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譯者: Denise Tso
審譯者: Bighead Ge
00:12
"Pheromone" is a very powerful word.
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"費洛蒙“是一種非常強大的物質,
00:16
It conjures up sex, abandon, loss of control,
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它激起性慾、使人失控、放任,
00:20
and you can see, it's very important as a word.
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因此,我們可以看出,
它是多麼重要的一種物質。
00:24
But it's only 50 years old. It was invented in 1959.
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不過,“費洛蒙”在1959年
才被發現,距今只有50歲。
00:29
Now, if you put that word into the web,
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如果你在網上搜索這個名字,
00:31
as you may have done,
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可能你們已經搜索過了,
00:33
you'll come up with millions of hits,
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你就會發現,出現的結果有好幾百萬條,
00:35
and almost all of those sites are trying to sell you
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而幾乎所有網站都嘗試跟你推銷
00:38
something to make you irresistible
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一些僅需約十元美金或以上、
00:40
for 10 dollars or more.
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讓你無法抗拒的東西。
00:43
Now, this is a very attractive idea,
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這個想法的確很吸引人,
00:46
and the molecules they mention
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而且他們口中那些分子
00:48
sound really science-y.
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聽起來好像真有那麼一回事。
00:50
They've got lots of syllables.
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這些分子名稱的音節很多,
00:52
It's things like androstenol, androstenone
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譬如雄甾烯醇、雄甾烯醇
00:54
or androstadienone.
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或者雄烯二酮。
00:57
It gets better and better,
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反正你越往下看,
分子的名字就越複雜。
00:58
and when you combine that with white lab coats,
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而當你將廣告裏的
純白實驗袍與之結合時,
01:01
you must imagine that there is
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你必會想像這背後
01:03
fantastic science behind this.
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一定蘊藏著非常了不起的科技。
01:05
But sadly, these are fraudulent claims
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但很遺憾,這一切只是
由偽科學撐腰的詐騙式宣傳。
01:10
supported by dodgy science.
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01:14
The problem is that, although there are many
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問題就在於,即使有很多
01:16
good scientists working on what they think
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傑出科學家在研究他們所認為的
01:19
are human pheromones,
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人類費洛蒙,
01:21
and they're publishing in respectable journals,
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即使他們在具權威性的期刊中
01:23
at the basis of this,
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出版有關論文,
01:25
despite very sophisticated experiments,
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即使研究過程中
涉及到非常複雜的實驗,
01:28
there really is no good science behind it,
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人類費洛蒙的研究背後
始終沒有正規科學得以支持,
01:31
because it's based on a problem,
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因為它是建基於另一個問題,
01:34
which is nobody has systematically gone through
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那就是,至今未曾有人有系統地研究過
01:38
all the odors that humans produce --
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人類產生的所有氣味,
01:40
and there are thousands of
molecules that we give off.
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而我們所放出的這些
氣味分子達至數以千計。
01:42
We're mammals. We produce a lot of smell.
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我們是哺乳類,所以產生許多氣味。
01:46
Nobody has gone through systematically
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沒有人有系統地研究
01:48
to work out which molecules really are pheromones.
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從而找出哪些分子是真正的費洛蒙。
01:50
They've just plucked a few,
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他們只是挑出幾個樣品,
01:52
and all these experiments are based on those,
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然後就以這幾個樣品為中心做實驗,
01:54
but there's no good evidence at all.
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根本沒有什麼確鑿的證據。
01:57
Now, that's not to say
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不過,這並不是代表
01:59
that smell is not important to people.
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氣味對人不重要。
02:01
It is, and some people are real enthusiasts,
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它的確舉足輕重,
有些人甚至對其非常癡迷,
02:05
and one of these was Napoleon.
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拿破崙就是其中一員。
02:08
And famously, you may remember
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你也許會記得,
02:10
that out on the campaign trail for war,
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當拿破崙踏上征途時,
02:13
he wrote to his lover, Empress Josephine,
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他給愛人女皇約瑟芬寫過一句著名的情話,
02:16
saying, "Don't wash. I'm coming home."
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他說:“別洗澡,我很快回家了。”
02:19
(Laughter)
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(笑)
02:20
So he didn't want to lose any of her richness
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所以他連愛人在他回家以前的氣味
02:23
in the days before he'd get home,
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都不想失去。
02:25
and it is still, you'll find websites
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現在還有網站
02:27
that offer this as a major quirk.
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把這佳話看作一大奇事。
02:31
At the same time, though,
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不過同時,
02:33
we spend about as much money
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我們也花了一樣多的金錢
02:35
taking the smells off us
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把身上的氣味除掉
02:37
as putting them back on in perfumes,
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再以香水代替,
02:39
and perfumes are a multi-billion-dollar business.
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因此香水這門生意
可創造了數十億美元產業。
02:44
So what I want to do in the rest of this talk
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接下來,
02:46
is tell you about what pheromones really are,
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我想講解一下費洛蒙究竟是什麼,
02:51
tell you why I think we would expect
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解釋為甚麼我覺得
02:54
humans to have pheromones,
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人類會有費洛蒙,
02:57
tell you about some of the
confusions in pheromones,
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並說說一些有關費洛蒙的疑惑,
03:02
and then finally, I want to end with
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最後,我會介紹一下
03:04
a promising avenue which shows us
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接下來我們應該走的
03:06
the way we ought to be going.
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科研之路。
03:10
So the ancient Greeks knew
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古希臘人知道
03:15
that dogs sent invisible signals between each other.
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狗隻之間會互相傳遞隱形信號。
03:19
A female dog in heat
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一隻發情的母狗
03:21
sent an invisible signal to male dogs
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會向幾英里範圍的公狗
03:23
for miles around,
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傳達一種隱形信號,
03:24
and it wasn't a sound, it was a smell.
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這種信號不是聲音,是氣味。
03:27
You could take the smell from the female dog,
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如果你沾一沾那隻母狗的氣味,
03:29
and the dogs would chase the cloth.
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其他公狗就會追著沾有那氣味的布塊走。
03:31
But the problem for everybody
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但對所有能明白這個現象的人來說,
03:33
who could see this effect
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問題就在於
03:35
was that you couldn't identify the molecules.
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他們不能找出這些分子。
03:37
You couldn't demonstrate it was chemical.
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你不能證明這是化學反應,
03:39
The reason for that, of course,
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原因當然是
03:40
is that each of these animals
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這群動物裏,
03:42
produces tiny quantities,
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每一種動物所產生的分子量都極少,
03:43
and in the case of the dog,
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而在狗的情況中,
03:45
males dogs can smell it, but we can't smell it.
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公狗能嗅到,但人類不能。
03:48
And it was only in 1959 that a German team,
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一個德國研究團隊花了
整整20年尋找這類分子,
03:52
after spending 20 years in
search of these molecules,
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最後於1959年
03:56
discovered, identified, the first pheromone,
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才發現並確定第一種費洛蒙,
03:59
and this was the sex pheromone of a silk moth.
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那就是蚕蛾的性費洛蒙。
04:03
Now, this was an inspired choice
by Adolf Butenandt and his team,
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選擇蚕蛾沒有特別原因,
04:06
because he needed half a million moths
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那只是因為阿道夫·布特南特和他的團隊
04:08
to get enough material to do the chemical analysis.
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需要多達50萬飛蛾才足夠完成其化學分析。
04:12
But he created the model
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不過他創造了一套研究費洛蒙的模式
04:14
for how you should go about pheromone analysis.
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供後世參照。
04:16
He basically went through systematically,
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他系統地
04:19
showing that only the molecule in question
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排除無關的分子,
04:22
was the one that stimulated the males,
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展示出只有懷疑是費洛蒙的分子
04:23
not all the others.
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才會對雄性飛蛾造成影響。
04:26
He analyzed it very carefully.
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他非常小心地研究,
04:28
He synthesized the molecule,
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把分子合成,
04:29
and then tried the synthesized
molecule on the males
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然後把合成分子測試在雄性飛蛾上,
04:33
and got them to respond and showed it was,
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最後得出結果顯示
04:36
indeed, that molecule.
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一直研究的分子的確是費洛蒙分子,
04:37
That's closing the circle.
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由此解決一道難題。
04:40
That's the thing which has
never been done with humans:
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可是以人體為對象的
這種研究卻一直匱乏,
04:42
nothing systematic, no real demonstration.
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它們不是欠缺系統就是紙上談兵。
04:46
With that new concept,
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飛蛾研究的成功帶來了新的概念,
04:48
we needed a new word,
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新的名稱也由此誕生,
04:49
and that was the word "pheromone,"
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那就是“費洛蒙”了。
04:52
and it's basically transferred excitement,
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費洛蒙在個體與個體之間互相傳遞,
04:56
transferred between individuals,
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為個體帶來興奮。
04:58
and since 1959, pheromones have been found
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自1959年以來,研究人員已在動物王國中,
05:01
right the way across the animal kingdom,
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從雄性及雌性動物身上
05:03
in male animals, in female animals.
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發現多種費洛蒙。
05:05
It works just as well underwater
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費洛蒙對水底動物也同樣適用,
05:06
for goldfish and lobsters.
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例如金魚和龍蝦,
05:08
And almost every mammal you can think of
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而你能想到的每種哺乳類動物
05:10
has had a pheromone identified,
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都有自己確定的費洛蒙,
05:12
and of course, an enormous number of insects.
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當然,受費洛蒙影響的,還少不了無數昆蟲。
05:16
So we know that pheromones exist
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所以我們知道費洛蒙
05:18
right the way across the animal kingdom.
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在動物王國裏廣泛存在。
05:21
What about humans?
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那麼人類世界呢?
05:23
Well, the first thing, of course,
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首先,很明顯的,
05:24
is that we're mammals,
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我們屬哺乳類,
05:26
and mammals are smelly.
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而哺乳類動物都有體味。
05:27
As any dog owner can tell you,
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任何一位養狗的朋友都可以告訴你
05:29
we smell, they smell.
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人類有體味,狗也有體味。
05:31
But the real reason we might think
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但我們推測人類有費洛蒙
05:33
that humans have pheromones
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的真正原因是
05:35
is the change that occurs as we grow up.
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我們成長所帶來的改變。
05:38
The smell of a room of teenagers
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一屋青少年的氣味
05:40
is quite different
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跟一屋幼童的氣味
05:42
from the smell of a room of small children.
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是遠遠不同的。
05:45
What's changed? And of course, it's puberty.
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是什麼改變了呢?當然是青春期啦。
05:48
Along with the pubic hair
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伴隨著陰毛
05:49
and the hair in the armpits,
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和腋毛的生長,
05:51
new glands start to secrete in those places,
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這些部位的腺體開始分泌,
05:55
and that's what's making the change in smell.
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氣味也隨之改變。
05:57
If we were any other kind of mammal,
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如果我們是其他哺乳類動物
05:59
or any other kind of animal,
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或單純是其他動物,
06:01
we would say,
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我們可能會說:
06:02
"That must be something to do with pheromones,"
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“這一定是費洛蒙的問題。”
06:04
and we'd start looking properly.
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於是,我們便會開始認真研究。
06:06
But there are some problems, and this is why,
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但是,至今還沒有人像研究動物那樣
06:08
I think, people have not looked for
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有效率地在人類身上找出費洛蒙,
06:11
pheromones so effectively in humans.
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我覺得背後有幾個原因,
06:14
There are, indeed, problems.
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而它們就是問題所在。
06:16
And the first of these
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首先,
06:18
is perhaps surprising.
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這個原因可能會令人驚訝,
06:19
It's all about culture.
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那就是文化。
06:21
Now moths don't learn a lot
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飛蛾不會知道什麼好聞,
06:23
about what is good to smell, but humans do,
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但人知道。
06:27
and up to the age of about four,
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四歲以前,
06:29
any smell, no matter how rancid,
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所有氣味,不管有多糟糕,
06:32
is simply interesting.
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都是有趣的。
06:33
And I understand that the major role of parents
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我知道家長的主要職責
06:35
is to stop kids putting their fingers in poo,
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是制止小孩把手指插進糞便裏,
06:39
because it's always something nice to smell.
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因為糞便實在太“好聞”了。
06:42
But gradually we learn what's not good,
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但漸漸的,我們學懂了什麼是不好聞,
06:45
and one of the things we learn
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而從學習什麼不好聞,
06:46
at the same time as what is not good
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我們也學懂
06:48
is what is good.
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什麼是好聞的。
06:50
Now, the cheese behind me
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我身後的
06:52
is a British, if not an English, delicacy.
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不是英國就是英格蘭的標誌食品,
06:56
It's ripe blue Stilton.
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它是成熟的藍紋斯蒂爾頓奶酪
(以酸辣、濃烈味道著稱),
07:00
Liking it is incomprehensible to
people from other countries.
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對它的偏愛其他國家的人可能不明白。
07:04
Every culture has its own special food
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每一種文化都有自己的獨特食物
07:07
and national delicacy.
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和代表國家的著名菜餚。
07:09
If you were to come from Iceland,
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如果你是冰島人,
07:11
your national dish
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發酵鯊魚肉
07:13
is deep rotted shark.
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就是冰島國菜。
07:16
Now, all of these things are acquired tastes,
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這一切都是培養來的味覺,
07:18
but they form almost a badge of identity.
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但這些味覺卻差不多等同身份證一樣,
07:21
You're part of the in-group.
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顯示你是群體的一部分。
07:26
The second thing is the sense of smell.
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第二個原因就是嗅覺。
07:29
Each of us has a unique odor world,
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每個人都對不同氣味有不同反應,
07:33
in the sense that what we smell,
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即便聞的是同一件物件,
07:35
we each smell a completely different world.
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聞到的氣味可以不盡相同。
07:38
Now, smell was the hardest
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嗅覺是幾個感官裏面
07:40
of the senses to crack,
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最難理解的,
07:42
and the Nobel Prize awarded to
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在2004年,
07:44
Richard Axel and Linda Buck
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氣味如何運作的原理才被發現,
07:45
was only awarded in 2004
179
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2433
理查德·阿克塞爾和
琳達·巴克更因這項成就
07:48
for their discovery of how smell works.
180
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2790
榮獲諾貝爾獎。
07:50
It's really hard,
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1377
這個研究真的很難,
07:52
but in essence, nerves from the brain
182
472307
2591
不過本質上,
07:54
go up into the nose
183
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大腦神經延伸至鼻子裡,
07:57
and on these nerves exposed in the nose
184
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2381
這些神經暴露在空氣中,
07:59
to the outside air are receptors,
185
479492
3054
成為感受器。
08:02
and odor molecules coming in on a sniff
186
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3149
當氣味分子隨著吸氣帶進鼻子裏,
08:05
interact with these receptors,
187
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2150
分子會和這些感受器接觸,
08:07
and if they bond, they send the nerve a signal
188
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4259
一旦鍵合, 神經就會接受到一個訊息,
08:12
which goes back into the brain.
189
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2308
並將其傳達至大腦中。
08:14
We don't just have one kind of receptor.
190
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2062
我們的感受器不止一種,
08:16
If you're a human, you have about 400
191
496474
1876
人類大約有400多種
08:18
different kinds of receptors,
192
498350
2065
不同感受器,
08:20
and the brain knows what you're smelling
193
500415
2967
當感受器和
受刺激的神經細胞組合,
08:23
because of the combination of receptors
194
503382
1811
08:25
and nerve cells that they trigger,
195
505193
2513
並由這個組合
08:27
sending messages up to the brain
196
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1558
傳遞信息至大腦,
08:29
in a combinatorial fashion.
197
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2906
大腦便會知道你聞到了什麼。
08:32
But it's a bit more complicated,
198
512170
990
乍聽下去好像很簡單,
08:33
because each of those 400
199
513160
2135
但是這四百多種感受器中,
08:35
comes in various variants,
200
515295
2151
各自有不同變化,
08:37
and depending which variant you have,
201
517446
2071
而你的感受器組合,
08:39
you might smell coriander, or cilantro, that herb,
202
519517
4182
可能令你覺得芫荽聞起來
08:43
either as something delicious and savory
203
523699
2618
會使人齒頰留香
08:46
or something like soap.
204
526317
2174
或相反,像濃烈的廉價香水般讓人難受。
08:48
So we each have an individual world of smell,
205
528491
2686
因此,因人而異的氣味世界
08:51
and that complicates anything
206
531177
1641
令研究變得
08:52
when we're studying smell.
207
532818
2296
複雜許多。
08:55
Well, we really ought to talk about armpits,
208
535114
2692
我們真的得談談腋窩,
08:57
and I have to say that I do
have particularly good ones.
209
537806
3396
不瞞你說,我對自己的腋窩挺滿意的,
09:01
Now, I'm not going to share them with you,
210
541202
2002
不過我不打算展示出來。
09:03
but this is the place that most people
211
543204
1979
腋窩是最多人
09:05
have looked for pheromones.
212
545183
1737
嘗試尋找費洛蒙的身體部位。
09:06
There is one good reason,
213
546920
1503
背後的原因很充分,
09:08
which is, the great apes have armpits
214
548423
3404
那就是,腋窩是人科(包括人類和猩猩等)
09:11
as their unique characteristic.
215
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2328
獨有特徵。
09:14
The other primates have scent glands
216
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2401
其他靈長目動物的分泌腺
09:16
in other parts of the body.
217
556556
1830
長在身體的其他部位,
09:18
The great apes have these armpits
218
558386
2354
而人科動物的腋窩
09:20
full of secretory glands
219
560740
2217
就長滿分泌腺,
09:22
producing smells all the time,
220
562957
2341
這些分泌腺產生無數分子,
09:25
enormous numbers of molecules.
221
565298
3700
令腋窩每時每刻都散發著氣味。
09:28
When they're secreted from the glands,
222
568998
1703
當腺體排出這些分子時,
09:30
the molecules are odorless.
223
570701
2004
它們其實是沒有氣味的,
09:32
They have no smell at all,
224
572705
2075
體味的“罪魁禍首”
09:34
and it's only the wonderful bacteria
225
574780
1969
是在茂盛的腋毛中
09:36
growing on the rainforest of hair
226
576749
2213
不斷增加繁衍的細菌,
09:38
that actually produces the smells
227
578962
1456
有了這些細菌,
09:40
that we know and love.
228
580418
2021
我們熟悉並喜愛的體味就出現了。
09:42
And so incidentally, if you want to reduce
229
582439
1900
所以順便說一下,
09:44
the amount of smell,
230
584339
1430
如果想減少體味,
09:45
clear-cutting your armpits
231
585769
1920
把腋毛完全除掉
09:47
is a very effective way of reducing
232
587689
2256
是減少細菌溫床的
09:49
the habitat for bacteria,
233
589945
1514
最好方法,
09:51
and you'll find they remain less smelly
234
591459
2337
這樣你就會發現,
腋窩不但比以前少了異味,
09:53
for much longer.
235
593796
2094
改善的情況還可以保持更久。
09:55
But although we've focused on armpits,
236
595890
2546
比起其他身體部位,
09:58
I think it's partly because they're the least
237
598436
1367
從腋窩收集研究樣品最不讓人尷尬,
09:59
embarrassing place to go and ask people for samples.
238
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3967
這也是我們集中研究腋下的部分原因。
10:03
There is actually another reason why we might not
239
603770
2612
我們不在這個部位
尋找人類通用的性費洛蒙,
10:06
be looking for a universal sex pheromone there,
240
606382
2776
其實也有另一個原因。
10:09
and that's because 20 percent
of the world's population
241
609158
3839
那是因為全球有百分之二十人口
10:12
doesn't have smelly armpits like me.
242
612997
3445
並沒有像我味道那麼濃的腋窩,
10:16
And these are people from China, Japan,
243
616442
3916
這百分之二十的人口
裏有中國人、日本人、
10:20
Korea, and other parts of northeast Asia.
244
620358
2595
韓國人還有一部分東北亞人。
10:22
They simply don't secrete those odorless precursors
245
622953
3524
他們根本不會分泌這些無味的前導體
10:26
that the bacteria love to use to produce the smells
246
626477
4253
吸引細菌從而產生氣味,
10:30
that in an ethnocentric way we always thought of
247
630730
2349
由此他們的腋窩
10:33
as characteristic of armpits.
248
633079
2105
跟我們常先入為主的腋窩特徵有所出入,
10:35
So it doesn't apply to 20 percent of the world.
249
635184
4507
因此腋窩的研究並不能涉及全部人類。
10:39
So what should we be doing
250
639691
3002
那麼,我們該怎麼
10:42
in our search for human pheromones?
251
642693
3053
尋找人類費洛蒙呢?
10:45
I'm fairly convinced that we do have them.
252
645746
2452
我本人是挺相信費洛蒙
存在於人類身上的,
10:48
We're mammals, like everybody else
253
648198
1953
因為我們是哺乳類
跟其他哺乳類動物一樣,
10:50
who's a mammal, and we probably do have them.
254
650151
3979
我們很可能有費洛蒙。
10:54
But what I think we should do
255
654130
1583
但我們該怎麼找到它呢?
10:55
is go right back to the beginning,
256
655713
1939
我覺得我們應該重回原點,
10:57
and basically look all over the body.
257
657652
2339
不管搜尋過程有多讓人難為情,
10:59
No matter how embarrassing,
258
659991
1691
都得在身體上從頭到尾仔細找一遍。
11:01
we need to search and go for the first time
259
661682
3378
我們要走在
前人不敢走的路上。
11:05
where no one else has dared tread.
260
665060
2460
11:07
It's going to be difficult,
261
667520
1148
研究會是艱難重重,
11:08
it's going to be embarrassing, but we need to look.
262
668668
2575
會是讓人尷尬窘迫,
但是我們還是得走下去。
11:11
We also need to go back to the ideas
263
671243
2947
我們要參考
11:14
that Butenandt used when he
was studying the silk moth.
264
674190
3267
布特南特研究蚕蛾時用的方法,
11:17
We need to go back and look systematically
265
677457
3468
我們也要重新有系統地
11:20
at all the molecules that are being produced,
266
680925
2138
研究所產生的所有分子
11:23
and work out which ones are really involved.
267
683063
2433
並找出哪一些是真的
跟費洛蒙拉上關係的。
11:25
It isn't good enough simply to pluck a couple
268
685496
2106
隨便抽出幾種分子就說
“這些應該算吧。”
11:27
and say, "They'll do."
269
687602
1944
是遠遠不足夠的。
11:29
We have to actually demonstrate
270
689546
1399
我們必須驗證
11:30
that they really have the effects we claim.
271
690945
2810
這些分子真有我們所說的效果。
11:33
There is one team that I'm
actually very impressed by.
272
693755
3234
我非常佩服一個
11:36
They're in France, and their previous success
273
696989
3176
來自法國的研究團隊,
11:40
was identifying the rabbit mammary pheromone.
274
700165
4377
他們曾成功發現兔子的乳腺費洛蒙,
11:44
They've turned their attention now
275
704542
2569
現在,他們已經把目標
11:47
to human babies and mothers.
276
707111
3185
轉移到人類母嬰。
11:50
So this is a baby having a drink of milk
277
710296
3071
這是一幅
11:53
from its mother's breast.
278
713367
2643
嬰兒吸吮母乳的照片。
11:56
Her nipple is completely hidden
279
716010
2183
這位母親的乳頭完全被
11:58
by the baby's head,
280
718193
1246
嬰兒的頭遮擋住,
11:59
but what you'll notice is a white droplet
281
719439
3751
但是我們還是會看見
12:03
with an arrow pointing to it,
282
723190
1781
箭頭指著的一滴白色液體,
12:04
and that's the secretion from the areolar glands.
283
724971
3199
那是乳暈腺的分泌。
12:08
Now, we all have them, men and women,
284
728170
2990
不論男女,我們每人都有乳暈腺
12:11
and these are the little bumps around the nipple,
285
731160
2818
它們就是乳頭周圍一粒一粒的小突點。
12:13
and if you're a lactating woman,
286
733978
1959
乳暈腺在女性哺乳期時
12:15
these start to secrete.
287
735937
2337
開始分泌,
12:18
It's a very interesting secretion.
288
738274
2589
產生令我們為之著迷的分泌物。
12:20
What Benoist Schaal and his team developed
289
740863
3003
法國研究團隊貝諾亞·莎爾和他的共事
12:23
was a simple test to investigate
290
743866
2407
想出一項簡單的測試
12:26
what the effect of this secretion might be,
291
746273
2806
來驗證這種分泌物的效果,
12:29
in effect, a simple bioassay.
292
749079
2976
事實上,這項測試不過是簡單的生物測定。
12:32
So this is a sleeping baby,
293
752055
2675
圖中所示的是一個熟睡嬰兒,
12:34
and under its nose, we've put a clean glass rod.
294
754730
4989
研究人員把一個乾淨的滴管拿到他鼻子下,
12:39
The baby remains sleeping,
295
759719
2111
嬰兒會繼續沉睡,
12:41
showing no interest at all.
296
761830
2341
對滴管沒有顯示任何興趣;
12:44
But if we go to any mother
297
764171
2074
但是如果我們跟任何哺乳期母親
12:46
who is secreting from the areolar glands,
298
766245
2429
拿取乳暈腺的分泌物,
12:48
so it's not about recognition,
299
768674
1577
要注意,跟任何母親拿分泌物是因為
12:50
it can be from any mother,
300
770251
2228
我們得排除嬰兒認得自己母親氣味的機會,
12:52
if we take the secretion
301
772479
1352
現在如果我們把分泌物
12:53
and now put it under the baby's nose,
302
773831
2904
送到嬰兒的鼻下,
12:56
we get a very different reaction.
303
776735
2091
我們得到與別不同的反應。
12:58
It's a connoisseur's reaction of delight,
304
778826
2984
嬰兒好像看到至寶一樣開心,
13:01
and it opens its mouth
305
781810
2060
他張開嘴巴,
13:03
and sticks out its tongue
306
783870
1653
把舌頭伸出,
13:05
and starts to suck.
307
785523
2087
然後開始吸吮。
13:07
Now, since this is from any mother,
308
787610
2340
因為這種分泌物可以來自任何一個母親,
13:09
it could really be a pheromone.
309
789950
1792
它很可能就是費洛蒙。
13:11
It's not about individual recognition.
310
791742
1779
讓嬰兒做出這種反應的,
13:13
Any mother will do.
311
793521
1876
不是個體,而是全體哺乳期女性。
13:15
Now, why is this important,
312
795397
1463
這個結論除了是挺有趣之外,
13:16
apart from being simply very interesting?
313
796860
2458
為甚麼也同樣重要呢?
13:19
It's because women vary
314
799318
1807
因為每個女人
13:21
in the number of areolar glands that they have,
315
801125
2773
所擁有的乳暈腺都不同,
13:23
and there is a correlation between the ease
316
803898
2196
而乳暈腺的數量又關係到
13:26
with which babies start to suckle
317
806094
2542
寶寶是否在短時間內
13:28
and the number of areolar glands she has.
318
808636
1862
願意吸第一口奶。
13:30
It appears that the more secretions she's got,
319
810498
2798
從實驗所見,如果乳暈腺分泌越多,
13:33
the more likely the baby is to suckle quickly.
320
813296
3662
寶寶喝奶的速度就越快。
13:36
If you're a mammal,
321
816958
1460
一個哺乳類動物
13:38
the most dangerous time in life
322
818418
2543
剛出生的頭幾個小時
13:40
is the first few hours after birth.
323
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2309
是最有生命危險的,
13:43
You have to get that first drink of milk,
324
823270
3760
你必須把奶喝下,
13:47
and if you don't get it, you won't survive.
325
827030
3491
不然就存活不了,
13:50
You'll be dead.
326
830521
1464
也就會死亡。
13:51
Since many babies actually find it difficult
327
831985
2638
對很多嬰兒來說
13:54
to take that first meal,
328
834623
1649
吸取第一口奶非常困難,
13:56
because they're not getting the right stimulus,
329
836272
1977
因為他們沒有得到適當的刺激。
13:58
if we could identify what that molecule was,
330
838249
3210
如果我們能找到能
刺激嬰兒喝奶的分子,
14:01
and the French team are being very cautious,
331
841459
1987
那個法國團隊對
這項研究是非常慎重小心的,
14:03
but if we could identify the molecule,
332
843446
2115
如果我們能找到這種分子,
14:05
synthesize it, it would then mean
333
845561
2794
並將其合成,那就意味著
14:08
premature babies would be more likely to suckle,
334
848355
1906
早產嬰兒有較大機會自行吸奶,
14:10
and every baby would have a better chance
335
850261
2928
整體上嬰兒也有
14:13
of survival.
336
853189
1321
較大的存活機會。
14:14
So what I want to argue is this is one example
337
854510
2540
所以我想說的是,
14:17
of where a systematic, really scientific approach
338
857050
3596
透過系統、科學的方法
14:20
can actually bring you a real understanding
339
860646
2722
讓我們真正認識費洛蒙,
14:23
of pheromones.
340
863368
1108
這就是一個很好的例子。
14:24
There could be all sorts of medical interventions.
341
864476
2614
費洛蒙可能對醫療有各種影響,
14:27
There could be all sorts of things
342
867090
1254
人類很多活動
14:28
that humans are doing with pheromones
343
868344
1700
可能都牽涉到費洛蒙,
14:30
that we simply don't know at the moment.
344
870044
2048
我們只是對其一無所知而已。
14:32
What we need to remember is pheromones
345
872092
1886
我們要記住的是
14:33
are not just about sex.
346
873978
1378
費洛蒙不但關係到性,
14:35
They're about all sorts of things to do
347
875356
1716
它跟哺乳類動物的生命
14:37
with a mammal's life.
348
877072
1723
緊密相連。
14:38
So do go forward and do search for more.
349
878795
2689
去探索更多關於費洛蒙的知識吧,
14:41
There's lots to find.
350
881484
1040
它的世界有待我們發掘。
14:42
Thank you very much.
351
882524
1866
謝謝。
14:44
(Applause)
352
884390
4488
(掌聲)
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