Scott McCloud: Understanding comics

322,261 views ใƒป 2009-01-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Eyal Ronel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื,
00:19
Of the five senses, vision is the one that I appreciate the most,
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ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
00:22
and it's the one that I can least take for granted.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
00:25
I think this is partially due to my father, who was blind.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ.
00:28
It was a fact that he didn't make much of a fuss about, usually.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ืžื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื” ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื”
00:32
One time in Nova Scotia, when we went to see a total eclipse of the sun --
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื” ืžืœื
00:35
(Laughter)
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ื”ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจืœื™ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ,
00:36
Yeah, same one as in the Carly Simon song,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ
00:38
which may or may not refer to James Taylor, Warren Beatty
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ืžื™ืง ื’'ืื’ืจ; ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
00:41
or Mick Jagger; we're not really sure.
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ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืฉื ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื•ืฉื—ืจื™ื
00:43
They handed out these dark plastic viewers
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ
00:46
that allowed us to look directly at the sun
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:48
without damaging our eyes.
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00:49
But Dad got really scared; he didn't want us doing that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ื ืžืžืฉ ื ื‘ื”ืœ
ื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
00:52
He wanted us instead to use these cheap cardboard viewers,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืฉื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืœื™ื
00:55
so that there was no chance at all that our eyes would be damaged.
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ืฉื™ืžื ืขื• ื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:58
I thought this was a little strange at the time.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:01
What I didn't know at the time
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื–
01:02
was that my father had actually been born with perfect eyesight.
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ืฉืื‘ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
01:05
When he and his sister Martha were just very little,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืื—ื•ืชื• ืžืจืชื” ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
ืืžื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืœื,
01:08
their mom took them out to see a total eclipse --
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01:10
or actually, a solar eclipse --
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ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื”,
ื•ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš
01:12
and not long after that, both of them started losing their eyesight.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”.
01:16
Decades later, it turned out that the source of their blindness
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš
ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ
ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
01:20
was most likely some sort of bacterial infection.
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ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื•
01:23
As near as we can tell, it had nothing whatsoever to do
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื—ืžื”,
01:25
with that solar eclipse,
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01:27
but by then my grandmother had already gone to her grave
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืกื‘ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื”
ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื• ืืฉืžืชื”.
01:30
thinking it was her fault.
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01:32
So, Dad graduated Harvard in 1946,
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ืื‘ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘-1946,
01:35
married my mom,
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ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืืžื,
ื•ืงื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœืงืกื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก
01:37
and bought a house in Lexington, Massachusetts,
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01:39
where the first shots were fired against the British in 1775,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืจื• ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘-1775
01:42
although we didn't actually hit any of them until Concord.
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ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืขื“ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“.
01:45
He got a job working for Raytheon designing guidance systems,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ
ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜
01:49
which was part of the Route 128 high-tech axis in those days --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 128,
01:52
so, the equivalent of Silicon Valley in the '70s.
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ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื.
01:55
Dad wasn't a real militaristic kind of guy;
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ืื‘ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
01:58
he just felt bad that he wasn't able to fight in World War II
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
02:01
on account of his handicap,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื›ื•ืชื•
ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื•
02:03
although they did let him get through
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02:04
the several-hour-long army physical exam
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช
02:08
before they got to the very last test, which was for vision.
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ืขื“ ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืจืื™ื™ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:11
(Laughter)
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02:14
So Dad started racking up all of these patents
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ืื‘ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืงื•ื— ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
02:17
and gaining a reputation as a blind genius, rocket scientist, inventor.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืžื“ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ืžืžืฆื™ื.
ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื
02:21
But to us he was just Dad, and our home life was pretty normal.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
02:25
As a kid, I watched a lot of television
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ื›ื™ืœื“ ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
02:27
and had lots of nerdy hobbies like mineralogy and microbiology
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื
ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ืจืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ
02:31
and the space program and a little bit of politics.
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ื•ืงืฆืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:33
I played a lot of chess.
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ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื—ืžื˜.
02:35
But at the age of 14, a friend got me interested in comic books,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14
ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื• ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื™.
02:38
and I decided that was what I wanted to do for a living.
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02:41
So, here's my dad:
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™:
ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื.
02:43
he's a scientist, he's an engineer and he's a military contractor.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
02:49
So, he has four kids, right?
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02:51
One grows up to become a computer scientist,
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ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœืžื“ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘,
ืื—ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื,
02:53
one grows up to join the Navy,
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02:55
one grows up to become an engineer ...
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ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื“ืก,
02:57
And then there's me: the comic book artist.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื™.
ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
03:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:04
Which, incidentally, makes me the opposite of Dean Kamen,
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ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืŸ:
ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆื™ื
03:06
because I'm a comic book artist, son of an inventor,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฆื™ื, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
03:09
and he's an inventor, son of a comic book artist.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:11
(Laughter)
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:12
Right? It's true.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:14
(Applause)
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03:16
The funny thing is, Dad had a lot of faith in me.
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ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื‘ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™.
ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืงื•ืžื™ืงืกืื™,
03:19
He had faith in my abilities as a cartoonist,
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03:21
even though he had no direct evidence that I was any good whatsoever;
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ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
03:24
everything he saw was just a blur.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืจืง ื›ืชื ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ.
03:26
Now, this gives a real meaning to the term "blind faith,"
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืžืชื™ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ "ืืžื•ื ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช".
ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื•.
03:29
which doesn't have the same negative connotation for me
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03:31
that it does for other people.
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03:33
Now, faith in things which cannot be seen, which cannot be proved,
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ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—,
03:36
is not the sort of faith that I've ever really related to all that much.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
03:40
I tend to like science,
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžื“ืข
03:41
where what we see and can ascertain are the foundation of what we know.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื
ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:46
But there's a middle ground, too --
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื—ื•ื ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
03:49
a middle ground tread by people like poor old Charles Babbage
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ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ื‘ื’' ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื•
03:52
and his steam-driven computers that were never built.
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ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื ื”.
03:56
Nobody really understood what it was that he had in mind
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•,
ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขื“ื” ืœืื‘ืœื™ื™ืก,
03:59
except for Ada Lovelace,
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04:01
and he went to his grave trying to pursue that dream.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•.
04:05
Vannevar Bush with his memex --
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ื•ื ื•ื•ืืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”"ืžืžืงืก",
04:07
this idea of all of human knowledge at your fingertips --
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ืš,
04:10
he had this vision.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ.
04:12
And I think a lot of people in his day
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘.
04:14
probably thought he was a bit of a kook.
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ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
04:16
And, yeah, we can look back in retrospect and say,
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ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื™ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช...
04:18
"Yeah, ha-ha, it's all microfilm --
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04:20
(Laughter)
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04:21
But that's not the point; he understood the shape of the future.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
04:24
So did J.C.R. Licklider and his notions for computer-human interaction.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื’'ื™ื™-ืกื™-ืืจ ืœื™ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืจ ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืื“ืโ€“ืžื—ืฉื‘.
ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ: ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
04:29
Same thing: he understood the shape of the future,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืืžืช
04:32
even though it was something that would only be implemented
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ืจืง ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:36
by people much later.
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04:37
Or Paul Baran, and his vision for packet switching.
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ืื• ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืžื ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
04:40
Hardly anybody listened to him in his day.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
04:43
Or even the people who actually pulled it off,
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ื’ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•,
04:45
the people at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in Boston,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ื‘ืจืื ืง ื•ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:47
who just would sketch out these structures
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ื”ื ืจืง ืฉืจื‘ื˜ื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
04:50
of what would eventually become a worldwide network,
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืจืฉืช ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
04:53
and sketching things on the back of napkins and on note papers
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ื•ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืชืงื™ื
04:57
and arguing over dinner at Howard Johnson's --
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ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ โ€“
04:59
on Route 128 in Lexington, Massachusetts,
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ืœื™ื“ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 128, ื‘ืœืงืกื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก,
05:01
just two miles from where I was studying the Queen's Gambit Deferred
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืง"ืž ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื’ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืœื›ื”
ื•ื”ืื–ื ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื“ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืคื™ืคืก
05:05
and listening to Gladys Knight & The Pips
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ืฉืจื™ื "ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืœื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”" ืชื•ืš โ€“
05:07
singing "Midnight Train to Georgia" --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:09
(Laughter)
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โ€“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื ื“ื ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?
05:10
in my dad's big easy chair, you know?
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05:12
So, three types of vision, right?
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ื”.
05:14
Vision based on what one cannot see,
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ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“, ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ืœื•ื™ โ€“
05:17
the vision of that unseen and unknowable.
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ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื•ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
05:20
The vision of that which has already been proven or can be ascertained.
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ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื›ื— ืื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืฉ,
05:23
And this third kind, a vision of something which can be, which may be,
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช
05:30
based on knowledge but is, as yet, unproven.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื™ื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•.
05:33
Now, we've seen a lot of examples of people
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื,
05:35
who are pursuing that sort of vision in science,
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05:38
but I think it's also true in the arts, it's true in politics,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื
ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
05:41
it's even true in personal endeavors.
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05:43
What it comes down to, really, is four basic principles:
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื:
ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ืœื,
05:46
learn from everyone;
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05:47
follow no one;
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ืœื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืืฃ ืื—ื“
05:49
watch for patterns;
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื
05:50
and work like hell.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ื—ืžื•ืจ.
05:52
I think these are the four principles that go into this.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืœื” ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื.
05:55
And it's that third one, especially,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
05:57
where visions of the future begin to manifest themselves.
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ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืชืช ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื”.
06:00
What's interesting is that this particular way of looking at the world,
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช
06:04
is, I think, only one of four different ways
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื
06:06
that manifest themselves in different fields of endeavor.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.
ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
06:09
In comics, I know that it results in sort of a formalist attitude
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
06:13
towards trying to understand how it works.
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ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:15
Then there's another, more classical attitude
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช, ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:17
which embraces beauty and craft;
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข;
06:20
another one which believes in the pure transparency of content;
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ,
06:24
and then another, which emphasizes the authenticity of human experience
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ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช
ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
06:28
and honesty and rawness.
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ืืช ื›ื ื•ืชื” ื•ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืชื”.
06:29
These are four very different ways of looking at the world.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช.
06:32
I even gave them names:
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ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืชืจื ื™ืช.
06:33
the classicist, the animist, the formalist and iconoclast.
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06:36
Interestingly, they seem to correspond more or less
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช
ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ื ื’
06:39
to Jung's four subdivisions of human thought.
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06:41
And they reflect a dichotomy of art and delight
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื“ื•-ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
06:44
on left and the right;
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
06:45
tradition and revolution on the top and the bottom.
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ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
06:48
And if you go on the diagonal, you get content and form,
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ื•ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืจื” โ€“
ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืืžืช.
06:51
and then beauty and truth.
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06:52
And it probably applies just as much to music and movies and fine art,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืชืื™ื ื’ื
ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช
06:56
which has nothing whatsoever to do with vision at all,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขื ืจืื™ื™ื”,
06:59
or, for that matter, nothing to do with our conference theme
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ืื• ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืก:
07:02
of "Inspired by Nature,"
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"ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข"
07:03
except to the extent of the fable of the frog
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข
07:06
who gives a ride to the scorpion on his back to get across the river
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ืฉืœืงื—ื” ื˜ืจืžืค ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื” ื›ืฉื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ
07:09
because the scorpion promises not to sting him,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขืงืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงืฅ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื™ื,
07:12
but the scorpion stings him anyway and they both die,
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ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื”,
07:14
but not before the frog asks him why, and the scorpion says,
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"ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื™" โ€“
07:17
"Because it's my nature."
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืŸ.
07:18
In that sense, yes.
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07:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื–,
07:23
So this was my nature.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื™. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™
07:24
The thing was, I saw that the route I took
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ืฉื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœืงื— ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
07:27
to discovering this focus in my work
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
07:31
and who I was --
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ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
07:33
I saw it as just this road to discovery.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
07:35
Actually, it was just me embracing my nature,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืขืœืชื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื™
07:37
which means that I didn't actually fall that far from the tree, after all.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
ืฉืœื ื ืคืœืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืขืฅ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
07:43
So what does a "scientific mind" do in the arts?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืฉื•ืจ "ืจืืฉ ืžื“ืขื™"
ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช?
07:48
I started making comics, but I also started trying to understand them,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
07:52
almost immediately.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™,
07:53
One of the most important things about comics that I discovered
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™,
07:56
was that comics are a visual medium,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืื’ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
07:58
but they try to embrace all of the senses within it.
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08:01
So, the different elements of comics, like pictures and words,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื,
08:05
and the different symbols and everything in between
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ื•ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
08:08
that comics presents,
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ืฉืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืžืฆื™ื’
08:09
are all funneled through the single conduit, a vision.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”.
08:11
So we have things like resemblance,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:13
where something which resembles the physical world can be abstracted
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืชื™ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื
ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
08:17
in a couple of different directions:
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08:18
abstracted from resemblance, but still retaining the complete meaning,
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ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื”,
08:22
or abstracted away from both resemblance and meaning
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ืื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืชืืจ ืชืžื•ื ื”.
08:25
towards the picture plane.
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08:26
Put all these three together, and you have a nice little map
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ืฉื™ืžื• ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืคื”
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™
08:29
of the entire boundary of visual iconography,
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08:31
which comics can embrace.
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ืฉืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื.
08:33
And if you move to the right you also get language,
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ื•ืื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืคื”,
08:36
because that's abstracting even further from resemblance,
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ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
08:39
but still maintaining meaning.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
08:41
Vision is called upon to represent sound
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ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื
08:44
and to understand the common properties of those two
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื
ื›ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:48
and their common heritage as well;
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
08:50
also, to try to represent the texture of sound
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08:52
to capture its essential character through visuals.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
08:57
There's also a balance between the visible and the invisible in comics.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจืื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
09:02
Comics is a kind of call and response,
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ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”
09:04
in which the artist gives you something to see within the panels,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืžืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš
ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช
ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช.
09:07
and then gives you something to imagine between the panels.
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09:11
Also, another sense which comics' vision represents,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ
ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ.
09:15
and that's time.
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09:17
Sequence is a very important aspect of comics.
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ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
09:20
Comics presents a kind of temporal map.
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ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืžืฆื™ื’ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืคืช ื–ืžื ื™ื.
09:24
And this temporal map was something that energizes modern comics,
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ื•ืžืคืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžืชื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
09:27
but I was wondering if perhaps it also energizes
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืชื ื™ืข ื’ื
09:30
other sorts of forms,
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
09:32
and I found some in history.
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
09:34
You can see this same principle operating
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ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื
09:37
in these ancient versions of the same idea.
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ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
09:40
What's happening is,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืชื ื’ืฉืช
09:41
an art form is colliding with a given technology,
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ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื”,
ืื ื–ื” ืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ืกืœืข, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”,
09:44
whether it's paint on stone,
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09:45
like the Tomb of Menna the Scribe in ancient Egypt,
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09:47
or a bas-relief sculpture rising up a stone column,
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ืื• ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ืžืคื•ืกืœ ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ืื‘ืŸ,
09:50
or a 200-foot-long embroidery,
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ืื• ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš 60 ืžื˜ืจ,
09:52
or painted deerskin and tree bark
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ืื• ืขื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืข ืขืฅ ืฆื‘ื•ืข
09:54
running across 88 accordion-folded pages.
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ืœืื•ืจืš 88 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
09:57
What's interesting is, once you hit "print" --
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจื’ืข ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก,
09:59
and this is from 1450, by the way --
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘-1450, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
10:01
all of the artifacts of modern comics start to present themselves:
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ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข:
ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™,
10:04
rectilinear panel arrangements,
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10:05
simple line drawings without tone,
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ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
10:07
and a left-to-right reading sequence.
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ื•ืกื“ืจ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ.
10:11
And within 100 years, you already start to see word balloons and captions,
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ืชื•ืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช,
10:16
and it's really just a hop, skip and a jump from here to here.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืงืœ ืขื“ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
10:19
So I wrote a book about this in '93, but as I was finishing the book,
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘-1993
ืื‘ืœ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•
10:23
I had to do a little bit of typesetting,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื“ ื›ืžื” ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
ื•ื ืžืืก ืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”
10:25
and I was tired of going to my local copy shop to do it,
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ืื– ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
10:27
so I bought a computer.
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10:29
And it was just a little thing --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜,
10:30
it wasn't good for much except text entry --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ
10:33
but my father had told me about Moore's law back in the '70s,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ืื– ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
10:36
and I knew what was coming.
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10:38
And so, I kept my eyes peeled
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืžืจืชื™ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช
10:41
to see if the sort of changes that happened
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•
10:43
when we went from pre-print comics to print comics
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื˜ืจื•ื-ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก
10:46
would happen when we went beyond, to post-print comics.
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ื™ืงืจื• ื›ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืื”, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
10:49
So, one of the first things proposed
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื• ื”ื™ื”
10:51
was that we could mix the visuals of comics
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ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
10:53
with the sound, motion and interactivity of the CD-ROMs
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™-ื“ื™-ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื.
10:56
being made in those days.
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10:57
This was even before the Web.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:59
And one of the first things they did was,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื”
ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื
11:01
they tried to take the comics page as is
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ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
11:03
and transplant it to monitors,
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ืฉื–ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื”
11:04
which was a classic McLuhanesque mistake
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11:06
of appropriating the shape of the previous technology
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ื›ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช
11:09
as the content of the new technology.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
11:11
And so, what they would do is have these comic pages
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื”
ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
11:14
that resemble print comics pages,
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ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”.
11:15
and they would introduce all this sound and motion.
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11:18
The problem was that if you go with this basic idea
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื•ื•ื” ื–ืžืŸ
11:21
that space equals time in comics,
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11:23
what happens is that when you introduce sound and motion,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”
ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ
11:26
which are temporal phenomena that can only be represented through time,
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11:29
they break with that continuity of presentation.
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ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”.
11:35
Interactivity was another thing.
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ื’ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
11:36
There were hypertext comics, but the thing about hypertext
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ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืขื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ, ืœื ื›ืืŸ ืื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืžื›ืืŸ.
11:39
is that everything in hypertext is either here, not here,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืกืจ-ืžื™ืงื•ื.
11:42
or connected to here;
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11:43
it's profoundly nonspatial.
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข ืคื ื™ ืขื ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ
11:44
The distance from Abraham Lincoln to a Lincoln penny
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ืœืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ืžืจืฉืœ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืฉืœ
11:47
to Penny Marshall to the Marshall Plan to "Plan 9" to nine lives:
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ืœืœื”ืงื” "ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 9" ืœืชืฉืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช
ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
11:50
it's all the same.
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11:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:52
But in comics,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
11:55
every aspect of the work, every element of the work,
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ืœื›ืœ ืคืŸ ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”
11:58
has a spatial relationship to every other element at all times.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืื—ืจ.
12:01
So the question was:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
12:02
Was there any way to preserve that spatial relationship
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื
12:05
while still taking advantage of all of the things
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืฉื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื•?
12:08
that digital had to offer us?
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12:09
And I found my personal answer for this
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื
12:11
in those ancient comics that I was showing you.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื.
12:14
Each of them has a single unbroken reading line,
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจ ืงืจื™ืื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืจืฆื™ืฃ
12:17
whether it's going zigzag across the walls or spiraling up a column
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช
ืื• ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ื“
12:21
or just straight left to right,
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ืื• ืกืชื ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ ื”ืคื•ืš
12:22
or even going in a backwards zigzag across those 88 accordion-folded pages,
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ืœืื•ืจืš 88 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ื•ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
12:27
the same thing is happening;
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12:28
that is, that the basic idea that as you move through space
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ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
12:31
you move through time,
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ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืคืฉืจื•ืช,
12:32
is being carried out without any compromise,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขื ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
12:34
but there were compromises when print hit.
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12:36
Adjacent spaces were no longer adjacent moments,
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ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื
12:39
so the basic idea of comics was being broken again and again
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
12:42
and again and again.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
12:43
And I thought, OK, well, if that's true,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘,
ืื ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš
12:46
is there any way, when we go beyond today's print,
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืก
12:49
to somehow bring that back?
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”?
12:52
Now, the monitor is just as limited as the page, technically, right?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฆื’ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืฃ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:57
It's a different shape, but other than that,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”
12:59
it's the same basic limitation.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
13:01
But that's only if you look at the monitor as a page,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื’ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ืฃ
13:05
but not if you look at the monitor as a window.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
13:08
And that's what I propose,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืขืชื™: ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
13:09
that perhaps we could create these comics on an infinite canvas,
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™:
13:12
along the X axis and the Y axis
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ X ื•ืฆื™ืจ Y ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
13:15
and staircases.
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13:17
We could do circular narratives that were literally circular.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ.
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉืชืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
13:20
We could do a turn in a story that was literally a turn.
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13:23
Parallel narratives could be literally parallel.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฆื•ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
13:27
X, Y and also Z.
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ืฆื™ืจ X, ืฆื™ืจ Y ื•ื’ื Z.
13:30
So I had all these notions.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื,
13:31
This was back in the late '90s,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืกืง ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข,
13:33
and other people in my business thought I was pretty crazy,
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13:36
but a lot of people then went on and actually did it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืžื• ื•ืžืžืฉ ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”.
13:38
I'm going to show you a couple now.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
13:41
This was an early collage comic by a fellow named Jasen Lex.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืงื•ืœืื–' ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืืช ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืงืก.
13:47
And notice what's going on here.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
13:49
What I'm searching for is a durable mutation --
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืžื™ื.
13:52
that's what all of us are searching for.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.
13:54
As media head into this new era,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
13:57
we are looking for mutations that are durable,
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ืฉื™ืืจื™ื›ื• ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
14:00
that have some sort of staying power.
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14:03
Now, we're taking this basic idea of presenting comics in a visual medium,
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ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื›ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™
14:07
and we're carrying it through all the way from beginning to end.
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ื•ื ืกื—ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื”ืจื’ืข
14:11
That's that entire comic you just saw, up on the screen right now.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”.
14:14
But even though we're only experiencing it one piece at a time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข,
14:17
that's just where the technology is right now.
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ื›ืืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืจื’ืข.
14:19
As the technology evolves,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืชืคืชื—,
14:21
as you get full immersive displays and whatnot,
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ืขื ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื™ืคื• ืืชื›ื ื•ืžื” ืœื,
14:24
this sort of thing will only grow; it will adapt.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ื™ื’ื“ืœ.
ื™ืชืืงืœื.
14:27
It will adapt to its environment; it's a durable mutation.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืืงืœื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”:
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืžื™ื.
14:33
Here's another one.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช, ืžืืช ื“ืจื• ื•ื™ื™ื ื’.
14:34
This is by Drew Weing; this is called
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื
14:36
"'Pup' Ponders the Heat Death of the Universe."
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"ืคื•ืค ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื—ื•ื".
15:04
See what's going on here
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ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
15:06
as we draw these stories on an infinite canvas
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ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™
ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:12
is you're creating a more pure expression of what this medium is all about.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
15:21
We'll go by this a little quickly. You get the idea.
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ, ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
15:24
I just want to get to the last panel.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
15:32
[Cat 1: Pup! Earth to Pup! Cat 2: Come play baseball with us!]
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[ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคืืค. ื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืืชื ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ]
15:35
(Laughter)
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ื”ื’ืขื ื•.
15:36
[Pup: Did either of you realize
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15:38
that eventually the universe will be nothing but a thin, cold gas
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[ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ืจืง ื’ื– ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“.]
15:41
spread across infinite, lonely space?]
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15:43
[Cat 1: Oh ... Cat 2: We'd better hurry, then!]
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[ืื•ื™, ืื ื›ืš ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ื–ื“ืจื–!]
15:46
(Laughter)
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15:49
Just one more.
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ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“.
ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™.
15:53
Talk about your infinite canvas.
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15:55
It's by a guy named Daniel Merlin Goodbrey, in Britain.
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ื–ื” ืžืืช ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืจืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
15:58
Why is this important?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
16:01
I think this is important because media --
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื”,
16:04
all media --
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ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื
16:06
provide us a window back into our world.
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ืžืกืคืง ืœื ื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:08
Now, it could be that motion pictures and eventually, virtual reality,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืกืจื˜ื™ื โ€“
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ,
16:13
or something equivalent to it, some sort of immersive display,
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ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืชืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• โ€“
16:16
is going to provide us with our most efficient escape
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ืชืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื—ืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:20
from the world that we're in.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ.
16:22
That's why most people turn to storytelling, to escape.
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16:24
But media provides us with a window back into the world we live in.
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ืืœื” ืžื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ
ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•.
16:31
And when media evolve
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื
16:34
so that the identity of the media becomes increasingly unique --
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ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
16:39
because what you're looking at is comics cubed,
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
16:42
you're looking at comics that are more comics-like
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ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืกื™ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื™ื• ืื™ ืคืขื.
16:45
than they've ever been before --
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16:46
when that happens, you provide people with multiple ways
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื
16:49
of reentering the world through different windows.
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื” ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช
16:53
And when you do that, it allows them to triangulate the world they live in
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•.
16:57
and see its shape.
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16:58
That's why I think this is important.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
17:00
One of many reasons, but I've got to go now.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ืชื.
17:02
Thank you for having me.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื ืœื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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