mind
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ื•ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืงืจื”
10:05
when they were saying how important it is to be an open-communication family.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจืช ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช.
10:12
And that's the strange thing about advice.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืช.
10:14
When we offer people pills, we gather evidence first.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
10:18
We do tests,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
10:19
we do follow-up studies.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืš.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช, ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ืžื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ืฉื”.
10:21
We want to know, and rightly so, what this pill is doing
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:25
and how it affects people's lives.
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ื•ืขืฆื•ืช?
10:28
And advice?
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10:30
It is not enough for advice,
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขืฆื”,
10:32
or for professionals to give advice that is theoretically sound,
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ืื• ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืฆื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™,
10:37
or well-meant.
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ืื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:39
It should be advice that there is evidence for --
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ื–ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” --
10:42
evidence that it actually improves patients' lives.
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ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
ืื– ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ื›ืขืช ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก:
10:48
So the philosopher in me would now like to offer you a paradox:
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10:54
I advise you to stop following advice.
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ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœื›ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆื•ืช.
10:59
But, yes.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืŸ.
11:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:06
I will not end here with what went wrong;
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ;
ืœื ืืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืง ืœื—ื•ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
11:09
I would not be doing justice to the warmth we found in those families.
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11:14
Remember the books and the trip to the farmer?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืื™?
11:17
When parents do things that work for them,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
11:21
they do brilliant things.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
11:24
What I want you to remember as members of families,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื•, ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจื”,
11:28
in no matter what form or shape,
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11:30
is that what families need are warm relationships.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
11:37
And we do not need to be professionals to create those.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืœื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
11:41
Most of us do just fine,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘,
11:44
although it may be hard work,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”,
ื•ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆื”.
11:47
and from time to time, we can do with some advice.
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11:51
In that case,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•,
11:52
bear in mind three things.
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:55
Work with advice that works for your family.
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ืชืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
ื–ื›ืจื• -- ืืชื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
12:00
Remember -- you're the expert, because you live your family life.
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12:06
And finally,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
12:08
believe in your abilities and your creativity,
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
12:13
because you can do it yourself.
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12:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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