The smelly mystery of the human pheromone | Tristram Wyatt

322,287 views ใƒป 2014-05-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
"Pheromone" is a very powerful word.
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"ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื”.
00:16
It conjures up sex, abandon, loss of control,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ืกืงืก, ื”ืคืงืจื” ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
00:20
and you can see, it's very important as a word.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
00:24
But it's only 50 years old. It was invented in 1959.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืช 50 ืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ื‘-1959.
00:29
Now, if you put that word into the web,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืชื—ืคืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจืฉืช,
00:31
as you may have done,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื,
00:33
you'll come up with millions of hits,
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
00:35
and almost all of those sites are trying to sell you
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื ืกื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื›ื
00:38
something to make you irresistible
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืชื›ื ืœืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•
00:40
for 10 dollars or more.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœ-10 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:43
Now, this is a very attractive idea,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื“ ืžื•ืฉืš,
00:46
and the molecules they mention
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื,
00:48
sound really science-y.
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ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:50
They've got lots of syllables.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช.
00:52
It's things like androstenol, androstenone
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ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื ื•ืœ, ืื ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื ื•ืŸ,
00:54
or androstadienone.
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ืื• ืื ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
00:57
It gets better and better,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจ,
00:58
and when you combine that with white lab coats,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
01:01
you must imagine that there is
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื
01:03
fantastic science behind this.
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ืžื“ืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืจืงืข.
01:05
But sadly, these are fraudulent claims
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืืœื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื™ื•ืช
01:10
supported by dodgy science.
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ืฉื ืชืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ืžืคื•ืงืคืง.
01:14
The problem is that, although there are many
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:16
good scientists working on what they think
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:19
are human pheromones,
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ืฉื”ื ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
01:21
and they're publishing in respectable journals,
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ื•ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
01:23
at the basis of this,
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
01:25
despite very sophisticated experiments,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
01:28
there really is no good science behind it,
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื’ื‘ื” ื–ืืช,
01:31
because it's based on a problem,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”,
01:34
which is nobody has systematically gone through
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™
01:38
all the odors that humans produce --
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื --
01:40
and there are thousands of molecules that we give off.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื.
01:42
We're mammals. We produce a lot of smell.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื™ื—.
01:46
Nobody has gone through systematically
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™
01:48
to work out which molecules really are pheromones.
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ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื.
01:50
They've just plucked a few,
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ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ื—ืจื• ื›ืžื”,
01:52
and all these experiments are based on those,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
01:54
but there's no good evidence at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
01:57
Now, that's not to say
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
01:59
that smell is not important to people.
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ืฉืจื™ื— ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
02:01
It is, and some people are real enthusiasts,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:05
and one of these was Napoleon.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ.
02:08
And famously, you may remember
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื
02:10
that out on the campaign trail for war,
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ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘
02:13
he wrote to his lover, Empress Josephine,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ืชื•, ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ืช ื’'ื•ื–ืคื™ืŸ,
02:16
saying, "Don't wash. I'm coming home."
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"ืืœ ืชืชืงืœื—ื™, ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”."
02:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:20
So he didn't want to lose any of her richness
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื”
02:23
in the days before he'd get home,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
02:25
and it is still, you'll find websites
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืชืจื™ื
02:27
that offer this as a major quirk.
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ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
02:31
At the same time, though,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช,
02:33
we spend about as much money
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื›ืกืฃ
02:35
taking the smells off us
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ื‘ื”ืกืจืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•
02:37
as putting them back on in perfumes,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืฉืžื™ื,
02:39
and perfumes are a multi-billion-dollar business.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
02:44
So what I want to do in the rest of this talk
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•
02:46
is tell you about what pheromones really are,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื”ื ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
02:51
tell you why I think we would expect
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ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื›ืš
02:54
humans to have pheromones,
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ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื,
02:57
tell you about some of the confusions in pheromones,
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ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื,
03:02
and then finally, I want to end with
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืกื™ื™ื
03:04
a promising avenue which shows us
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื ื•
03:06
the way we ought to be going.
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ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช.
03:10
So the ancient Greeks knew
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื“ืขื•
03:15
that dogs sent invisible signals between each other.
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ืฉื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
03:19
A female dog in heat
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ื›ืœื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืžืช
03:21
sent an invisible signal to male dogs
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ืฉืœื—ื” ืžืกืจ ืกืžื•ื™ ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื
03:23
for miles around,
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ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:24
and it wasn't a sound, it was a smell.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ, ืืœื ืจื™ื—.
03:27
You could take the smell from the female dog,
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ื— ืžื”ื›ืœื‘ื”
03:29
and the dogs would chase the cloth.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ืจื“ืคื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื“.
03:31
But the problem for everybody
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ
03:33
who could see this effect
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจืื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื”
03:35
was that you couldn't identify the molecules.
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ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
03:37
You couldn't demonstrate it was chemical.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ื™ืžื™.
03:39
The reason for that, of course,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
03:40
is that each of these animals
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:42
produces tiny quantities,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช,
03:43
and in the case of the dog,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื”,
03:45
males dogs can smell it, but we can't smell it.
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ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื–ืืช, ืืš ืœื ืื ื—ื ื•.
03:48
And it was only in 1959 that a German team,
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ื•ืจืง ื‘-1959 ืฆื•ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™,
03:52
after spending 20 years in search of these molecules,
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ืื—ืจื™ 20 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
03:56
discovered, identified, the first pheromone,
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ื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
03:59
and this was the sex pheromone of a silk moth.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฉื™.
04:03
Now, this was an inspired choice by Adolf Butenandt and his team,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ืื ื“ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:06
because he needed half a million moths
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืงืง ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ื
04:08
to get enough material to do the chemical analysis.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ืžื™.
04:12
But he created the model
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ
04:14
for how you should go about pheromone analysis.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื ืชื— ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื.
04:16
He basically went through systematically,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™
04:19
showing that only the molecule in question
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ื•ื”ืจืื” ืฉืจืง ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืช
04:22
was the one that stimulated the males,
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ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
04:23
not all the others.
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ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
04:26
He analyzed it very carefully.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
04:28
He synthesized the molecule,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื ืชื– ืื•ืชื”,
04:29
and then tried the synthesized molecule on the males
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
04:33
and got them to respond and showed it was,
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืื”
04:36
indeed, that molecule.
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ืฉืื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”.
04:37
That's closing the circle.
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ื›ืš ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ.
04:40
That's the thing which has never been done with humans:
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื:
04:42
nothing systematic, no real demonstration.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ืœื ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
04:46
With that new concept,
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ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
04:48
we needed a new word,
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ื ื–ืงืงื ื• ืœืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
04:49
and that was the word "pheromone,"
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” "ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ,"
04:52
and it's basically transferred excitement,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช,
04:56
transferred between individuals,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
04:58
and since 1959, pheromones have been found
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ื•ืžืื– 1959, ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื•
05:01
right the way across the animal kingdom,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
05:03
in male animals, in female animals.
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ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
05:05
It works just as well underwater
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
05:06
for goldfish and lobsters.
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ื‘ื“ื’ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื.
05:08
And almost every mammal you can think of
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื•,
05:10
has had a pheromone identified,
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ื–ื•ื”ื” ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ,
05:12
and of course, an enormous number of insects.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
05:16
So we know that pheromones exist
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ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
05:18
right the way across the animal kingdom.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:21
What about humans?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
05:23
Well, the first thing, of course,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
05:24
is that we're mammals,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
05:26
and mammals are smelly.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืจื™ื—.
05:27
As any dog owner can tell you,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘,
05:29
we smell, they smell.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืจื™ื— ื•ื’ื ื”ื.
05:31
But the real reason we might think
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:33
that humans have pheromones
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื,
05:35
is the change that occurs as we grow up.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื ื• ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ.
05:38
The smell of a room of teenagers
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ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ
05:40
is quite different
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™
05:42
from the smell of a room of small children.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
05:45
What's changed? And of course, it's puberty.
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”? ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:48
Along with the pubic hair
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืขืจ ืขืจื•ื•ื”
05:49
and the hair in the armpits,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™,
05:51
new glands start to secrete in those places,
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
05:55
and that's what's making the change in smell.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื—.
05:57
If we were any other kind of mammal,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ,
05:59
or any other kind of animal,
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
06:01
we would say,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
06:02
"That must be something to do with pheromones,"
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"ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื,"
06:04
and we'd start looking properly.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
06:06
But there are some problems, and this is why,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ
06:08
I think, people have not looked for
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ืคืฉื•
06:11
pheromones so effectively in humans.
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ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:14
There are, indeed, problems.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
06:16
And the first of these
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ
06:18
is perhaps surprising.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืคืชื™ืขื”.
06:19
It's all about culture.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืกื•ื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
06:21
Now moths don't learn a lot
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ื›ืขืช, ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ื ืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
06:23
about what is good to smell, but humans do,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจื™ื—, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืŸ,
06:27
and up to the age of about four,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจืš,
06:29
any smell, no matter how rancid,
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ื›ืœ ืจื™ื—, ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ืคืฉ,
06:32
is simply interesting.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:33
And I understand that the major role of parents
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื
06:35
is to stop kids putting their fingers in poo,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืฆื‘ืข ืœืฆื•ืื”,
06:39
because it's always something nice to smell.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื”ืจื™ื—.
06:42
But gradually we learn what's not good,
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ืืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:45
and one of the things we learn
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
06:46
at the same time as what is not good
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ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘
06:48
is what is good.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:50
Now, the cheese behind me
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™
06:52
is a British, if not an English, delicacy.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืื ืœื ืื ื’ืœื™.
06:56
It's ripe blue Stilton.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื ืช ืกื˜ื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืขื•ืคืฉืช.
07:00
Liking it is incomprehensible to people from other countries.
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ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช.
07:04
Every culture has its own special food
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ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื
07:07
and national delicacy.
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ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื”
07:09
If you were to come from Iceland,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื™ืกืœื ื“,
07:11
your national dish
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ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
07:13
is deep rotted shark.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
07:16
Now, all of these things are acquired tastes,
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ืจื›ืฉื™ื,
07:18
but they form almost a badge of identity.
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ืืš ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชื’ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
07:21
You're part of the in-group.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
07:26
The second thing is the sense of smell.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—.
07:29
Each of us has a unique odor world,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™,
07:33
in the sense that what we smell,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื,
07:35
we each smell a completely different world.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืจื™ื— ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:38
Now, smell was the hardest
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ื›ืขืช, ืจื™ื— ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉ
07:40
of the senses to crack,
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ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื—,
07:42
and the Nobel Prize awarded to
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ื•ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืง
07:44
Richard Axel and Linda Buck
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ืœืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืืงืกืœ ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืง
07:45
was only awarded in 2004
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ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืจืง ื‘-2004
07:48
for their discovery of how smell works.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจื™ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“.
07:50
It's really hard,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื”,
07:52
but in essence, nerves from the brain
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ืืš ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•, ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื—
07:54
go up into the nose
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ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืืฃ
07:57
and on these nerves exposed in the nose
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืืฃ
07:59
to the outside air are receptors,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
08:02
and odor molecules coming in on a sniff
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ืจื•ื—
08:05
interact with these receptors,
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ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
08:07
and if they bond, they send the nerve a signal
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ
08:12
which goes back into the brain.
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:14
We don't just have one kind of receptor.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ.
08:16
If you're a human, you have about 400
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ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืขืจืš 400
08:18
different kinds of receptors,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื,
08:20
and the brain knows what you're smelling
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืจื™ื—
08:23
because of the combination of receptors
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื
08:25
and nerve cells that they trigger,
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ื•ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื,
08:27
sending messages up to the brain
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ื—
08:29
in a combinatorial fashion.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
08:32
But it's a bit more complicated,
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ืืš ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
08:33
because each of those 400
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื 400
ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
08:35
comes in various variants,
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08:37
and depending which variant you have,
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ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš,
08:39
you might smell coriander, or cilantro, that herb,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื›ื•ืกื‘ืจื”, ืขืฉื‘ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื,
08:43
either as something delicious and savory
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ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื‘ืœ
08:46
or something like soap.
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ืื• ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืŸ.
08:48
So we each have an individual world of smell,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—,
08:51
and that complicates anything
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ืš ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
08:52
when we're studying smell.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื™ื—.
08:55
Well, we really ought to talk about armpits,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™,
08:57
and I have to say that I do have particularly good ones.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
09:01
Now, I'm not going to share them with you,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื—ืœื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืขื™ืžื›ื,
09:03
but this is the place that most people
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
09:05
have looked for pheromones.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื.
09:06
There is one good reason,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš,
09:08
which is, the great apes have armpits
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ ืืฆืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื
09:11
as their unique characteristic.
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ื”ื ื”ืกืžืžืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
09:14
The other primates have scent glands
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ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืจื™ื—
09:16
in other parts of the body.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื.
09:18
The great apes have these armpits
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ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™
09:20
full of secretory glands
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ื”ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”
09:22
producing smells all the time,
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ื”ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
09:25
enormous numbers of molecules.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
09:28
When they're secreted from the glands,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช,
09:30
the molecules are odorless.
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืจื™ื—.
09:32
They have no smell at all,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืจื™ื— ื›ืœืœ,
09:34
and it's only the wonderful bacteria
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
09:36
growing on the rainforest of hair
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ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™,
09:38
that actually produces the smells
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ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช
09:40
that we know and love.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื.
09:42
And so incidentally, if you want to reduce
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช
09:44
the amount of smell,
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ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื—,
09:45
clear-cutting your armpits
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ืœื’ืœื— ืœืžืฉืขื™ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ ืฉืœื›ื
09:47
is a very effective way of reducing
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช
09:49
the habitat for bacteria,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
09:51
and you'll find they remain less smelly
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ื•ืืชื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื–
09:53
for much longer.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:55
But although we've focused on armpits,
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ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื›ื–ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™,
09:58
I think it's partly because they're the least
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
09:59
embarrassing place to go and ask people for samples.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืžื ื•.
10:03
There is actually another reason why we might not
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื
10:06
be looking for a universal sex pheromone there,
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™,
10:09
and that's because 20 percent of the world's population
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœ-20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:12
doesn't have smelly armpits like me.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ ืจื™ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื™.
10:16
And these are people from China, Japan,
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ื•ืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื™ืŸ, ื™ืคืŸ,
10:20
Korea, and other parts of northeast Asia.
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ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
10:22
They simply don't secrete those odorless precursors
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืœืœื•
10:26
that the bacteria love to use to produce the smells
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ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช
10:30
that in an ethnocentric way we always thought of
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื• ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
10:33
as characteristic of armpits.
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ื›ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™.
10:35
So it doesn't apply to 20 percent of the world.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืชืงืฃ ืœ-20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:39
So what should we be doing
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ืื– ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
10:42
in our search for human pheromones?
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?
10:45
I'm fairly convinced that we do have them.
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ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื.
10:48
We're mammals, like everybody else
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ
10:50
who's a mammal, and we probably do have them.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืง, ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื.
10:54
But what I think we should do
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
10:55
is go right back to the beginning,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”,
10:57
and basically look all over the body.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
10:59
No matter how embarrassing,
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ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื™ืš,
11:01
we need to search and go for the first time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืขื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
11:05
where no one else has dared tread.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
11:07
It's going to be difficult,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”,
11:08
it's going to be embarrassing, but we need to look.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง.
11:11
We also need to go back to the ideas
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
11:14
that Butenandt used when he was studying the silk moth.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ืื ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืฉื™.
11:17
We need to go back and look systematically
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™
11:20
at all the molecules that are being produced,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคืงื•ืช,
11:23
and work out which ones are really involved.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:25
It isn't good enough simply to pluck a couple
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื
11:27
and say, "They'll do."
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืืœื• ื™ืกืคื™ืงื•."
11:29
We have to actually demonstrate
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื
11:30
that they really have the effects we claim.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื.
11:33
There is one team that I'm actually very impressed by.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจืฉื ืžืžื ื•.
11:36
They're in France, and their previous success
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืœื”ื
11:40
was identifying the rabbit mammary pheromone.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื ื‘.
11:44
They've turned their attention now
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ื”ื ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ืขืชื”
11:47
to human babies and mothers.
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ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:50
So this is a baby having a drink of milk
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืœื•ื’ื ื—ืœื‘
11:53
from its mother's breast.
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ืžื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•.
11:56
Her nipple is completely hidden
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ื”ืคื˜ืžื” ืฉืœื” ืžื•ืกืชืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
11:58
by the baby's head,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
11:59
but what you'll notice is a white droplet
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ืืš ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื”
12:03
with an arrow pointing to it,
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ืขื ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”,
12:04
and that's the secretion from the areolar glands.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืจื”.
12:08
Now, we all have them, men and women,
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ื›ืขืช, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื,
12:11
and these are the little bumps around the nipple,
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ื•ืืœื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื˜ืžื”,
12:13
and if you're a lactating woman,
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ื•ืื ืืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื—ืœื‘
12:15
these start to secrete.
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ืืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ.
12:18
It's a very interesting secretion.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื•ื“.
12:20
What Benoist Schaal and his team developed
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื•ื•ืื” ืฉืืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืคื™ืชื—ื•
12:23
was a simple test to investigate
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
12:26
what the effect of this secretion might be,
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ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืœื”ื ื™ื‘,
12:29
in effect, a simple bioassay.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
12:32
So this is a sleeping baby,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ืฉืŸ,
12:34
and under its nose, we've put a clean glass rod.
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื•, ื”ื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื ืงื™.
12:39
The baby remains sleeping,
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉืŸ.
12:41
showing no interest at all.
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ืœื ืžืจืื” ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:44
But if we go to any mother
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ืืš ืื ื ืœืš ืœื›ืœ ืื
12:46
who is secreting from the areolar glands,
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ืืฉืจ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™,
12:48
so it's not about recognition,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื”,
12:50
it can be from any mother,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืื,
12:52
if we take the secretion
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื”
12:53
and now put it under the baby's nose,
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ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
12:56
we get a very different reaction.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
12:58
It's a connoisseur's reaction of delight,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื’,
13:01
and it opens its mouth
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื” ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—
13:03
and sticks out its tongue
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ
13:05
and starts to suck.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื ื•ืง.
13:07
Now, since this is from any mother,
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ื›ืขืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžื›ืœ ืื ืฉื”ื™ื,
13:09
it could really be a pheromone.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ืžื•ืŸ.
13:11
It's not about individual recognition.
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ื”ื›ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:13
Any mother will do.
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ื›ืœ ืื ืชืชืื™ื.
13:15
Now, why is this important,
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ื›ืขืช, ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
13:16
apart from being simply very interesting?
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
13:19
It's because women vary
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื™
13:21
in the number of areolar glands that they have,
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ,
13:23
and there is a correlation between the ease
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืœื•ืช
13:26
with which babies start to suckle
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ื‘ื” ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื—ืœ ืœื™ื ื•ืง
13:28
and the number of areolar glands she has.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื.
13:30
It appears that the more secretions she's got,
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ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื”,
13:33
the more likely the baby is to suckle quickly.
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ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื™ื ืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:36
If you're a mammal,
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ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื ืง,
13:38
the most dangerous time in life
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
13:40
is the first few hours after birth.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
13:43
You have to get that first drink of milk,
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
13:47
and if you don't get it, you won't survive.
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ื•ืื ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื•, ืœื ืชืฉืจื“ื•.
13:50
You'll be dead.
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ืืชื ืชืžื•ืชื•.
13:51
Since many babies actually find it difficult
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื
13:54
to take that first meal,
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
13:56
because they're not getting the right stimulus,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:58
if we could identify what that molecule was,
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
14:01
and the French team are being very cautious,
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
14:03
but if we could identify the molecule,
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ืืš ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
14:05
synthesize it, it would then mean
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ืœืกื ืชื– ืื•ืชื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
14:08
premature babies would be more likely to suckle,
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•,
14:10
and every baby would have a better chance
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:13
of survival.
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ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
14:14
So what I want to argue is this is one example
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช
14:17
of where a systematic, really scientific approach
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ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ืช
14:20
can actually bring you a real understanding
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
14:23
of pheromones.
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ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื.
14:24
There could be all sorts of medical interventions.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช.
14:27
There could be all sorts of things
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
14:28
that humans are doing with pheromones
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื
14:30
that we simply don't know at the moment.
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ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
14:32
What we need to remember is pheromones
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื
14:33
are not just about sex.
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ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืžื™ืŸ.
14:35
They're about all sorts of things to do
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ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
14:37
with a mammal's life.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง.
14:38
So do go forward and do search for more.
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ืื– ืื ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื•ื—ืงืจื• ืขื•ื“.
14:41
There's lots to find.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืžืฆื•ื.
14:42
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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