The smelly mystery of the human pheromone | Tristram Wyatt

322,287 views ・ 2014-05-15

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jihyeon J. Kim κ²€ν† : Gemma Lee
00:12
"Pheromone" is a very powerful word.
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"페둜λͺ¬"μ΄λž€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ‹¨μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
It conjures up sex, abandon, loss of control,
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μ„ΉμŠ€, 유기, ν†΅μ œλ ₯ 상싀을 μƒκΈ°μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
and you can see, it's very important as a word.
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œμ„œ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
But it's only 50 years old. It was invented in 1959.
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1959년에 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έμ„œ 50년밖에 μ•ˆ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
Now, if you put that word into the web,
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이 단어λ₯Ό μΈν„°λ„·μ—μ„œ 검색을 ν•΄λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
00:31
as you may have done,
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μ•„λ§ˆ 해보셨을 ν…λ°μš”.
00:33
you'll come up with millions of hits,
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수백만 건의 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈκ°€ 뜰 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
and almost all of those sites are trying to sell you
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그리고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμ—μ„œ
00:38
something to make you irresistible
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 사지 μ•Šκ³ λŠ” λͺ» 배기게 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것듀을
00:40
for 10 dollars or more.
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10λ‹¬λŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œνŒ”κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
Now, this is a very attractive idea,
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이것은 μ•„μ£Ό 맀λ ₯적인 생각이고,
00:46
and the molecules they mention
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그듀이 λ§ν•˜λŠ” λΆ„μžλ“€μ€
00:48
sound really science-y.
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μ•„μ£Ό 과학적인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ“€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
They've got lots of syllables.
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λΆ„μžμ΄λ¦„μ΄ 맀우 κΈΈμ£ .
00:52
It's things like androstenol, androstenone
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μ•€λ“œλ‘œμŠ€ν…Œλ†€, μ•€λ“œλ‘œμŠ€ν…Œλ…Ό,
00:54
or androstadienone.
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λ˜λŠ” μ•€λ“œλ‘œμŠ€ν…Œλ„€λ””μ˜¨ 같은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
It gets better and better,
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ν•œ 술 더 λ– μ„œ
00:58
and when you combine that with white lab coats,
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흰색 μ‹€ν—˜λ³΅ μž…μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν•¨κ»˜ 보여주면
01:01
you must imagine that there is
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μ΄κ²ƒμ—λŠ” λ­”κ°€ ν™˜μƒμ μΈ 과학이
01:03
fantastic science behind this.
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μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
But sadly, these are fraudulent claims
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„, 이것은 사이비 과학에 κ·Όκ±°ν•œ
01:10
supported by dodgy science.
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사기성 μ£Όμž₯λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
The problem is that, although there are many
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 인간 페둜λͺ¬μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것을
01:16
good scientists working on what they think
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μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 있고,
01:19
are human pheromones,
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이것에 κ·Όκ±°ν•΄μ„œ
01:21
and they're publishing in respectable journals,
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μ €λͺ…ν•œ μž‘μ§€μ—
01:23
at the basis of this,
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μΆœνŒμ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  해도
01:25
despite very sophisticated experiments,
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맀우 μ •κ΅ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
01:28
there really is no good science behind it,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 이것을 잘 μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ 쀄 과학은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
because it's based on a problem,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”,
01:34
which is nobody has systematically gone through
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인간이 λ‚΄λΏœλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λƒ„μƒˆ,
01:38
all the odors that humans produce --
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κ·Έ λƒ„μƒˆμ— ν¬ν•¨λœ 수천개의 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό
01:40
and there are thousands of molecules that we give off.
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μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
We're mammals. We produce a lot of smell.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 가진 포유λ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
Nobody has gone through systematically
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아무도 μ–΄λŠ λΆ„μžκ°€ μ§„μ§œ 페둜λͺ¬μΈμ§€
01:48
to work out which molecules really are pheromones.
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μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 확인해 보지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
They've just plucked a few,
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그듀은 κ·Έμ € λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€λ§Œ λ½‘μ•„μ„œ
01:52
and all these experiments are based on those,
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μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄ λ³΄μ§€λ§Œ,
01:54
but there's no good evidence at all.
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νƒ€λ‹Ήν•œ 증거가 μ „ν˜€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
Now, that's not to say
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ
01:59
that smell is not important to people.
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λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
It is, and some people are real enthusiasts,
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ£ . μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 광적이기도 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:05
and one of these was Napoleon.
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λ‚˜ν΄λ ˆμ˜Ήμ΄ 그런 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
And famously, you may remember
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹€ 유λͺ…ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ,
02:10
that out on the campaign trail for war,
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κ·Έκ°€ λ‚˜κ°€μ„œ μ „μŸ 쀑일 λ•Œ
02:13
he wrote to his lover, Empress Josephine,
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연인인 μ‘°μ„Έν•€ ν™©ν›„μ—κ²Œ νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό μ¨μ„œ,
02:16
saying, "Don't wash. I'm coming home."
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"씻지 λ§ˆμ„Έμš”. λ‚΄κ°€ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ 갈 κ±°μ—μš”."
02:19
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:20
So he didn't want to lose any of her richness
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ κ·ΈλŠ” 집에 κ°€κΈ° μ „ μƒνƒœμ˜
02:23
in the days before he'd get home,
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μ—°μΈμ˜ 짙은 ν–₯을 λ†“μΉ˜κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 것이죠.
02:25
and it is still, you'll find websites
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이런 κΈ°λ¬˜ν•œ 것을 μ œκ³΅ν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ”
02:27
that offer this as a major quirk.
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μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλ“€μ΄ 아직도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
At the same time, though,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ™μ‹œμ—,
02:33
we spend about as much money
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우리의 λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό μ—†μ• λŠ”λ°
02:35
taking the smells off us
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그리고 ν–₯수둜 λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό ν’κΈ°λŠ”λ°
02:37
as putting them back on in perfumes,
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λˆμ„ μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
and perfumes are a multi-billion-dollar business.
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ν–₯μˆ˜λ“€μ€ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ μ‚¬μ—…μ΄μ§€μš”.
02:44
So what I want to do in the rest of this talk
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이 κ°•μ—°μ—μ„œ 이제 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 것은
02:46
is tell you about what pheromones really are,
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페둜λͺ¬μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 무엇이고,
02:51
tell you why I think we would expect
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ— μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ
02:54
humans to have pheromones,
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페둜λͺ¬μ΄ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μ™€,
02:57
tell you about some of the confusions in pheromones,
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페둜λͺ¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ˜€ν•΄λ“€μ„ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
and then finally, I want to end with
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 택해야 ν•  방법을
03:04
a promising avenue which shows us
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λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 희망의 길둜
03:06
the way we ought to be going.
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끝맺고자 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
So the ancient Greeks knew
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κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μΈλ“€μ€
03:15
that dogs sent invisible signals between each other.
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κ°œκ°€ μ„œλ‘œ 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
A female dog in heat
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λ°œμ •μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 암컷은
03:21
sent an invisible signal to male dogs
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수 마일 근방에 μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜μ»·λ“€μ—κ²Œ
03:23
for miles around,
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보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
and it wasn't a sound, it was a smell.
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μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λƒ„μƒˆλ‘œ λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
You could take the smell from the female dog,
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μ•”μΊμ—κ²Œμ„œ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 뽑아낼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
and the dogs would chase the cloth.
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그럼 κ°œλ“€μ΄ μ²œμ‘°μž‘μ„ 쫓아닀닐 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
But the problem for everybody
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 효과λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”
03:33
who could see this effect
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
03:35
was that you couldn't identify the molecules.
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κ·Έ λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
You couldn't demonstrate it was chemical.
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ν™”ν•™μœΌλ‘œ 증λͺ…ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
The reason for that, of course,
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λ¬Όλ‘  κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”,
03:40
is that each of these animals
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이 동물듀이
03:42
produces tiny quantities,
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맀우 μ†ŒλŸ‰λ§Œμ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜κ³ 
03:43
and in the case of the dog,
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개의 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
03:45
males dogs can smell it, but we can't smell it.
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μˆ˜μΊλŠ” λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑을 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ κ·Έ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑을 수 μ—†μ£ .
03:48
And it was only in 1959 that a German team,
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20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ΄λ‚˜ 이 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄μ„œ
03:52
after spending 20 years in search of these molecules,
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1959년에 독일 νŒ€μ΄ 졜초의 페둜λͺ¬μ„
03:56
discovered, identified, the first pheromone,
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λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆκ³ , μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
and this was the sex pheromone of a silk moth.
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이것은 λˆ„μ—λ‚˜λ°©μ˜ μ„±νŽ˜λ‘œλͺ¬μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
Now, this was an inspired choice by Adolf Butenandt and his team,
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이것은 μ•„λŒν”„ λ·°ν…Œλ‚œλ“œμ™€ 그의 νŒ€μ˜ 직관적 μ„ νƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
because he needed half a million moths
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ν™”ν•™ 뢄석을 ν•˜κΈ°μ— μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 양을 μ–»μœΌλ €λ©΄
04:08
to get enough material to do the chemical analysis.
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50만 마리 정도가 ν•„μš”ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
But he created the model
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κ·ΈλŠ” 페둜λͺ¬ 뢄석을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 할지
04:14
for how you should go about pheromone analysis.
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λͺ¨λΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
He basically went through systematically,
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기본적으둜 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:19
showing that only the molecule in question
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μˆ˜μ»·μ—κ²Œ μžκ·Ήμ„ μ£ΌλŠ”
04:22
was the one that stimulated the males,
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μœ μΌν•œ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 보여주도둝
04:23
not all the others.
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μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ ‘κ·Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
He analyzed it very carefully.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 맀우 μ‹ μ€‘ν•˜κ²Œ 뢄석을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
He synthesized the molecule,
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λΆ„μžλ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν–ˆκ³ ,
04:29
and then tried the synthesized molecule on the males
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ν•©μ„±λœ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ»·μ—κ²Œ μ‹œν—˜ν•΄μ„œ
04:33
and got them to respond and showed it was,
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ λΆ„μžμΈμ§€
04:36
indeed, that molecule.
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λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ•Œλ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
That's closing the circle.
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κ·Έκ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ λλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
That's the thing which has never been done with humans:
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인간을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ—†μ—ˆκ³ 
04:42
nothing systematic, no real demonstration.
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체계적이지도 μ•Šκ³  μ‹€μ œ 검증도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
With that new concept,
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κ·Έ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ
04:48
we needed a new word,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 단어가 ν•„μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
and that was the word "pheromone,"
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그것이 "페둜λͺ¬"μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
04:52
and it's basically transferred excitement,
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그것이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 사이에
04:56
transferred between individuals,
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ν₯뢄을 μ „νŒŒμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
and since 1959, pheromones have been found
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1959λ…„μ΄ν›„λ‘œ, 페둜λͺ¬λ“€μ€
05:01
right the way across the animal kingdom,
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수컷과 μ•”μ»·λ“€μ˜
05:03
in male animals, in female animals.
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λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μ™•κ΅­μ—μ„œ ν­λ„“κ²Œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
It works just as well underwater
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μˆ˜μ€‘μ˜ κΈˆλΆ•μ–΄λ‚˜ λ°”λ‹·κ°€μž¬μ—κ²Œλ„
05:06
for goldfish and lobsters.
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μ—­μ‹œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
And almost every mammal you can think of
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생각할 수 μžˆλŠ” 거의 λͺ¨λ“  포유λ₯˜λ“€μ΄
05:10
has had a pheromone identified,
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μ‹λ³„λœ 페둜λͺ¬μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
and of course, an enormous number of insects.
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ¬΄μˆ˜ν•œ κ³€μΆ©λ“€λ„μš”.
05:16
So we know that pheromones exist
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 페둜λͺ¬μ΄
05:18
right the way across the animal kingdom.
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λ™λ¬Όμ˜ 왕ꡭ에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
What about humans?
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인간은 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
05:23
Well, the first thing, of course,
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λ¬Όλ‘  첫번째둜 μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
05:24
is that we're mammals,
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포유λ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
and mammals are smelly.
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포유λ₯˜λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 풍기죠.
05:27
As any dog owner can tell you,
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개λ₯Ό 가진 뢄이라면 μ•„μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
we smell, they smell.
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ κ°œλ“€λ„ λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ λ‚˜μ£ .
05:31
But the real reason we might think
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인간이 페둜λͺ¬μ„ 가지고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”
05:33
that humans have pheromones
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μ§„μ§œ μ΄μœ λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„±μž₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”
05:35
is the change that occurs as we grow up.
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λ³€ν™”λ•Œλ¬ΈμΌ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
The smell of a room of teenagers
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μ‹­λŒ€λ“€μ˜ λ°© λƒ„μƒˆλŠ”
05:40
is quite different
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κΌ¬λ§ˆμ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ λ°©λƒ„μƒˆμ™€λŠ”
05:42
from the smell of a room of small children.
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많이 λ‹€λ₯΄μ£ .
05:45
What's changed? And of course, it's puberty.
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무엇이 바뀐 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ? λ¬Όλ‘  μ‚¬μΆ˜κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
Along with the pubic hair
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μŒλΆ€μ˜ ν„Έ,
05:49
and the hair in the armpits,
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κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄ ν„Έκ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ
05:51
new glands start to secrete in those places,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„λΉ„μƒ˜μ΄ λΆ„λΉ„λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
and that's what's making the change in smell.
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그게 λƒ„μƒˆμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
If we were any other kind of mammal,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—¬λŠ 포유λ₯˜λ‚˜
05:59
or any other kind of animal,
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μ—¬λŠ 동물과 같은 μ’…λ₯˜λΌλ©΄,
06:01
we would say,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„λ§ˆ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν• κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
"That must be something to do with pheromones,"
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"이건 λΆ„λͺ… 페둜λͺ¬κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœκ±°μ•Ό." λΌκ³ μš”.
06:04
and we'd start looking properly.
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그리고 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
But there are some problems, and this is why,
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그런데 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 있고 μ΄μœ λŠ” μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
I think, people have not looked for
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 페둜λͺ¬μ„ 효과적으둜
06:11
pheromones so effectively in humans.
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μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€κ³  μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
There are, indeed, problems.
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ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:16
And the first of these
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κ·Έ 쀑 μ²«λ²ˆμ§Έκ°€
06:18
is perhaps surprising.
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ†€λΌμšΈ ν…λ°μš”.
06:19
It's all about culture.
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문화와 κ΄€λ ¨λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
Now moths don't learn a lot
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λ‚˜λ°©μ€ 무슨 λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ 쒋은지
06:23
about what is good to smell, but humans do,
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κ΅μœ‘λ°›μ§€ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ 인간은 κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
and up to the age of about four,
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μ•½ 4μ‚΄μ―€κΉŒμ§€λŠ”
06:29
any smell, no matter how rancid,
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λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ 아무리 고약해도
06:32
is simply interesting.
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κ·Έμ € μž¬λ―Έμžˆμ–΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
And I understand that the major role of parents
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μ €λŠ” λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜λ“€μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” 큰 역할은
06:35
is to stop kids putting their fingers in poo,
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아이듀이 λ˜₯에 손가락을 넣지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ λ§λ¦¬λŠ” μΌμž„μ„ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
because it's always something nice to smell.
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λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑은 건 늘 μž¬λ―Έμžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
06:42
But gradually we learn what's not good,
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점차 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 무엇이 쒋지 μ•Šμ€ 것인지 λ°°μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
and one of the things we learn
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무엇이 μ•ˆ 쒋은 것인지 배움과 λ™μ‹œμ—
06:46
at the same time as what is not good
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무엇이 쒋은지λ₯Ό
06:48
is what is good.
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λ°°μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
Now, the cheese behind me
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제 뒀에 μžˆλŠ” μΉ˜μ¦ˆλŠ”
06:52
is a British, if not an English, delicacy.
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영ꡭ의 λ³„λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
It's ripe blue Stilton.
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잘 읡은 ν‘Έλ₯Έ μŠ€ν‹Έν„΄μΉ˜μ¦ˆμ΄μ£ .
07:00
Liking it is incomprehensible to people from other countries.
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이런 κ±Έ μ’‹μ•„ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이해 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
Every culture has its own special food
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λͺ¨λ“  λ‚˜λΌμ—λŠ” 그만의 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μŒμ‹κ³Ό
07:07
and national delicacy.
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κ·Έ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 별미가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
If you were to come from Iceland,
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μ•„μ΄μŠ¬λž€λ“œμ—μ„œ μ˜€μ‹  뢄이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
07:11
your national dish
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잘 μ‚­νžŒ 상어가
07:13
is deep rotted shark.
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κ·Έ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ λ³„λ―ΈμΌκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
Now, all of these things are acquired tastes,
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이것이 λ‹€ ν›„μ²œμ μœΌλ‘œ κ°–κ²Œ 된 μž…λ§›μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
07:18
but they form almost a badge of identity.
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정체성을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
You're part of the in-group.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 각 집단에 속해 μžˆλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
The second thing is the sense of smell.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” ν›„κ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
Each of us has a unique odor world,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 각각 맑을 수 μžˆλŠ”
07:33
in the sense that what we smell,
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λ…νŠΉν•œ λƒ„μƒˆμ˜ 세계λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
we each smell a completely different world.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
Now, smell was the hardest
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λƒ„μƒˆλΌλŠ” 것이
07:40
of the senses to crack,
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κ°€μž₯ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
and the Nobel Prize awarded to
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그리고 λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
07:44
Richard Axel and Linda Buck
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λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 곡둜둜 λ¦¬μ± λ“œ μ•‘μŠ¬κ³Ό λ¦°λ‹€ λ²„ν¬λŠ”
07:45
was only awarded in 2004
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2004년에야
07:48
for their discovery of how smell works.
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노벨상을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
It's really hard,
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정말 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
but in essence, nerves from the brain
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λ³Έμ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”, λ‡Œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 신경이
07:54
go up into the nose
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μ½”λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ 있고,
07:57
and on these nerves exposed in the nose
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외뢀곡기에 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μ½”μ˜ 신경에
07:59
to the outside air are receptors,
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μˆ˜μš©κΈ°κ΄€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:02
and odor molecules coming in on a sniff
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그럼 λ“€μ΄λ§ˆμ‹  λƒ„μƒˆλΆ„μžκ°€
08:05
interact with these receptors,
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μˆ˜μš©κΈ°κ΄€μ—μ„œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ 
08:07
and if they bond, they send the nerve a signal
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그것이 κ²°ν•©ν•˜λ©΄ λ‡Œλ‘œ
08:12
which goes back into the brain.
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μ‹ κ²½μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
We don't just have one kind of receptor.
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단지 ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μˆ˜μš©κΈ°κ΄€λ§Œ μžˆλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
If you're a human, you have about 400
191
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μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ•½ 400 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜
08:18
different kinds of receptors,
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μˆ˜μš©κΈ°κ΄€μ„ κ°–κ³  있으며
08:20
and the brain knows what you're smelling
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μˆ˜μš©κΈ°κ΄€κ³Ό μžκ·Ήμ„ 받은 μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ˜ κ²°ν•©μœΌλ‘œ
08:23
because of the combination of receptors
194
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ§‘λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ 무엇인지
08:25
and nerve cells that they trigger,
195
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
sending messages up to the brain
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μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
08:29
in a combinatorial fashion.
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λ‡Œμ— μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내죠.
08:32
But it's a bit more complicated,
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그런데 쒀더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 것이,
08:33
because each of those 400
199
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400 μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ μ €λ§ˆλ‹€
08:35
comes in various variants,
200
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³€ν˜•μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
08:37
and depending which variant you have,
201
517446
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μ–΄λ–€ λ³€ν˜•μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠλƒμ— 따라
08:39
you might smell coriander, or cilantro, that herb,
202
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κ³ μˆ˜λ‚˜ κ³ μˆ˜ν’€μ„
08:43
either as something delicious and savory
203
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맛쒋은 ν–₯으둜 λŠλΌκ±°λ‚˜
08:46
or something like soap.
204
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λΉ„λˆ„ν–₯으둜 λŠλΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
So we each have an individual world of smell,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆμ˜ 세계가 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
and that complicates anything
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λ°”λ‘œ 그게 λƒ„μƒˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό
08:52
when we're studying smell.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것이죠.
08:55
Well, we really ought to talk about armpits,
208
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κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄ μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΌ­ ν•΄μ•Όκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
and I have to say that I do have particularly good ones.
209
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제 κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄λŠ” 쒋은 λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
Now, I'm not going to share them with you,
210
541202
2002
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑아보라고 ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šκ² μ§€λ§Œ
09:03
but this is the place that most people
211
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 페둜λͺ¬μ„
09:05
have looked for pheromones.
212
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1737
μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
There is one good reason,
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1503
νƒ€λ‹Ήν•œ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°
09:08
which is, the great apes have armpits
214
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3404
μœ μΈμ›λ“€μ΄ λ…νŠΉν•œ νŠΉμ§•μœΌλ‘œ
09:11
as their unique characteristic.
215
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κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
The other primates have scent glands
216
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2401
λ‹€λ₯Έ 영μž₯λ₯˜λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆ 뢄비선이
09:16
in other parts of the body.
217
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λͺΈμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢀뢄에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
The great apes have these armpits
218
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μœ μΈμ›μ€ 뢄비선이 μž”λœ© μžˆλŠ”
09:20
full of secretory glands
219
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2217
κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
09:22
producing smells all the time,
220
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 수의 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 가진
09:25
enormous numbers of molecules.
221
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λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 항상 λ‚΄λΏœμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
When they're secreted from the glands,
222
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1703
λΆ„λΉ„μ„ μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¬ λ•Œ
09:30
the molecules are odorless.
223
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2004
λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ 무ν–₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
They have no smell at all,
224
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2075
μ „ν˜€ λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
and it's only the wonderful bacteria
225
574780
1969
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  있고
09:36
growing on the rainforest of hair
226
576749
2213
μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ” 것은
09:38
that actually produces the smells
227
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사싀 ν„Έμˆ²μ—μ„œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜λŠ”
09:40
that we know and love.
228
580418
2021
λ†€λΌμš΄ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μΈ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
And so incidentally, if you want to reduce
229
582439
1900
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄
09:44
the amount of smell,
230
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λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 쀄이고 μ‹ΆμœΌμ‹œλ©΄
09:45
clear-cutting your armpits
231
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κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄λ₯Ό λ§λ”νžˆ λ©΄λ„ν•˜λŠ” 것이
09:47
is a very effective way of reducing
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ μ„œμ‹μ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ”
09:49
the habitat for bacteria,
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맀우 효과적인 방법이고
09:51
and you'll find they remain less smelly
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그럼 훨씬 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ
09:53
for much longer.
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λƒ„μƒˆκ°€ 덜 λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
But although we've focused on armpits,
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κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄μ— μ£Όλͺ©μ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
09:58
I think it's partly because they're the least
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그게 μƒ˜ν”Œ μ±„μ§‘ν•˜κΈ°μ— κ°€μž₯ 덜 λ―Όλ§ν•΄μ„œ
09:59
embarrassing place to go and ask people for samples.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 그런거라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
There is actually another reason why we might not
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œ 보편적인 μ„±νŽ˜λ‘œλͺ¬μ„
10:06
be looking for a universal sex pheromone there,
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찾지 μ•ŠλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°
10:09
and that's because 20 percent of the world's population
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세계 인ꡬ의 20νΌμ„ΌνŠΈλŠ”
10:12
doesn't have smelly armpits like me.
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μ €μ²˜λŸΌ λƒ„μƒˆλ‚˜λŠ” κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
And these are people from China, Japan,
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그듀은 쀑ꡭ, 일본,
10:20
Korea, and other parts of northeast Asia.
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ν•œκ΅­κ³Ό λ™λΆμ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
They simply don't secrete those odorless precursors
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이듀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€
10:26
that the bacteria love to use to produce the smells
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인쒅적인 νŠΉμ„±μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”
10:30
that in an ethnocentric way we always thought of
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κ²¨λ“œλž‘μ΄ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
10:33
as characteristic of armpits.
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무ν–₯의 성뢄을 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:35
So it doesn't apply to 20 percent of the world.
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μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 20νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ—λŠ” 해당이 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
10:39
So what should we be doing
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그럼 인간 페둜λͺ¬μ„ μ°ΎκΈ°μœ„ν•΄
10:42
in our search for human pheromones?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
10:45
I'm fairly convinced that we do have them.
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λΆ„λͺ… 그런 것이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
We're mammals, like everybody else
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 포유λ₯˜λ‹ˆκΉŒ
10:50
who's a mammal, and we probably do have them.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 틀림없이 가지고 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
But what I think we should do
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  일은
10:55
is go right back to the beginning,
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처음으둜 λ‹€μ‹œ λ˜λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ
10:57
and basically look all over the body.
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신체 전체λ₯Ό 근본적으둜 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
No matter how embarrassing,
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아무리 λ―Όλ§ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
11:01
we need to search and go for the first time
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아무도 λ°Ÿμ•„λ³΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 땅에
11:05
where no one else has dared tread.
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λ¨Όμ € κ°€μ„œ μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
It's going to be difficult,
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μ–΄λ €μš΄ 일일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
it's going to be embarrassing, but we need to look.
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λ―Όλ§μŠ€λŸ½κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ, 찾아봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
We also need to go back to the ideas
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λ·°ν…Œλ‚œλ“œκ°€ λˆ„μ—λ‚˜λ°©μ„ 연ꡬ할 λ•Œ
11:14
that Butenandt used when he was studying the silk moth.
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썼던 생각을 λ‹€μ‹œ μ§šμ–΄λ΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
We need to go back and look systematically
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λ˜λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
11:20
at all the molecules that are being produced,
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ 
11:23
and work out which ones are really involved.
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μ–΄λŠ 것이 μ •λ§λ‘œ μ—°κ΄€λœ 것인지 연ꡬ해봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
It isn't good enough simply to pluck a couple
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λͺ‡ 개만 뽑아 λ³΄κ³ λŠ”, "될거야" ν•˜λŠ” νƒœλ„λŠ”
11:27
and say, "They'll do."
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
We have to actually demonstrate
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ μžˆλŠ”μ§€
11:30
that they really have the effects we claim.
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검증을 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
There is one team that I'm actually very impressed by.
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μ œκ°€ μ•„μ£Ό μΈμƒκΉŠκ²Œ λ³Έ νŒ€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
They're in France, and their previous success
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ— μžˆλŠ”λ°, 그듀은 이전에
11:40
was identifying the rabbit mammary pheromone.
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토끼 μœ μ„ νŽ˜λ‘œλͺ¬μ„ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λŠ”λ° μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
They've turned their attention now
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이제 그듀은 인간 아기와 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ—κ²Œ
11:47
to human babies and mothers.
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관심을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
So this is a baby having a drink of milk
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μ—„λ§ˆλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λͺ¨μœ λ₯Ό λ¨ΉλŠ”
11:53
from its mother's breast.
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μ•„κΈ°κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
Her nipple is completely hidden
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μ•„κΈ° 머리가
11:58
by the baby's head,
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μœ λ‘λ₯Ό 가리고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
11:59
but what you'll notice is a white droplet
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ν™”μ‚΄ν‘œκ°€ 가리킀고 μžˆλŠ”
12:03
with an arrow pointing to it,
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흰 물방울이 보이싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
and that's the secretion from the areolar glands.
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유λ₯œμ„ μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” λΆ„λΉ„λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
Now, we all have them, men and women,
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λ‚¨μžλ‚˜ μ—¬μž λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
and these are the little bumps around the nipple,
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μœ λ‘μ£Όλ³€μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μ€ λŒκΈ°λ“€μ΄ 있고
12:13
and if you're a lactating woman,
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μˆ˜μœ ν•˜λŠ” 여성이라면
12:15
these start to secrete.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
It's a very interesting secretion.
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μ•„μ£Ό ν₯미둜운 λΆ„λΉ„λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
What Benoist Schaal and his team developed
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λ² λ…Έμ΄μŠ€νŠΈ μƒ€μ•Œκ³Ό 그의 νŒ€μ΄
12:23
was a simple test to investigate
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이 λΆ„λΉ„λ¬Όμ˜ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 것일지
12:26
what the effect of this secretion might be,
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쑰사할 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 검사λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
in effect, a simple bioassay.
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μ‹œν–‰μ€‘μΈ μƒλ¬Όκ²€μ •λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
So this is a sleeping baby,
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잠자고 μžˆλŠ” μ•„κΈ°μ˜
12:34
and under its nose, we've put a clean glass rod.
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μ½” 밑에 κΉ¨λ—ν•œ μœ λ¦¬λ§‰λŒ€λ₯Ό λŒ€λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
The baby remains sleeping,
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μ–΄λ–€ ν₯미도 보이지 μ•Šκ³ 
12:41
showing no interest at all.
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계속 자고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
But if we go to any mother
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유λ₯œμ„  λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ λ˜λŠ”
12:46
who is secreting from the areolar glands,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ—κ²Œλ“  κ°€μ„œ,
12:48
so it's not about recognition,
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λˆ„κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
12:50
it can be from any mother,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ“  λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
if we take the secretion
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뢄비물을 λ°›μ•„μ„œ
12:53
and now put it under the baby's nose,
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μ•„κΈ°μ˜ μ½” 밑에 λŒ€λ³΄λ©΄,
12:56
we get a very different reaction.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:58
It's a connoisseur's reaction of delight,
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감정사가 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” ν¬μ—΄μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:01
and it opens its mouth
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μž…μ„ 벌리고
13:03
and sticks out its tongue
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ν˜€λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ°€μ–΄μ„œ
13:05
and starts to suck.
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λΉ¨κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
Now, since this is from any mother,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ—κ²Œμ„œλ“  λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
13:09
it could really be a pheromone.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 페둜λͺ¬μΌ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
It's not about individual recognition.
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개인적인 식별과 관련이 μ—†κ³ 
13:13
Any mother will do.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ“  λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
Now, why is this important,
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κ·Έμ € ν₯λ―Έλ‘­λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ 
13:16
apart from being simply very interesting?
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이것이 μ™œ μ€‘μš”ν• κΉŒμš”?
13:19
It's because women vary
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여성듀이 가지고 μžˆλŠ”
13:21
in the number of areolar glands that they have,
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유λ₯œμ„ μ˜ κ°œμˆ˜κ°€ λ‹€λ₯΄κ³ 
13:23
and there is a correlation between the ease
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유λ₯œμ„ μ˜ κ°œμˆ˜μ™€
13:26
with which babies start to suckle
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아기듀이 젖을 μ‰½κ²Œ λΉ λŠ” κ²ƒκ³Όμ˜
13:28
and the number of areolar glands she has.
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상관관계가 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
It appears that the more secretions she's got,
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뢄비물이 λ§Žμ„μˆ˜λ‘
13:33
the more likely the baby is to suckle quickly.
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μ•„κΈ°κ°€ 빨리 젖을 λ¨ΉλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
If you're a mammal,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 포유λ₯˜λΌλ©΄,
13:38
the most dangerous time in life
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νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ ν›„ 처음 λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„μ΄
13:40
is the first few hours after birth.
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κ°€μž₯ μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μˆœκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:43
You have to get that first drink of milk,
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첫번째 젖을 λ¨Ήμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
and if you don't get it, you won't survive.
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μ•ˆ 그러면 살지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³ 
13:50
You'll be dead.
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죽게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
Since many babies actually find it difficult
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λ§Žμ€ 아기듀이 μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μžκ·Ήμ„ 받지 λͺ»ν•΄μ„œ
13:54
to take that first meal,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 첫번째 젖을 λ¨ΉλŠ” 것을
13:56
because they're not getting the right stimulus,
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맀우 νž˜λ“€μ–΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
if we could identify what that molecule was,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ λΆ„μžκ°€ 무엇인지 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
14:01
and the French team are being very cautious,
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€ νŒ€λ“€μ΄ 맀우 μ‹ μ€‘ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:03
but if we could identify the molecule,
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κ·Έ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄μ„œ
14:05
synthesize it, it would then mean
333
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ν•©μ„±ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, 그럼
14:08
premature babies would be more likely to suckle,
334
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쑰산아듀이 젖을 먹게 될 κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’κ²Œ 되고
14:10
and every baby would have a better chance
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λͺ¨λ“  μ•„κΈ°κ°€ 생쑴할 κ°€λŠ₯성이
14:13
of survival.
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더 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
So what I want to argue is this is one example
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 것은 이 사둀가
14:17
of where a systematic, really scientific approach
338
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체계적이고 과학적인 접근이
14:20
can actually bring you a real understanding
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페둜λͺ¬μ„ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 이해할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
14:23
of pheromones.
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ν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ” μ˜ˆκ°€ λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:24
There could be all sorts of medical interventions.
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μ˜ν•™μ μΈ κ°œμž…μ΄ μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:27
There could be all sorts of things
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆμ€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
14:28
that humans are doing with pheromones
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페λ₯΄λͺ¬κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ”
14:30
that we simply don't know at the moment.
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 일이 μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:32
What we need to remember is pheromones
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•  것은 페둜λͺ¬μ΄
14:33
are not just about sex.
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성적인 κ²ƒλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
They're about all sorts of things to do
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포유λ₯˜μ˜ μ‚Άκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ
14:37
with a mammal's life.
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λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:38
So do go forward and do search for more.
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κ°€μ„œ 더 연ꡬ해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
14:41
There's lots to find.
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881484
1040
μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 것이 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:42
Thank you very much.
351
882524
1866
λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
(Applause)
352
884390
4488
(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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