The smelly mystery of the human pheromone | Tristram Wyatt

320,713 views ใƒป 2014-05-15

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jihyeon J. Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gemma Lee
00:12
"Pheromone" is a very powerful word.
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"ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ"์ด๋ž€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
It conjures up sex, abandon, loss of control,
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์„น์Šค, ์œ ๊ธฐ, ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
and you can see, it's very important as a word.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
But it's only 50 years old. It was invented in 1959.
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1959๋…„์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ์„œ 50๋…„๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
Now, if you put that word into the web,
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
00:31
as you may have done,
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์•„๋งˆ ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
00:33
you'll come up with millions of hits,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฑด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋œฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
and almost all of those sites are trying to sell you
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ
00:38
something to make you irresistible
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชป ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
00:40
for 10 dollars or more.
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10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœํŒ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Now, this is a very attractive idea,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๊ณ ,
00:46
and the molecules they mention
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€
00:48
sound really science-y.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
They've got lots of syllables.
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๋ถ„์ž์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธธ์ฃ .
00:52
It's things like androstenol, androstenone
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์•ค๋“œ๋กœ์Šคํ…Œ๋†€, ์•ค๋“œ๋กœ์Šคํ…Œ๋…ผ,
00:54
or androstadienone.
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๋˜๋Š” ์•ค๋“œ๋กœ์Šคํ…Œ๋„ค๋””์˜จ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
It gets better and better,
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ํ•œ ์ˆ  ๋” ๋– ์„œ
00:58
and when you combine that with white lab coats,
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ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์‹คํ—˜๋ณต ์ž…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด
01:01
you must imagine that there is
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์ด๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ด
01:03
fantastic science behind this.
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์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
But sadly, these are fraudulent claims
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋น„ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ
01:10
supported by dodgy science.
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์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
The problem is that, although there are many
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
01:16
good scientists working on what they think
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
01:19
are human pheromones,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด์„œ
01:21
and they're publishing in respectable journals,
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์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์žก์ง€์—
01:23
at the basis of this,
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์ถœํŒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
01:25
despite very sophisticated experiments,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:28
there really is no good science behind it,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
because it's based on a problem,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
01:34
which is nobody has systematically gone through
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ,
01:38
all the odors that humans produce --
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๊ทธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ
01:40
and there are thousands of molecules that we give off.
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์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
We're mammals. We produce a lot of smell.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Nobody has gone through systematically
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ธ์ง€
01:48
to work out which molecules really are pheromones.
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์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
They've just plucked a few,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฝ‘์•„์„œ
01:52
and all these experiments are based on those,
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ,
01:54
but there's no good evidence at all.
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ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Now, that's not to say
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
01:59
that smell is not important to people.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
It is, and some people are real enthusiasts,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ฃ . ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ด‘์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:05
and one of these was Napoleon.
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๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
And famously, you may remember
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ,
02:10
that out on the campaign trail for war,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์ผ ๋•Œ
02:13
he wrote to his lover, Empress Josephine,
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์—ฐ์ธ์ธ ์กฐ์„ธํ•€ ํ™ฉํ›„์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ,
02:16
saying, "Don't wash. I'm coming home."
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"์”ป์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”."
02:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:20
So he didn't want to lose any of her richness
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์˜
02:23
in the days before he'd get home,
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์—ฐ์ธ์˜ ์ง™์€ ํ–ฅ์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:25
and it is still, you'll find websites
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
02:27
that offer this as a major quirk.
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์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
At the same time, though,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‹œ์—,
02:33
we spend about as much money
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:35
taking the smells off us
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ํ’๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:37
as putting them back on in perfumes,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ˆ์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
and perfumes are a multi-billion-dollar business.
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ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด์ง€์š”.
02:44
So what I want to do in the rest of this talk
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ด์ œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:46
is tell you about what pheromones really are,
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ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ ,
02:51
tell you why I think we would expect
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
02:54
humans to have pheromones,
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ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์™€,
02:57
tell you about some of the confusions in pheromones,
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ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด๋“ค์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
and then finally, I want to end with
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
03:04
a promising avenue which shows us
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ
03:06
the way we ought to be going.
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๋๋งบ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
So the ancient Greeks knew
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์€
03:15
that dogs sent invisible signals between each other.
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๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
A female dog in heat
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๋ฐœ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•”์ปท์€
03:21
sent an invisible signal to male dogs
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์ˆ˜ ๋งˆ์ผ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
03:23
for miles around,
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
and it wasn't a sound, it was a smell.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
You could take the smell from the female dog,
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์•”์บ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
and the dogs would chase the cloth.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ฐœ๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ์กฐ์ž‘์„ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
But the problem for everybody
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:33
who could see this effect
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
03:35
was that you couldn't identify the molecules.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
You couldn't demonstrate it was chemical.
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ํ™”ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
The reason for that, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”,
03:40
is that each of these animals
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด
03:42
produces tiny quantities,
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๋งค์šฐ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:43
and in the case of the dog,
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๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
03:45
males dogs can smell it, but we can't smell it.
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์ˆ˜์บ๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
03:48
And it was only in 1959 that a German team,
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20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์„œ
03:52
after spending 20 years in search of these molecules,
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1959๋…„์— ๋…์ผ ํŒ€์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„
03:56
discovered, identified, the first pheromone,
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
and this was the sex pheromone of a silk moth.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„์—๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
Now, this was an inspired choice by Adolf Butenandt and his team,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋Œํ”„ ๋ทฐํ…Œ๋‚œ๋“œ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŒ€์˜ ์ง๊ด€์  ์„ ํƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
because he needed half a million moths
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
04:08
to get enough material to do the chemical analysis.
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50๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
But he created the model
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€
04:14
for how you should go about pheromone analysis.
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๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
He basically went through systematically,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:19
showing that only the molecule in question
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์ˆ˜์ปท์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
04:22
was the one that stimulated the males,
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋„๋ก
04:23
not all the others.
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์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
He analyzed it very carefully.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
He synthesized the molecule,
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๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
04:29
and then tried the synthesized molecule on the males
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ปท์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด์„œ
04:33
and got them to respond and showed it was,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ์ง€
04:36
indeed, that molecule.
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๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
That's closing the circle.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
That's the thing which has never been done with humans:
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์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:42
nothing systematic, no real demonstration.
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์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
With that new concept,
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ
04:48
we needed a new word,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
and that was the word "pheromone,"
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด "ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ"์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:52
and it's basically transferred excitement,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
04:56
transferred between individuals,
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ํฅ๋ถ„์„ ์ „ํŒŒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
and since 1959, pheromones have been found
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1959๋…„์ดํ›„๋กœ, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ๋“ค์€
05:01
right the way across the animal kingdom,
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์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์•”์ปท๋“ค์˜
05:03
in male animals, in female animals.
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์—์„œ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
It works just as well underwater
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์ˆ˜์ค‘์˜ ๊ธˆ๋ถ•์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์žฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„
05:06
for goldfish and lobsters.
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์—ญ์‹œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
And almost every mammal you can think of
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด
05:10
has had a pheromone identified,
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์‹๋ณ„๋œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
and of course, an enormous number of insects.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค๋„์š”.
05:16
So we know that pheromones exist
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด
05:18
right the way across the animal kingdom.
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
What about humans?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
05:23
Well, the first thing, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:24
is that we're mammals,
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
and mammals are smelly.
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ํ’๊ธฐ์ฃ .
05:27
As any dog owner can tell you,
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๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
we smell, they smell.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋“ค๋„ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ฃ .
05:31
But the real reason we might think
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
05:33
that humans have pheromones
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์ง„์งœ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
05:35
is the change that occurs as we grow up.
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
The smell of a room of teenagers
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์‹ญ๋Œ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋Š”
05:40
is quite different
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๊ผฌ๋งˆ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์™€๋Š”
05:42
from the smell of a room of small children.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
05:45
What's changed? And of course, it's puberty.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
Along with the pubic hair
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์Œ๋ถ€์˜ ํ„ธ,
05:49
and the hair in the armpits,
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๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด ํ„ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ
05:51
new glands start to secrete in those places,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
and that's what's making the change in smell.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
If we were any other kind of mammal,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Š ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋‚˜
05:59
or any other kind of animal,
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์—ฌ๋Š ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ผ๋ฉด,
06:01
we would say,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
"That must be something to do with pheromones,"
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"์ด๊ฑด ๋ถ„๋ช… ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๊ฑฐ์•ผ." ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
06:04
and we'd start looking properly.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
But there are some problems, and this is why,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
I think, people have not looked for
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:11
pheromones so effectively in humans.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
There are, indeed, problems.
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
And the first of these
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€
06:18
is perhaps surprising.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
06:19
It's all about culture.
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๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
Now moths don't learn a lot
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๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€์ง€
06:23
about what is good to smell, but humans do,
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๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
and up to the age of about four,
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์•ฝ 4์‚ด์ฏค๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
06:29
any smell, no matter how rancid,
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์•ฝํ•ด๋„
06:32
is simply interesting.
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๊ทธ์ € ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
And I understand that the major role of parents
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์€
06:35
is to stop kids putting their fingers in poo,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋˜ฅ์— ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋„ฃ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ž„์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
because it's always something nice to smell.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ๊ฑด ๋Š˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:42
But gradually we learn what's not good,
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์ ์ฐจ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
and one of the things we learn
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์›€๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—
06:46
at the same time as what is not good
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ข‹์€์ง€๋ฅผ
06:48
is what is good.
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๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
Now, the cheese behind me
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์ œ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜์ฆˆ๋Š”
06:52
is a British, if not an English, delicacy.
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
It's ripe blue Stilton.
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์ž˜ ์ต์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์Šคํ‹ธํ„ด์น˜์ฆˆ์ด์ฃ .
07:00
Liking it is incomprehensible to people from other countries.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ•ด ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Every culture has its own special food
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋งŒ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ
07:07
and national delicacy.
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
If you were to come from Iceland,
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์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ์˜ค์‹  ๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:11
your national dish
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์ž˜ ์‚ญํžŒ ์ƒ์–ด๊ฐ€
07:13
is deep rotted shark.
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ฏธ์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
Now, all of these things are acquired tastes,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค ํ›„์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ž…๋ง›์ด์ง€๋งŒ
07:18
but they form almost a badge of identity.
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์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
You're part of the in-group.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
The second thing is the sense of smell.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ›„๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Each of us has a unique odor world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋งก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:33
in the sense that what we smell,
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๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
we each smell a completely different world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
Now, smell was the hardest
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:40
of the senses to crack,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
and the Nobel Prize awarded to
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
07:44
Richard Axel and Linda Buck
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์ฑ ๋“œ ์•ก์Šฌ๊ณผ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋Š”
07:45
was only awarded in 2004
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2004๋…„์—์•ผ
07:48
for their discovery of how smell works.
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๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
It's really hard,
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์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
but in essence, nerves from the brain
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋‡Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด
07:54
go up into the nose
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์ฝ”๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
07:57
and on these nerves exposed in the nose
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์™ธ๋ถ€๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—
07:59
to the outside air are receptors,
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์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:02
and odor molecules coming in on a sniff
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋“ค์ด๋งˆ์‹  ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€
08:05
interact with these receptors,
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์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ 
08:07
and if they bond, they send the nerve a signal
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œ๋กœ
08:12
which goes back into the brain.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
We don't just have one kind of receptor.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
If you're a human, you have about 400
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•ฝ 400 ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
08:18
different kinds of receptors,
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์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:20
and the brain knows what you're smelling
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์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ
08:23
because of the combination of receptors
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งก๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
08:25
and nerve cells that they trigger,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
sending messages up to the brain
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์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
08:29
in a combinatorial fashion.
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๋‡Œ์— ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ .
08:32
But it's a bit more complicated,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ข€๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด,
08:33
because each of those 400
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400 ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค
08:35
comes in various variants,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
08:37
and depending which variant you have,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
08:39
you might smell coriander, or cilantro, that herb,
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๊ณ ์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ’€์„
08:43
either as something delicious and savory
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๋ง›์ข‹์€ ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
08:46
or something like soap.
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๋น„๋ˆ„ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
So we each have an individual world of smell,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
and that complicates anything
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
08:52
when we're studying smell.
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:55
Well, we really ought to talk about armpits,
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๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
and I have to say that I do have particularly good ones.
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์ œ ๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
Now, I'm not going to share them with you,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
09:03
but this is the place that most people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„
09:05
have looked for pheromones.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
There is one good reason,
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ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:08
which is, the great apes have armpits
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์œ ์ธ์›๋“ค์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ
09:11
as their unique characteristic.
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๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
The other primates have scent glands
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„๋น„์„ ์ด
09:16
in other parts of the body.
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๋ชธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
The great apes have these armpits
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์œ ์ธ์›์€ ๋ถ„๋น„์„ ์ด ์ž”๋œฉ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:20
full of secretory glands
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๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
09:22
producing smells all the time,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:25
enormous numbers of molecules.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
When they're secreted from the glands,
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๋ถ„๋น„์„ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ
09:30
the molecules are odorless.
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๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌดํ–ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
They have no smell at all,
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
and it's only the wonderful bacteria
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:36
growing on the rainforest of hair
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์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:38
that actually produces the smells
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ„ธ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”
09:40
that we know and love.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
And so incidentally, if you want to reduce
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
09:44
the amount of smell,
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด
09:45
clear-cutting your armpits
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๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋”ํžˆ ๋ฉด๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:47
is a very effective way of reducing
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„œ์‹์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”
09:49
the habitat for bacteria,
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๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ณ 
09:51
and you'll find they remain less smelly
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
09:53
for much longer.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
But although we've focused on armpits,
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๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
09:58
I think it's partly because they're the least
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ฑ„์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋œ ๋ฏผ๋งํ•ด์„œ
09:59
embarrassing place to go and ask people for samples.
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
There is actually another reason why we might not
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์„ฑํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„
10:06
be looking for a universal sex pheromone there,
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์ฐพ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:09
and that's because 20 percent of the world's population
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š”
10:12
doesn't have smelly armpits like me.
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์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
And these are people from China, Japan,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ,
10:20
Korea, and other parts of northeast Asia.
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ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋™๋ถ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
They simply don't secrete those odorless precursors
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
10:26
that the bacteria love to use to produce the smells
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์ธ์ข…์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
10:30
that in an ethnocentric way we always thought of
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๊ฒจ๋“œ๋ž‘์ด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:33
as characteristic of armpits.
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๋ฌดํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
So it doesn't apply to 20 percent of the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:39
So what should we be doing
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
10:42
in our search for human pheromones?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
10:45
I'm fairly convinced that we do have them.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
We're mammals, like everybody else
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
10:50
who's a mammal, and we probably do have them.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
But what I think we should do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ผ์€
10:55
is go right back to the beginning,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
10:57
and basically look all over the body.
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์‹ ์ฒด ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
No matter how embarrassing,
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ๋งํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
11:01
we need to search and go for the first time
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ฐŸ์•„๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋•…์—
11:05
where no one else has dared tread.
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๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
It's going to be difficult,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
it's going to be embarrassing, but we need to look.
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๋ฏผ๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฐพ์•„๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
We also need to go back to the ideas
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๋ทฐํ…Œ๋‚œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์—๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ
11:14
that Butenandt used when he was studying the silk moth.
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์ผ๋˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์งš์–ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
We need to go back and look systematically
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๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”
11:20
at all the molecules that are being produced,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ 
11:23
and work out which ones are really involved.
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
It isn't good enough simply to pluck a couple
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋งŒ ๋ฝ‘์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”, "๋ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ" ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š”
11:27
and say, "They'll do."
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
We have to actually demonstrate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
11:30
that they really have the effects we claim.
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๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
There is one team that I'm actually very impressed by.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ธ์ƒ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ ํŒ€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
They're in France, and their previous success
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „์—
11:40
was identifying the rabbit mammary pheromone.
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ํ† ๋ผ ์œ ์„ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
They've turned their attention now
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์•„๊ธฐ์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ
11:47
to human babies and mothers.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
So this is a baby having a drink of milk
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์—„๋งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”
11:53
from its mother's breast.
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์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Her nipple is completely hidden
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์•„๊ธฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
11:58
by the baby's head,
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์œ ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:59
but what you'll notice is a white droplet
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ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
12:03
with an arrow pointing to it,
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ํฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
and that's the secretion from the areolar glands.
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์œ ๋ฅœ์„ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
Now, we all have them, men and women,
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๋‚จ์ž๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
and these are the little bumps around the nipple,
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์œ ๋‘์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:13
and if you're a lactating woman,
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์ˆ˜์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
12:15
these start to secrete.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
It's a very interesting secretion.
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์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
What Benoist Schaal and his team developed
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๋ฒ ๋…ธ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒค์•Œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŒ€์ด
12:23
was a simple test to investigate
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์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€
12:26
what the effect of this secretion might be,
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์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
in effect, a simple bioassay.
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์‹œํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฒ€์ •๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
So this is a sleeping baby,
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์ž ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๊ธฐ์˜
12:34
and under its nose, we've put a clean glass rod.
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์ฝ” ๋ฐ‘์— ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
The baby remains sleeping,
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์–ด๋–ค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
12:41
showing no interest at all.
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๊ณ„์† ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
But if we go to any mother
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์œ ๋ฅœ์„  ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”
12:46
who is secreting from the areolar glands,
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ๋“  ๊ฐ€์„œ,
12:48
so it's not about recognition,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:50
it can be from any mother,
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“  ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
if we take the secretion
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๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ
12:53
and now put it under the baby's nose,
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์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฝ” ๋ฐ‘์— ๋Œ€๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:56
we get a very different reaction.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
It's a connoisseur's reaction of delight,
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๊ฐ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํฌ์—ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
and it opens its mouth
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์ž…์„ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
13:03
and sticks out its tongue
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ํ˜€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€์–ด์„œ
13:05
and starts to suck.
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๋นจ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
Now, since this is from any mother,
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋“  ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:09
it could really be a pheromone.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
It's not about individual recognition.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์‹๋ณ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๊ณ 
13:13
Any mother will do.
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์–ด๋–ค ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
Now, why is this important,
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๊ทธ์ € ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ 
13:16
apart from being simply very interesting?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:19
It's because women vary
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์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
13:21
in the number of areolar glands that they have,
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์œ ๋ฅœ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
13:23
and there is a correlation between the ease
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์œ ๋ฅœ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€
13:26
with which babies start to suckle
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ –์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ์˜
13:28
and the number of areolar glands she has.
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์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
It appears that the more secretions she's got,
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๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก
13:33
the more likely the baby is to suckle quickly.
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์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ –์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
If you're a mammal,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ผ๋ฉด,
13:38
the most dangerous time in life
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
13:40
is the first few hours after birth.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
You have to get that first drink of milk,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ –์„ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
and if you don't get it, you won't survive.
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์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
13:50
You'll be dead.
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์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
Since many babies actually find it difficult
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๋งŽ์€ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ
13:54
to take that first meal,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ –์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
13:56
because they're not getting the right stimulus,
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๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
if we could identify what that molecule was,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:01
and the French team are being very cautious,
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒ€๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
but if we could identify the molecule,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์„œ
14:05
synthesize it, it would then mean
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ
14:08
premature babies would be more likely to suckle,
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์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋“ค์ด ์ –์„ ๋จน๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
14:10
and every baby would have a better chance
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๋ชจ๋“  ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด
14:13
of survival.
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๋” ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
So what I want to argue is this is one example
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€
14:17
of where a systematic, really scientific approach
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์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด
14:20
can actually bring you a real understanding
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ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
14:23
of pheromones.
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ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
There could be all sorts of medical interventions.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
There could be all sorts of things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
14:28
that humans are doing with pheromones
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ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”
14:30
that we simply don't know at the moment.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
What we need to remember is pheromones
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด
14:33
are not just about sex.
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์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
They're about all sorts of things to do
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
14:37
with a mammal's life.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
So do go forward and do search for more.
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๊ฐ€์„œ ๋” ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:41
There's lots to find.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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